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Additional file 1. Fig.: S1. Building blocks and architecture details of generator and discriminator. DB stands for Dense Block, TD stands for Transition Down, TU stands for Transition Up and $$m$$ m corresponds to the total number of feature maps at the end of a block. Fig. S2. Mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of non-contrast computed tomography (NCT) and synthetic contrast-enhanced CT (SCECT) compared to contrast-enhanced CT (CECT), respectively. Each boxplot represents the statistics for 3,000 values of 20 testing patients in each image group. Fig. S3. Overlaid images of two representative patients with computed tomography, manual contours (MC), and transferred dose distribution. While the upper row (a, b) is an example of applying dose distribution of a patient with right breast cancer, the lower row (c, d) is an example of a patient with left breast cancer.; Figure S4. The averaged dose-volume histogram (DVH) over 20 patients based on synthetic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (SCECT) (dashed lines) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) (solid lines).

National policy supports the production of renewable energy from cellulosic feedstocks such as corn stover and switchgrass. These feedstocks have contrasting impacts on water quality. In this study, the regional supply response for cellulosic biofuel from these two feedstocks is estimated for the Le Sueur Watershed in South-Central Minnesota. The impacts of the resulting agricultural production activities on water quality in this northern corn belt watershed are also estimated. The Le Sueur River is a tributary of the Minnesota River, which in turn feeds into the Mississippi. The analysis is conducted with a multi-region, endogenous supply, mathematical programming model of the agri-culture sector in the watershed. A unique aspect of the analysis is the spatial detail used in the pro-duction model. Results from a previous simulation analysis conducted with the Soil Water Assess-ment Tool (SWAT) model are used in the economic model to simulate the effects of the feedstock supply response on water quality in the Le Sueur. Sediment and nutrient losses from corn stover production make switchgrass more promising on environmental grounds, but the relatively high cost of production causes switchgrass to cover only a small part of crop land if farmers have unrestricted choice about how to supply cellulosic feedstocks., Working Draft, do not cite. Published as: Moon, Jin-Young, Jeffrey Apland, Solomon Folle and David Mulla. “A Watershed Level Economic Analysis of Cellulosic Biofuel Feedstock Production with Consideration of Water Quality.” Sustainable Agriculture Research. v.5, no.3, p.56-75. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n3p56

International audience

The emergence of markets for cellulosic biofuel feedstocks may lead to substantive tradeoffs between economic and environmental goals in agricultural regions, and will raise environmental and energy policy concerns. This paper examines the potential tradeoffs between cellulosic feedstock production and water quality and analyzes policy options to address those tradeoffs for a northern corn-belt watershed. Policy alternatives considered include restrictions on total nitrate-N load in the watershed and production subsidies for switchgrass - an energy crop with potential environmental benefits. Restricting nitrate-N loads increases the cost of cellulosic feedstock supply and in some circumstances makes switchgrass production an economical alternative. Switchgrass production subsidies, if sufficiently high can increase feedstock supply while reducing or eliminating the negative effects of feedstock production on water quality.

The emergence of markets for cellulosic biofuel feedstocks may lead to substantive tradeoffs between economic and environmental goals in agricultural regions, and will raise environmental and energy policy concerns. This paper examines the potential tradeoffs between cellulosic feedstock production and water quality and analyzes policy options to address those tradeoffs for a northern corn-belt watershed. Policy alternatives considered include restrictions on total nitrate-N load in the watershed and production subsidies for switchgrass - an energy crop with potential environmental benefits. Restricting nitrate-N loads increases the cost of cellulosic feedstock supply and in some circumstances makes switchgrass production an economical alternative. Switchgrass production subsidies, if sufficiently high can increase feedstock supply while reducing or eliminating the negative effects of feedstock production on water quality.

Korean Abstract: 국제 공유지는 특정 국가의 관할 밖에 있는 우주‧공해 및 심해저‧남극‧대기 등을 포함하며, 자원이 풍부하고 인류의 안위 및 발전과 직결되기 때문에 중요성을 갖는다. 이러한 중요성에 기반하여 국제사회는 국제 공유지의 활용 및 관리를 위한 거버넌스 체제를 구축해 왔는데, 최근 공유지에 대한 관심이 더욱 증대되면서 새로운 공유지 거버넌스의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 보고서에서는 심해저‧남극‧우주를 중심으로 국제 공유지의 일반적인 현황을 살펴보고 각 공유지별 거버넌스 제도를 면밀히 고찰하였다. 나아가 주요국들의 공유지 활용정책을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 및 국제사회에 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 특히 대부분의 다른 연구들이 하나의 국제 공유지에만 집중한 데 반해, 본 연구는 세 개의 공유지를 포괄적으로 비교‧분석하였고, 문헌검토뿐만 아니라 국‧내외 전문가들과의 면담을 통해 더욱 심도 있는 분석을 시도함으로써 차별점을 두었다. English Abstract: The global commons are resource domains or areas which no nation exert sovereignty over. Three typical global commons refer to the deep seabed, Antarctica and, outer space. They have been said to be important due to not only abundant resources but also mankinds security. However, these have been free of any national or international regulation. The absence of exclusive property right could lead to economic inefficiency and international conflicts. This inherent problem is put forth by Garrett Hardin in his famous article, The Tragedy of the Commons. In order to avoid these problems, many theories or principles are postulated. One of these principles is the principle of the common heritage of mankind (CHM). It has been accepted and applied to the global commons since it was incorporated into the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). With improving technology and developing countries’ growing, the application of the CHM has been a source of controversy. Consequently, it is necessary to suggest the new principles for the governance of the global commons. This research investigates not only the common properties of global commons but also their existing governance. First, we investigate issues of the deep seabed. For a long time the open access doctrine or mare liberum (free sea for everyone) of the high seas had ruled the governance of the deep seabed. But, UN adopted UNCLOS in 1982, and the CHM has been incorporated in the governance of the deep seabed. Based on UNCLOS, International Seabed Authority (ISA) was founded to manage the exploration and the development of mineral resources in the deep seabed. There have been conflicts between the leading countries which insist on their priority of natural resources they explored and found and the following countries which insist on suspension of development of natural resources in the deep seabed. ISA still suspends the development of mineral resources in the deep seabed, but it admits the priority of the leading countries if they explored two sector of the deep seabed and waive the one sector. Second, this study analyzes the current issues of Antarctica. Antarctica is facing rapid environmental degradation due to human pressures such as pollution, and the effects of global warming. Compared to the deep seabed, however, the governance of Antarctica has been stable and good at handling the major concerns of the protection of Antarctica. The governance of Antarctica works based on the Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). The reason of the stability of the governance of Antarctica is that all the participating countries agreed to the protection of Antarctica with no development of its resources. In addition, ATS has prohibited any country from claim to the sovereignty over Antarctica. Third, outer space is interesting to investigate since there has been no organized governance. Since its inception after the launch of Sputink in 1958, the governance of outer space has been created and modified. The five principal space law treaties had been signed between 1967 and 1981. The initial establishment of the governance was not difficult, and the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) has been responsible for managing the governance. However, the governance of outer space underwent a more controversial development than the deep seabed and Antarctica. With fast growing technology of spaceship and its related parts, the governance should have been modified. but the conflicts between the leading countries and the following countries hinder from the development of the governance of outer space. Shortage of orbits of satellites and space debris created major problems in the use of outer space, but all the countries participating in the governance had not agreed to the management system of handling these new problems yet. Governance; Global Commons; International Cooperation; Antarctica; Deep Seabed; Space