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The purpose of this study is to identify: first, the modus operandi of the perpetrator in committing sexual harassment on social media. Second, the formulation of the offense in Article 27 paragraph (1) of Law Number 19 of 2016 on amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Transaction Information (ITE) that reaches out to forms of sexual harassment on social media. The research uses normative research with a statutory approach. The results of the study concluded that First, there are at least 3 (three) modus operandi in general: a) by sending text, or images with negative content to the victim; b) spamming or writing inappropriate comments in the victim's comment field or social media; c) by approaching the opposite sex who is the target (victim). Approaching the targeted opposite sex accompanied by threats or rewards. Second, in relation to Article 27 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law, it must not reach various forms of sexual harassment through social media and prevent the birth of new forms of similar crimes through social media. This is because the provisions do not meet the elements of lex certa and lex scripta, namely that a law must contain elements of both actions, circumstances and consequences. In addition, a law must be strict, firm, clear and not contain various interpretations.Key Words: Social media; sexual harassment; modus operandi AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: pertama, modus operandi pelaku dalam melakukan pelecehan seksual di media sosial. Kedua, untuk mengetahui rumusan delik dalam Pasal 27 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik (ITE) menjangkau bentuk-bentuk pelecehan seksual di media sosial. Penelitian menggunakan penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan, Pertama, setidaknya terdapat 3 (tiga) hal modus operandi secara umum: a) dengan mengirimkan teks, atau gambar berkonten negatif kepada korban; b) mengirim spam atau menulis komentar yang tidak pantas di kolom komentar korban atau media sosial; c) dengan cara melakukan pendekatan dengan lawan jenis yang dijadikan target (korban). Melakukan pendekatan dengan lawan jenis yang dijadikan target ini pada umumnya disertai dengan ancaman ataupun imbalan. Kedua, berkaitan dengan Pasal 27 ayat (1) Undang-Undang ITE tidak dapat menjangkau berbagai macam bentuk-bentuk pelecehan seksual melalui media sosial serta mencegah lahirnya bentuk-bentuk kejahatan baru yang serupa melalui media sosial. Hal ini disebabkan karena ketentuan tersebut tidak memenuhi unsur lex certa dan lex scripta yaitu suatu Undang-Undang harus memuat unsur-unsur baik perbuatan, keadaan maupun akibat. Selain itu suatu Undang-Undang haruslah bersifat ketat, tegas, jelas dan tidak mengandung berbagai tafsir. Kata-kata Kunci: Media sosial; pelecehan seksual; modus operandi

La ecología del comportamiento ha propuesto analizar la relación humano-ambiente a partir de las respuestas adaptativas a limitaciones o ventajas de su entorno, mientras que la arqueología del paisaje propone estudiar el entorno como un producto de la acción social tanto de carácter material como imaginario, en el cual hay una apropiación y construcción del paisaje más que una simple adaptación a este. La arqueología forense ha implementado estos enfoques para estudiar los posibles patrones de comportamiento de los perpetradores en contextos de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos e identificar las formas y áreas en las que eran dispuestos y ocultados los cuerpos de las víctimas. En esta investigación se implementaron estas perspectivas para identificar posibles patrones de comportamiento relacionados con la disposición y ocultamiento de los cuerpos de víctimas de las Autodefensas Campesinas del Magdalena Medio (ACMM), específicamente del Frente Omar Isaza. Se utilizó información geográfica extraída de expedientes judiciales que fue analizada desde una perspectiva física del paisaje y del modus operandi, y procesada por medio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados permitieron realizar una aproximación preliminar a áreas de mayor y menor potencial arqueológico-forense en la subregión del Magdalena Medio. Behavioral ecology has proposed the action to analyze the human-environment relationship based on adaptive responses to limitations or advantages of their environment, while landscape archeology proposes to study the environment as a product of the social, both material and imaginary. in which there is an appropriation of the landscape rather than a simple adaptation to it. Forensic archaeology has used this approach to study the possible perpetrators’ behavioral patterns in contexts of human rights violations and to identify the ways and areas where victims’ bodies were disposed of and hidden. Therefore, this research implemented such perspectives to identify possible behavioral patterns related to the disposal and concealment of victims’ bodies carried out by Autodefensas Campesinas del Magdalena Medio (ACMM), specifically of the Omar Isaza Front (FOI). Geographic information was extracted from judicial files and was analyzed from a landscape and modus operandi perspective and processed through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results allow a preliminary approach to areas of greater and lesser archaeological-forensic potential in the Magdalena Medio subregion. Pregrado Arqueólogo

Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Phänomen der digitalen Menschenschlepperei. Aufgrund des digitalen Zeitalters, werden hier der Einfluss und die Anwendung, speziell im fokussierten Bereich der organisierten Kriminalität, dargestellt. Der Wandel zeigt wie Mobiltelefone, Internet und soziale Medien das Verhalten von Schlepperorganisationen und Flüchtlingen beeinflussen. Bezogen auf Europa werden drei Hauptrouten vorgestellt. Damit einhergehend werden die unterschiedlichen Modi Operandi von Seiten der Schlepperorganisationen beschrieben. Dabei wird auch die Frage aufgeworfen, welche spezifischen Funktionen soziale Netzwerke und insbesondere Mobiltelefone während der Flucht einnehmen. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse wurden durch die qualitative Methode, insbesondere in Form von Expert*inneninterviews, gewonnen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Beeinflussung des Verhaltens durch soziale Netzwerke und digitale Infrastrukturen während der Flucht. Speziell werden die Herausforderungen von Seiten der Strafverfolgungsbehörden angesprochen. This research paper deals with the phenomenon of digital human smuggling. Due to the digital age, the influence and application, specifically in the focused area of organized crime, is presented here. The change shows how mobile phones, internet and social media influence the behavior of human smuggling organizations and refugees. In relation to Europe, three main routes are presented. Along with this, the different modus operandi from the side of the smuggling organizations is being described. This also raises the question of what specific functions social networks and mobile phones take on during flight. The results presented in this thesis were obtained by the qualitative method, especially in the form of expert interviews. The focus is on influencing social networks and digital infrastructure during flight behavior. Specifically, the challenges on the part of law enforcement agencies are addressed.

