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To assess whether selective use of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with risk factors for kidney disease is more cost-effective than measuring eGFR in all patients undergoing contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). Risk factors and costs were assessed in consecutive patients. eGFR was evaluated in all patients, considering a tenability of 12 months. For the three-month tenability and the pre-selection strategy based on risk factors for kidney disease, we extrapolated data by assuming equal distribution of patient characteristics. We included 1001 patients, mean age 59.9 ± 13.6 years. Strategy with eGFR in all patients: eGFR measurements specifically performed for CECT in 645/1001 (in 356 patients the eGFR was already known). The total cost including costs of an extra visit to the hospital (49 patients) and absence from work (11 patients) were € 6037.20. Considering a tenability of 3 months, eGFR had to be measured in 786 patients, 60 would have paid an extra visit and 14 would have been absent from work: total cost € 7443.54. Pre-selection strategy: 807 patients had risk factors, necessitating eGFR measurement and an extra visit would be paid by 61. Fourteen patients would have been absent from work: total cost € 7585.16. Of the patients with an eGFR

Background: A major adverse effect of intravascularly administrated iodinated contrast medium is contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). To reduce CIN incidence, two different prevention guidelines have been introduced in the Netherlands. Objective: Our goal was to assess the use of CIN prevention guidelines at the radiology departments in Dutch hospitals. Methods: We conducted a survey in all 90 Dutch hospitals with a radiology department. The questionnaire included questions about guideline execution (e.g. which guideline, (compliance) problems). Results: All responding (67/90) hospitals used a CIN prevention guideline. When asked who was responsible for conducting preventive measures in high-risk patients identified according to either guideline, the referring physician was responsible in 38 hospitals (56.7%); in 23 hospitals (34.3%) there was a specialised CIN outpatient clinic. Renal function was routinely checked after exposure to intravenous iodinated contrast medium in all CIN outpatient clinics (23) and radiology departments (2) when these were responsible for this measurement and in 52.6% (18/38) hospitals when the referring physicians were responsible. When asked if identifying patients at risk caused any problems, 47.8% reported problems. Conclusion: In all responding Dutch hospitals a CIN prevention guideline was used. There was considerable variation in the execution of the guidelines and there were substantial compliance problems. The follow-up procedure was more consistent in hospitals with an outpatient clinic

Determine the incidence of patients at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), the incidence of CIN and mid-term effects (renal replacement therapy/death < one month) to measure the impact of CIN in a general patient population undergoing intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). We conducted a prospective study in consecutive patients undergoing intravenous CECT from October 2012 to May 2013. Data were obtained through scripted interviews and the electronic patient records. Presence of risk factors and kidney function before and after CECT and the follow-up for one month were evaluated. We included 998 patients (mean age: 60 years). Estimated GFR was ≥ 60 ml/mg/1.72 m2 in 886 (88.8%) patients, 30-59 ml/mg/1.72 m2 in 108 (10.8%) patients and < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 in 4 (0.4%) patients. We found diabetes mellitus in 137 (13.7%), anaemia in 70 (7.0%) congestive heart failure in 92 (9.2%), peripheral arterial disease in 34 (3.4%), age > 75 years in 126 (12.6%) patients and 301 (30.2%) used nephrotoxic medication. Fifty-eight (5.8%) patients were at risk for CIN; 35 (60.3%) risk patients received intravenous prophylactic hydration. Of the hydrated patients, 11 underwent follow-up within one week; of the non-hydrated patients seven underwent follow-up within one week. Two (2/58: 3.4%) patients developed CIN (increased serum creatinine ≥ 44 μmol/l or ≥ 25%); there was no difference between hydrated and non-hydrated patients (1/35:1/23). The incidence of renal replacement therapy and death within one month was zero for both. The number of patients at risk is low. CIN incidence is low, even in patients not receiving prophylactic hydration. No patients received renal replacement therapy or died. The impact of CIN is low. Extensive CIN prevention guidelines seem superfluous

Background and objectives: In patients with kidney failure due to IgA nephropathy, IgA deposits can recur in a subsequent kidney transplant. The incidence, effect, and risk factors of IgA nephropathy recurrence is unclear, because most studies have been single center and sample sizes are relatively small.Design, setting, participants, & measurements: We performed a multicenter, international, retrospective study to determine the incidence, risk factors, and treatment response of recurrent IgA nephropathy after kidney transplantation. Data were collected from all consecutive patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy transplanted between 2005 and 2015, across 16 “The Post-Transplant Glomerular Disease” study centers in Europe, North America, and South America.Results: Out of 504 transplant recipients with IgA nephropathy, recurrent IgA deposits were identified by kidney biopsy in 82 patients; cumulative incidence of recurrence was 23% at 15 years (95% confidence interval, 14 to 34). Multivariable Cox regression revealed a higher risk for recurrence of IgA deposits in patients with a pre-emptive kidney transplant (hazard ratio, 3.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 9.17) and in patients with preformed donorspecific antibodies (hazardratio, 2.59; 95%confidence interval, 1.09 to 6.19).Afterkidneytransplantation,development of de novo donor-specific antibodies was associated with subsequent higher risk of recurrence of IgA nephropathy (hazard ratio, 6.65; 95% confidence interval, 3.33 to 13.27). Immunosuppressive regimen was not associated with recurrent IgA nephropathy in multivariable analysis, including steroid use. Graft loss was higher in patients with recurrence of IgA nephropathy compared with patients without (hazard ratio, 3.69; 95% confidence interval, 2.04 to 6.66), resulting in 32% (95% confidence interval, 50 to 82) graft loss at 8 years after diagnosis of recurrence.Conclusions: In our international cohort, cumulative risk of IgA nephropathy recurrence increased after transplant and was associated with a 3.7-fold greater risk of graft loss.