This doctoral thesis presents a preliminary theoretical framework on how terrorist organizations innovate their strategy. The project carries out a structured, focused comparison among three historical organizations (ETA, PIRA, and Red Brigades) and, in doing so, investigates the rationale and dynamics of the strategic innovation process. The ensuing theoretical framework delineates strategic innovation as a process displaying a gradual and progressive build-up, and articulated in the stages of Evaluation, Formulation, Adoption, and Implementation. While the first two stages involve a range of different actors, the leadership and the decision-making bodies play a considerable role in adopting and implementing innovations. Contrary to previous scholarship, the framework also discusses how strategic innovation is not necessarily related to escalations in violence. Similarly, it highlights an important difference between strategic change and strategic innovation. Finally, the case studies also explore the important role that cultural artefacts play in the innovation process. While acknowledging the limitations of the proposed theoretical framework, the thesis also presents a few suggestions for future research.

Over the years, several myths have been peddled within societies and academic circles in relation to exploring the mysterious lives of serial killers. Socio-psycho factors have been used to explain some of their criminal behaviour. Some mythologies about serial killers are that most of them are loners, abused children, and sexually motivated killers. Some researchers have also attributed mental challenges, drugs, and alcohol as possible motives for serial killers. In some instances, some serial killers have confessed to heard unknown controlling voices, urging them to kill their victims. We are not in a rational or neutral position to know whether voices, hearing by serial killers, are actually factual experiences or not. However, to enter a plea of insanity for murder is widely known with the criminal law field. This is the reason why in some cases, offenders are accessed to ascertain their fitness to stand trial. This article deals with a very serious challenging crime and highlights the safety of citizens. The article has three aims, first, to explore and debunk the secretive world of serial killers. Second, to explore the serial killer’s motives and modus operandi. Third, to highlight the dangers serial killers pose to society. Some of the findings are that serial killer does not always live a life of a loner, and some understudy of serial killers found out some of them live a family life. Several serial killers were abused as children and from dysfunctional families and social backgrounds. Most serial killers are men and there is a patriarchal domineering and controlling personality, ascribed to serial killers

The concept of expertise applied to the criminal context assumes that offenders are driven by the abilities to both maximize the payoffs and minimize the risks associated with the crime-commission. This study tested the articulation between these two types of decisions taken by stranger rapists to successfully commit their crime. Specifically, this study aims to identify whether offenders whose modus operandi is indicative of criminal expertise are more likely to use forensic awareness strategies. Multivariate analyses conducted on 1,551 cases showed that stranger rapists who adopted behaviors indicative of expertise were more likely to use forensic awareness strategies to decrease the risk of police detection. Mixed associations were found between the number of forensic awareness strategies and their nature (i.e., protecting identity vs. destroying evidence) and rapists’ expertise, thus leading to a four-type theoretical classification of expertise: novice, bold, opportunistic, and expert stranger rapists. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Phishing is an act to commit fraud by tricking the target with the intention of stealing the target's account, by spreading broadcasts which are often carried out through fake emails with fake information that directs the target to a fake page to trap the target so that the perpetrator gets access to the victim's account. Phishing still has some obscurity, especially in the modus operandi of the perpetrator. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and explain the modus operandi of the criminal act of phishing according to the ITE Law. This research is a normative legal research. Because the writing of this research in seeking the truth in order to answer legal issues raised by the author uses secondary data to find legal rules, legal principles, and legal doctrines, and tends to image law as a perspective discipline, which means that only see the law from the point of view of the norms only, which of course is prescriptive. This approach uses a statute approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. Keywords: Phishing Crime; Cyber; Operandi Mode. Abstrak Phising adalah suatu perbuatan untuk melakukan penipuan dengan mengelabui target dengan maksud untuk mencuri akun target, dengan cara menyebarkan broadcast yang seringkali dilakukan melalui email palsu dengan muatan informasi palsu yang mengarahkan target ke halaman palsu untuk menjebak target sehingga pelaku mendapatkan akses terhadap akun korban, Secara ringkas Perbuatan phising masih memiliki beberapa kekaburan terutama pada modus operandi pelaku. Oleh karena itulah penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menjelaskan terkait modus operandi Tindak pidana Phising menurut UU ITE. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Karena penelitian ini dalam mencari kebenaran guna menjawab isu hukum yang diangkat penulis menggunakan data sekunder untuk menemukan suatu aturan-aturan hukum, prinsip-prinsip hukum, maupun doktrin-doktrin hukum, dan cenderung mencitrakan hukum sebagai disiplin prespektif, yang berarti hanya melihat hukum dari sudut pandang norma-normanya saja, yang tentunya bersifat preskriptif. Pendekatan ini menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Kata Kunci: Tindak Pidana Phising; Siber; Modus Operandi.

The article presents a characterization of criminal mobility and modus operandi of rape crimes that occurred in the city of Maceió (AL, Brazil) between the years 2015 and 2017. The data gathered in the study were provided by the Civil and Military Police and by the Alagoas State Re-socialization and Social Inclusion Secretariat. A descriptive approach was used to describe the configurational aspects of rapes reported in the city in the period mentioned above. In the analysis of the results, it was possible to identify patterns in the way in which the aggressors acted, in the profiles of the victim and of the offender and in the spatiotemporal configurations of rape crimes on the urban perimeter of the capital of Alagoas state. O artigo apresenta uma caracterização da mobilidade criminal e do modus operandi dos crimes de estupro ocorridos na cidade de Maceió (AL) entre os anos de 2015 e 2017. Os dados reunidos no estudo foram cedidos pelas Polícias Civil e Militar do Estado de Alagoas e pela Secretaria de Estado de Ressocialização e Inclusão Social. Recorreu-se à abordagem descritiva para descrever os aspectos configuracionais dos crimes sexuais notificados na cidade e no período supracitados. Na análise dos resultados foi possível identificar padrões na forma de atuação dos agressores, nos perfis da vítima e do autor do crime e nas configurações espaço-temporais dos crimes de estupro sobre o perímetro urbano da capital alagoana.

Qara’in - usually translated as circumstantial evidence - is a derived form of Arabic word " " قر ن which literally means a fact associated or accompanied with an event or circumstances. But when an event or circumstances discloses such associated or accompanied fact then such a fact becomes circumstantial evidence. Both proto-juristic and modern legal terms held circumstantial evidence for an evidence which is offered to prove certain attendant circumstances from which the existence of the fact at issue may be inferred. In Islamic Law, majority of jurists do not endorse Qara’in as an authoritative evidence, particularly, in offences leading to corporal punishments. On the other side, Ibn Farhun from Malikites and Ibn Qayyem from Hanbalites terms it equal to the direct evidence of Iqrar and Shahadah. It is not very strange that Dr. Anwarullah, a prominent Muslim scholar and Prof. Robert Preach are of the opinion that circumstantial evidence is, after all, more authentic even than the aforesaid two evidences. Herbert Broom- a western legal expert- also says that certain hidden facts can be deducted from the mode of a relevant act or to some extent it is modus operandi which gives birth to a circumstantial evidence. In this shortened article the juristic opinion of some early and contemporary legal experts has been discussed as to judge the legal mode and authenticity of circumstantial evidence

The Corinthian church had many issues, among which the dissensions, as can be seen from 1 Corinthians 1-4. There are several theories concerning these dissensions. Some say that there are clearly four parties in the church, according to the slogans in 1 Corinthians 1:12. Others, go to the other extreme and talk about just disagreements among the members of the church, but no real schisms. Between these two extremes are those who seek to make sense of the slogan of allegiance to Christ, the role of Apollos in the dissensions, and ultimately the issue that the Corinthians had with Paul. There is probably some truth in all these theories and most likely the reality was that the Corinthians had preferences among their teachers, of whom the centre of attention were Paul and Apollos, the distinction made between the two were most presumably based on who played better into Corinthians’ social expectations.

The dissensions in the Corinthian church bring up the question of the mention of Apollos’ name in Paul’s argument against the partisan spirit. Over time, there have been different proposals as to the role that Apollos had in the dissensions as well as his function in the argument of 1 Corinthians 1-4. Some say that Paul and Apollos were rivals and thus Paul formulates his argument against dissensions as a subtle attach on Apollos and his party. Others say that Apollos’ role in the dissensions is a more indirect one, give his modus operandi. Apollos is seen as a preacher characterized by rhetorical skill (cf. Acts 18:24-28), who has made a great impression on the Corinthian congregation especially on those of a certain high social status, who have used Apollos against the less skillful Paul in order to advance their honor. Thus, in this view, Apollos is seen as having an unintentional and indirect role in the dissensions, being played by some in the congregation. Others, however, see Apollos as having no role in the dissensions, the mention of his name by Paul being only as a way of example and with direct application to others. This view is based on a certain interpretation of meteschēmatisa in 1 Corinthians 4:6. An analysis of these views and their supporting arguments leads us to believe that the fault for the dissensions falls not on Apollos, but on the Corinthians. Paul and Apollos share a close collaboration in the mission work; it is the Corinthians who have pitched one against the other.

This exploratory report examines copycatting behaviour following terrorist attacks. This concerns behaviour that someone performs intentionally and in a motivated way to imitate a certain predecessor, particularly a person or group who was noticed in media reports for committing a terrorist attack. Distinctive about copycatting behaviour is that it is not directly controlled by a terrorist group, but that people themselves decide to imitate an attacking person or group of persons. Reason The reason why this report was written is that copycatting behaviour can increase the chance of a future terrorist attack. Copycats can be inspired to copy the ideology and/or the methods of previous attackers and possibly even surpass the number of casualties of the earlier attack. Such behaviour can increase the number of people who fall victim to terrorist attacks and can create feelings of terror in the general population. However, there is not yet definitive evidence for the role of copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. This is why this report was considered to be important. Chapter 1 explores the reasons for the report in more detail. Method For this report, interviews were held with eight national and international experts in the field of copycatting behaviour and terrorism. These interviews are discussed in Section 2.4. The list of topics discussed with these experts is included in the Appendix 1. Furthermore, two literature studies were conducted. The first literature study focused on copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. This study resulted in 36 publications in this field. The second literature study focused on copycatting behaviour in other fields than terrorism, like suicide and school shootings. This resulted in 44 publications. This body of literature is complemented with suggestions from interviewed experts and members of the guidance committee. The method of the literature review is discussed in Section 3.1. The most important studies that were found in our literature search are summarized in Appendix 2. A concise social media analysis was conducted as well. This analysis was limited in scope. The box at the end of Chapter 3 discusses the main points of this study. The report also analysed terrorist threat assessments of the NCTV, annual reports of the AIVD, and documents of the Netherlands House of Representatives that included terms related to ‘copycatting behaviour.’ These insights were complemented with insights into the strategies used by other countries to counteract copycatting behaviour and the interviews with experts. The findings of this literature review are discussed in Chapter 4. Section 5.2 discusses limitations of the conducted literature studies, interviews, and the social media study. This results in avenues for future research. Definition of copycatting behaviour An important aim of this report was to develop a working definition of copycatting behaviour, which can be used in studying and addressing copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks in policy and in practice. This definition is mentioned in the first paragraph of this summary. In Chapter 2, components of this definition are discussed, based on the literature examined and the interviews held with experts in the field of copycatting behaviour and terrorism. In that chapter, it is noted that copycats feel encouraged to imitate a method from a previous terrorist attack. Terrorist attacks can also inspire copycats to take over their predecessor’s ideology. The imitated behaviour often concerns violent behaviour and can also include non-violent behaviour. Copycatting behaviour often occurs because people identify with a previous attacker. Copycatting behaviour can also occur because people agitate against a terrorist act from ideological, religious, or other movements which oppose their views. Evidence of copycatting behaviour It turns out to be difficult to determine the exact role of copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. In Chapter 3, the evidence of copycatting behaviour following terrorist attacks is discussed. Copycatting behaviour in other fields, such as suicide and school shootings, are also discussed. Addressing copycatting behaviour What can be done about copycatting behaviour following terrorist attacks is an important question. In Chapter 4, relevant Dutch publications are studied to answer this question. Publication studied include the terrorist threat assessments of the NCTV and the annual reports of the AIVD in which copycatting behaviour is discussed. Other countries also provide illustrative insights as do interviews with the experts. Based on these insights, the conclusion seems warranted that suggested approaches of counteracting copycatting behaviour are in line with the existing core components of Dutch policy, such as the personal approach and the integral approach. Conclusions Each chapter in this report includes concluding sections at appropriate times. For details, the reader is referred to these sections. Chapter 5 presents a general conclusion for policy and practice (5.1) and future research (5.2). An important general conclusion based on the presented literature studies, interviews, and the social media study is that copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks can occur. It should be noted, however, that terroristic behaviour in specific cases often entail various factors that, combined, led to the behaviour. Interpreting a specific case therefore requires an individual approach, tailored to the precise case under consideration and the specific details relevant in that case. Some useful ideas have been developed in preventing and addressing copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. These ideas are in line with Dutch policy and practice in the field of counterterrorism and prevention of radicalisation. Continued investment in social networks and a personal approach to radicalization is particularly important in this respect. Media reports can increase the chance at copycatting behaviour. It could therefore be helpful if the media themselves, without affecting the freedom of the press in any ways, would decide to hold back in their reports on terrorist attacks. Reporting no or few details about the exact methods used decreases the chance of a method of a previous attacker being copied. Holding back in reporting on personal details about the attacker also helps as it decreases the chance of identification with the attacker and his/her ideology. It is important to continue working on a coherent, substantive vision on radicalisation and (counter)terrorism, including copycatting behaviour. Copycatting behaviour is not about following instructions on what to do, but about what people decide to do themselves. This motivated behaviour can be impulsive and occur in a whim. To interpret this behaviour, it is important to carefully analyse what people think, feel, and actually do. We are pleased to note that the Dutch policy in the field of counterterrorism and the prevention of radicalisation is paying appropriate attention to these points for some time now.

This exploratory report examines copycatting behaviour following terrorist attacks. This concerns behaviour that someone performs intentionally and in a motivated way to imitate a certain predecessor, particularly a person or group who was noticed in media reports for committing a terrorist attack. Distinctive about copycatting behaviour is that it is not directly controlled by a terrorist group, but that people themselves decide to imitate an attacking person or group of persons. Reason The reason why this report was written is that copycatting behaviour can increase the chance of a future terrorist attack. Copycats can be inspired to copy the ideology and/or the methods of previous attackers and possibly even surpass the number of casualties of the earlier attack. Such behaviour can increase the number of people who fall victim to terrorist attacks and can create feelings of terror in the general population. However, there is not yet definitive evidence for the role of copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. This is why this report was considered to be important. Chapter 1 explores the reasons for the report in more detail. Method For this report, interviews were held with eight national and international experts in the field of copycatting behaviour and terrorism. These interviews are discussed in Section 2.4. The list of topics discussed with these experts is included in the Appendix 1. Furthermore, two literature studies were conducted. The first literature study focused on copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. This study resulted in 36 publications in this field. The second literature study focused on copycatting behaviour in other fields than terrorism, like suicide and school shootings. This resulted in 44 publications. This body of literature is complemented with suggestions from interviewed experts and members of the guidance committee. The method of the literature review is discussed in Section 3.1. The most important studies that were found in our literature search are summarized in Appendix 2. A concise social media analysis was conducted as well. This analysis was limited in scope. The box at the end of Chapter 3 discusses the main points of this study. The report also analysed terrorist threat assessments of the NCTV, annual reports of the AIVD, and documents of the Netherlands House of Representatives that included terms related to ‘copycatting behaviour.’ These insights were complemented with insights into the strategies used by other countries to counteract copycatting behaviour and the interviews with experts. The findings of this literature review are discussed in Chapter 4. Section 5.2 discusses limitations of the conducted literature studies, interviews, and the social media study. This results in avenues for future research. Definition of copycatting behaviour An important aim of this report was to develop a working definition of copycatting behaviour, which can be used in studying and addressing copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks in policy and in practice. This definition is mentioned in the first paragraph of this summary. In Chapter 2, components of this definition are discussed, based on the literature examined and the interviews held with experts in the field of copycatting behaviour and terrorism. In that chapter, it is noted that copycats feel encouraged to imitate a method from a previous terrorist attack. Terrorist attacks can also inspire copycats to take over their predecessor’s ideology. The imitated behaviour often concerns violent behaviour and can also include non-violent behaviour. Copycatting behaviour often occurs because people identify with a previous attacker. Copycatting behaviour can also occur because people agitate against a terrorist act from ideological, religious, or other movements which oppose their views. Evidence of copycatting behaviour It turns out to be difficult to determine the exact role of copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. In Chapter 3, the evidence of copycatting behaviour following terrorist attacks is discussed. Copycatting behaviour in other fields, such as suicide and school shootings, are also discussed. Addressing copycatting behaviour What can be done about copycatting behaviour following terrorist attacks is an important question. In Chapter 4, relevant Dutch publications are studied to answer this question. Publication studied include the terrorist threat assessments of the NCTV and the annual reports of the AIVD in which copycatting behaviour is discussed. Other countries also provide illustrative insights as do interviews with the experts. Based on these insights, the conclusion seems warranted that suggested approaches of counteracting copycatting behaviour are in line with the existing core components of Dutch policy, such as the personal approach and the integral approach. Conclusions Each chapter in this report includes concluding sections at appropriate times. For details, the reader is referred to these sections. Chapter 5 presents a general conclusion for policy and practice (5.1) and future research (5.2). An important general conclusion based on the presented literature studies, interviews, and the social media study is that copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks can occur. It should be noted, however, that terroristic behaviour in specific cases often entail various factors that, combined, led to the behaviour. Interpreting a specific case therefore requires an individual approach, tailored to the precise case under consideration and the specific details relevant in that case. Some useful ideas have been developed in preventing and addressing copycatting behaviour in terrorist attacks. These ideas are in line with Dutch policy and practice in the field of counterterrorism and prevention of radicalisation. Continued investment in social networks and a personal approach to radicalization is particularly important in this respect. Media reports can increase the chance at copycatting behaviour. It could therefore be helpful if the media themselves, without affecting the freedom of the press in any ways, would decide to hold back in their reports on terrorist attacks. Reporting no or few details about the exact methods used decreases the chance of a method of a previous attacker being copied. Holding back in reporting on personal details about the attacker also helps as it decreases the chance of identification with the attacker and his/her ideology. It is important to continue working on a coherent, substantive vision on radicalisation and (counter)terrorism, including copycatting behaviour. Copycatting behaviour is not about following instructions on what to do, but about what people decide to do themselves. This motivated behaviour can be impulsive and occur in a whim. To interpret this behaviour, it is important to carefully analyse what people think, feel, and actually do. We are pleased to note that the Dutch policy in the field of counterterrorism and the prevention of radicalisation is paying appropriate attention to these points for some time now.

L’avancement des technologies a permis aux agresseurs sexuels de mineurs d’avoir de nouvelles opportunités de commettre des infractions à caractère sexuel en ligne (Fortin, Paquette, & Dupont, 2018; Seto, Hanson, & Babchishin, 2011). Avec un nombre de plaintes criminelles croissant (Wolak, Finkelhor, & Mitchell, 2012), le phénomène du leurre informatique pose de nombreux défis pour les enquêteurs qui doivent développer des méthodes d'enquête pour distinguer les dossiers ayant le plus de risque de passage à l’acte afin d’assurer la protection du public. Le projet de recherche vise à distinguer les différents types de cyber-relations basées sur les stratégies utilisées dans les discours d’auteurs de leurre. En analysant les différences entre les auteurs de leurre qui ne demande pas un contact hors ligne, ceux qui n’ont pas été capables d’obtenir un contact et ceux qui ont obtenu un contact hors ligne, on vise à identifier les stratégies associées aux discoures des interactions menant aux contacts hors ligne. L’étude utilise une combinaison d’approche qualitative et quantitative. L’analyse des conversations en ligne a été faite à partir de données policières de la Surêté du Québec . La transformation des données qualitatives en quantitative a été fait pour conduire les analyses statistiques. Les résultats suggèrent que les stratégies associées aux interactions qui ont mené au passage hors ligne sont : la persistance, la pratique en ligne des fantaisies sexuelles et d’avoir des opportunités à risque limité de détection d’une figure faisant autorité. Les auteurs de leurre avec contact ont utilisé ces stratégies de manière plus récurrente que les auteurs de leurre sans contact. En outre, les victimes qui participent plus et qui résistent le plus ont été associées à des relations menant au contact hors ligne. Les auteurs de leurre ayant eu un contact hors ligne avec leurs victimes avaient un plus grand nombre de conversations, en moyenne. Donc, ils avaient plus de temps pour utiliser différentes stratégies pour surpasser les résistances des victimes. Les implications de cette recherche suggèrent que les typologies identifiées dans la littérature scientifique n’ont pas trouver les caractéristiques scientifiquement associées à chacun des types., The advancement of technology created new opportunities for online sex solicitors to cyber victimize minors online (Fortin et al., 2018; Seto et al., 2011). With the increasing number of police reports (Wolak et al., 2012), online sex solicitors pose numerous challenges for police practices. This research project aims to distinguish the differences between the types of interactions that seek offline contact based on the strategies seen in their discourses. By analyzing the differences between the strategies used by various types of interactions, we aimed to identify the strategies which are associated with offline contact interaction group. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to achieve the research goal. We used a qualitative methodology to do a thematic analysis and codify the chatlogs. The strategies used for codification were taken from previous studies and observation of the police data from the Sûreté du Québec . After the codification, we transformed the thematic results into quantitative data. The quantitative research methodology was employed to test the differences in frequency of each strategy between types of interactions. The results demonstrate that the strategies associated with offline contact are persistence, fantasy rehearsal and the presence of opportunities with limited risk of exposure. Contact group used more frequently these strategies compared to the noncontact group. Moreover, contact victims showed more participatory and oppositional behaviours. Offenders who met their victims offline showed longer interactions, on average. Consequentially, offenders from the contact group had more time to use the various strategies to surpass the victims' resistances. The implication of this research lays in the contradiction of these results compared to literature's results. The particularities of each types are not associated with previous typologies.

Identificar cuáles son los factores de riesgo y los factores protectores relacionados con el delito de extorsión El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los factores de riesgo y factores protectores asociados al delito de extorsión, siendo este uno de los ilícitos más cometidos en el país antes de la pandemia producida por el COVID 19, aunque hubo una reducción en los casos registrados, este delito sigue presentando altos índices de comisión, para esto se define el delito de extorsión, se diferencia de otros similares, se reconocen los modus operandi, los factores de riesgo y protección y se caracterizan a las víctimas, mediante la metodología de revisión bibliográfica sistemática, los resultados encontrados indican que los factores de riesgo vinculados en la delincuencia son de tipo individual como la personalidad, impulsividad, bajo autocontrol, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, de tipo familiar como la dinámica, roles, funciones, supervisión, afecto, apoyo y pautas de crianza y a nivel social, dificultades en la escuela, influencia de amigos delincuentes y vivir en contextos vulnerables. The objective of this work is identified the psychosocial factors associated to the extortion crime, this being one of the most committed crimes in the country, for this reason it’s defined the extortion crime, differs to the others similar, the modus operandi is recognized, the factors of risk and protection and the characterization to the victims, through the methodology of systematic bibliographic review. The results found indicate that the risk factors associated with delinquency are of an individual type such as personality, impulsivity, low self-control, consumption of psychoactive substances, of family type such as dynamics, roles, functions, supervision, affection, support, parenting guidelines and a social level, difficulties in school, influence of delinquent friends and living in vulnerable contexts

La presente investigación de tipo comparativo-descriptivo, transversal explicativo titulada “Organización Criminal en el delito de Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas en la Segunda Sala Penal de Apelaciones de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Arequipa y la Sala Superior Mixta de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Moquegua 2018-2019” se realizó la revisión de 16 expedientes y se aplicó una hoja de recolección de datos y el Instrumento llamado Falcón Check List. El objetivo de la investigación es establecer el Análisis Criminalístico de la Organización Criminal en el delito de Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas en la Segunda Sala Penal de Apelaciones de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Arequipa y la Sala Superior Mixta de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Moquegua en los años 2018-2019. Se encontró que en un 81.25% de los procesados son de sexo masculino, que en un 31.25% la edad es de 24 a 28 años , que el mes en que mayor frecuencia se produce el delito es en el mes de Setiembre , que la procedencia de la droga en un 37.5% es de Lima, que en un 62.50% la droga es Pasta Básica de Cocaína, que la situación legal del procesado en un 93.75% es de detenido, que la producción en un 56.25% es de paquetes tipo ladrillo, que en un 43.75% el lugar donde se oculta la droga es en prendas de vestir y el cuerpo, en un 37.50% el apoyo para la comisión del delito se da entre compañeros, que la distribución de tareas en un 56.25% se da en redes, que en un 56.25% el Jefe de la Organización utiliza a menores de edad, que la estructura de las redes criminales en un 25% es jerárquica en el VRAEM, que se produce la agravante de excesiva cantidad del objeto en un 31.25% por haber encontrado 20 a más Kg. de Pasta Básica de Cocaína, que la Pena Privativa de Libertad se ha dado de 2 a 5 años en un 31.25% ; que la comisión del lugar del delito se da en actividades deportivas , en cuanto al atenuante por volumen de droga de 50 gramos de Pasta Básica de Cocaína y derivados se encontró en un 31.25% , con respecto a las Rutas del Tráfico y la edad en un 12.5 en un 12.50% el Tráfico se produce en los distritos de Arequipa y con una edad de 24 a 28 años.

A Lei 13467/17 tem impactos até os dias de hoje já que o modus operandi das entidades sindicais tiveram que se alterar quase que completamente para continuarem a existir na atual conjuntura brasileira. Ocorre que com o fim da contribuição sindical obrigatória, o chamado imposto sindical, a sistemática sindical brasileira começou a ruir e algumas anomalias começaram a surgir, principalmente duas: o caroneiro e a cobrança obrigatória dos sindicatos. Assim sendo, o presente artigo, a partir do embasamento teórico, conexo a contextos situacionais fáticos, expõe, por meio de discussão teórico- bibliográfica e da pesquisa qualitativa, as circunstâncias de surgimento do problema, sua evolução e como tudo isso afeta as negociações coletivas. Ademais, busca-se discutir as diversas contradições e a necessidade urgente de reforma. Law n. 13467/17 got impacts till this day since union entities’s modus operandi had to adapt and change almost completely to continue to exist at current scenario. When the mandatory union contribution, also known as union tax, got extinct, Brazil’s union system started to crumble and two major anomalies arrived: the hitchhiker and unions mandatory charge. And thus, the current article, has theoretical bases connected to factual situational contexts, which shows through theoretical-bibliographic discussion and qualitative research, also the circumstances when the problem came to be, its evolution and how it all afects other people’s opinions. Furthermore, it wishes to discuss the contradictions and the necessity of a urgentereconstruction.

Card payments in South Africa continue to be a predominant part of the National Payments System in an evolving payments ecosystem. Due to the growing volume of electronic payments, the monetary strain of credit card fraud is turning into a substantial challenge for financial institutions and service providers, thus forcing them to continuously improve their fraud detection systems. This article attempts to explain the Modus Operandi (MO) of perpetrators of credit card fraud in the Vaal Region in South Africa. The article begins with an examination of the extent of the challenge and response by the relevant stakeholders, especially the Criminal Justice System (CJS). This study was carried out utilising a qualitative research approach with a convenience, purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Thirty-nine (39) interviews were conducted to solicit the views of the participants and police investigators from Vanderbijlpark, Sebokeng, Sharpeville and Vereeniging police stations, members of the community, and victims of credit card fraud were interviewed. These interviews were analysed according to the phenomenological approach, aided with the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) to identify the participants’ responses and themes. The findings indicated that the extent of credit card fraud in Vaal region is reaching alarming rates. Based on the findings, the authors provided recommendations such as: police investigators being taken for regular workshops and training on how to investigate sophisticated methods used by perpetrators such as technology, awareness in the society about credit card fraud should be prioritised and enhanced.

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, plusieurs modèles théoriques de l’homicide sexuel ont été proposés. Ces modèles ont suggéré qu’il existe une diversité de facteurs associés à la commission d’un ou de plusieurs homicides sexuels, notamment des facteurs développementaux, psychologiques et de l’événement criminel et ont permis de proposer un profil des individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel. Cependant, aucun de ces profils n’a intégré l’ensemble de ces facteurs en un tout cohérent. De plus, ces modèles et profils, à l’exception du modèle proposé par des chercheurs associés au Federal Bureau of Investigation, ont été réalisés à partir d’échantillons d’individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel. En conséquence, bien que ces modèles et profils proposent une explication de l’émergence de ces comportements, ils ne permettent pas d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances ceux-ci se répètent et prennent fin. Étant donné que ces modèles et profils n’ont pas pris en considération les caractéristiques du parcours de vie de l’individu après la commission du premier homicide sexuel, ceux-ci n’intègrent pas de paramètres post-homicides, tels que les paramètres de l’enquête criminelle. En conséquence, il existe actuellement peu de certitudes concernant les caractéristiques du profil des individus pouvant constituer des facteurs permettant potentiellement d’expliquer pourquoi certains individus commettront une série d’homicides sexuels tandis que d’autres n’en commettront qu’un. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’identifier les caractéristiques distinctives des individus ayant commis une série d’homicides sexuels, afin de proposer des profils d’individus sériels et non-sériels. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une série d’études comparatives entre des individus ayant commis des homicides sexuels en série (HSS; n = 33) et des individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel (HS; n = 87) ont été réalisées. Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence que les caractéristiques qui distinguent les sériels des non-sériels ne se limitent pas à des facteurs individuels ou à la façon dont les individus commettent leur crime, mais aussi à l’échec des intervenants de l’enquête criminelle à appliquer les pratiques considérées comme étant indispensables à la résolution rapide d’un homicide. D’autre part, les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence qu’il existe deux principaux profils d’individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel, celui des HSS et celle des HS. Finalement, les résultats de cette étude ont servi de fondations au développement d’un modèle conceptuel théorique de l’homicide sexuel sériel et non-sériel qui permet d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances le phénomène semblerait émerger, se répéter et prendre fin., Over the last three decades, many theoretical models of sexual homicide have been proposed, which have made it possible to propose a profile of individuals. Although these models and profiles have suggested associations between the commission of one or more sexual homicides and a wide variety of factors—notably developmental, psychological, and crime-phase—none has produced a unified vision of sexual homicide that takes into account all factors. Moreover, these models and profiles, with the exception of that of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, have been based on samples of individuals having committed a single homicide. As a result, although they propose explanations of the emergence of sexual homicide, current models and profiles are silent on the determinants of its repetition and cessation. Additionally, these models and profiles do not address post-homicide parameters, such as those related to the criminal investigation, since they do not take into account the sexual murderer’s life course following the commission of the homicide. For all these reasons, considerable uncertainty remains about why some individuals commit a series of sexual homicides while others commit only one. The principal objective of this thesis’s research was therefore to identify the distinctive characteristics of individuals having committed a series of sexual homicides, in order to proposed profiled of serial and nonserial sexual murderers. To this end, comparative analyses of serial sexual murderers (HSSs; n = 33) and nonserial sexual murderers (HSs n = 87) were conducted. The results indicate that the two groups of participants in this sample can be distinguished not only on individual factors and the manner in which the homicide was committed, but also on the failure of criminal investigators to apply best practices and rapidly resolve the homicides. Finally, this thesis’ research establishes a foundation for the development of theoretical models of serial and nonserial sexual homicide that explain the circumstances responsible for the emergence, repetition, and cessation of this phenomenon.

Considerando a criação artística consequente de uma estrutura projetual definida à priori, partimos da proposição “documentação da vida-no-projeto” para deliberar em que moldes se coloca a experiência vivencial no espaço de propostas artísticas, aparentemente, programadas e repetitivas no modo de execução. Numa aproximação a quatro autores: Ângelo Ferreira de Sousa, Fernando Calhau, On Kawara e Fernando José Pereira, atestamos se um envolvimento consecutivo, com restritas e precisas indicações processuais, conduz à ilação de pequenas e singelas diferenças circunstanciais, de todo preditas. Consequentemente, colocamos o carácter utópico do projeto de arte ao nível do desejo, a fim de atestar uma dimensão im-possível da experiência artística enquanto vivência projetual.

Purpose Smothering to death is most often done with a soft cover, such as a pillow. This is one of the hardest to diagnose causes of death. Knowing more about how people perform such an act and whether there is any correlation between perpetrator characteristics and smothering approaches may help in solving criminal cases involving smothering. Methods A total of 181 visitors of a music festival were asked to smother a dummy with a pillow. Each participant provided their age, gender, dominant hand, length, weight, alcohol use (last 24 h) and drug use (last 24 h) in a questionnaire. Forces applied by the participant on the dummy head with the pillow were continuously measured and the smothering modus operandi (described by aspects such as the placement of the hands, feet and body weight) was obtained from video recordings. Results Participants with high alcohol consumption provided higher smothering forces. Increases were also found for taller participants and those who had used drugs. Smothering seemed most effective when placing both hands on the pillow on the head and when placing the center of mass as much directly above the dummy head as possible. A stable, central stance also benefitted smothering effectiveness. Conclusion Forensic case work may potentially benefit from these results in the future by linking the current results to the location of hand and finger marks on a pillow.

No Brasil, os hospitais públicos têm sofrido de crises financeiras cíclicas, provocando a desassistência em saúde da população carente e dependente do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Dentre esses hospitais, têm sido penalizados financeiramente os de ensino, elementos fundamentais em duas políticas públicas brasileiras de cunho social – o ensino e a assistência hospitalar de alta complexidade. A falta de recursos fecha leitos, suspende cirurgias e interrompe os atendimentos devido à dificuldade de reposição de medicamentos e material hospitalar. Os dirigentes hospitalares apontam como principais as seguintes causas: baixa remuneração da tabela do SUS para os procedimentos; atrasos nos repasses financeiros da prestação de serviços; e contingenciamento dos recursos para programas, projetos e convênios com órgãos federais, estaduais e municipais. Os órgãos governamentais afirmam, por seu turno, que os recursos têm aumentado ano a ano, conforme o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), e que esses repasses têm sido transferidos na sua totalidade e em tempo hábil. Afirmam, ainda, que a má gestão dos recursos, pelos gestores hospitalares, tem sido o principal motivo da crise. Esse impasse gerou o questionamento sobre como o processo de inovação do serviço público, implantando mudanças dos modus operandi (processos de trabalhos internos), poderia contribuir para equacionar ou minimizar o déficit financeiro dos HUs. Com o objetivo de responder a esse questionamento, esta pesquisa avaliou a implantação de um novo processo de trabalho, por meio de um aparato tecnológico denominado filtros de exames, na Clínica Médica (CM) do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HCU), em abril de 2004, no intuito de validá-lo cientificamente. Essa validação baseou-se metodologicamente na submissão dos resultados do aparato aos pressupostos teóricos da teoria da inovação, da dialética de Hegel e da economia na saúde. Os resultados apontaram que (i) foram atendidas a eficácia, a eficiência e a efetividade, de acordo com a teoria da economia na saúde; (ii) houve melhoria dos resultados e no controle do novo modus operandi na teoria da inovação; e (iii) foi realizada a passagem da quantidade à qualidade dos exames com reflexos econômicos positivos diretos e indiretos na AIH (Autorização de Internação Hospitalar) dos pacientes, segundo a teoria hegeliana. O novo processo habilitou-se como paradigma científico inovador, permitiu economia no processo, melhorou a qualidade do atendimento e minimizou a crise financeira, racionalizando e reduzindo os custos nos procedimentos médicos. In Brazil public hospitals have suffered from cyclical financial crises, leading to lack of assistance in health of the poor and the dependent on the Unified Health System (SUS). Among these hospitals, of the teaching, fundamental elements in two Brazilian public policies of a social nature – education and hospital care of high complexity – have been penalized financially. Lack of resources closes beds, suspends surgeries and stops procedures because of the difficulty of replacement medicines and hospital supplies. Hospital managers indicated that the main causes: i) low remuneration of SUS table for procedures; ii) delays in financial transferences from the provision of services; and, iii) contingency resources for programs, projects and agreements with federal, state and municipal agencies. Government agencies claim, in turn, those resources have increased year by year, as the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and that these transferences have been passed in full and in a timely manner. They also state that the mismanagement of resources by hospital managers has been the main reason for the crisis. This impasse led to the question of how the public service innovation process, implementing changes in the modus operandi (processes of internal work), could contribute to equate or minimize the financial deficit of the university hospitals. In order to answer this question, this research assessed the implementation of a new work process (technological apparatus) called "tests filter" in Internal Medicine (CM) of Uberlândia Clinical Hospital (HCU) in April 2004. Another objective of the research is validate the process scientifically and make it paradigm. This validation was based methodologically on the submission of the results of the apparatus to the theoretical assumptions of: i) theory of innovation; ii) of Hegel's dialectic; and, iii) economic health. The results pointed to meet the requirements of the effectiveness, efficiency and effectively of the theory of economics in health; to improve performance and control of the new modus operandi in the theory of innovation; and in the passage from quantity to quality exams with direct and indirect positive economic impacts on AIH (Hospitalization Authorization) of patients in the Hegelian theory. The new process was qualified as innovative scientific paradigm has enabled savings in process, improved service quality and minimizes the financial crisis, rationalizing and reducing costs in medical procedures. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Purpose: The intention of this paper is to present the characteristics of robbery crimes and its perpetrators in the Canton Sarajevo. In that sense, the impetus behind this empirical study stems from the following research question: „What circumstances and characteristics of robberies best structure a certain types of robbery offenders?”. Design/Methods/Approach: The methodology for this research involved methods of data collection relating to the documentation analysis of 120 court and police records, and methods of descriptive and inferential statistics for the analysis of collected data. Findings: The results of the empirical research indicate that the number of accomplices, and the characteristics of planning and preparing for the execution of these crimes, well-differentiate robbers in the Canton Sarajevo on professional and opportunistic. Furthermore, the results show that population of robbers mainly consists of recidivists. Research limitations: Main limitations of this paper are related to the quantitative empirical evidence, since it uses only data from the official police and court records. Future research should include qualitative measures. Practical implications: Our findings provide a useful source of information for academics and practitioners in the field of criminology and criminal justice. Police might benefit also from our results, since the knowledge of the modus operandi of this crime and the places of execution may contribute to revealing the identity of such perpetrators in the Canton Sarajevo. Originality/Value: The original contribution of this paper is that it introduces an authentic classification scheme for robbers in the Canton Sarajevo. No comparable research currently exists. Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je predstaviti značilnosti ropov in njihovih storilcev iz kantona Sarajevo. Gonilo v ozadju te empirične študije izhaja iz naslednjega raziskovalnega vprašanja: „Katere okoliščine in značilnosti ropov najbolj oblikujejo posamezen tip storilca kaznivega dejanja ropa?”. Metode: V raziskavi uporabljena metodologija vključuje metode zbiranja podatkov z analizo dokumentov iz 120 sodnih in policijskih evidenc, opisne metode in sklepne statistike za analizo zbranih podatkov. Ugotovitve: Glede na število sostorilcev in značilnosti načrtovanja in priprav na izvedbo teh kaznivih dejanj rezultati empirične raziskave pomembno razlikujejo med profesionalnimi in priložnostnimi roparji v sarajevskem kantonu. Rezultati nadalje kažejo, da gre v glavnem za roparje povratnike. Omejitve raziskave: Glavne omejitve v tem prispevku so povezane s kvantitativnimi empiričnimi dokazi, saj so uporabljeni le podatki iz uradnih evidenc policije in sodišča. Prihodnje raziskave bi morale vključevati tudi kvalitativne metode. Praktična uporabnost: Naše ugotovitve ponujajo koristen vir informacij akademikom in praktikom s področja kriminologije in kazenskega pravosodja. Rezultati bi lahko bili koristni tudi za policijo, saj poznavanje načina storitve in kraja izvedbe kaznivega dejanja ropa lahko prispeva k razkrivanju identitete takšnih storilcev v kantonu Sarajevo. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Izvirnost tega članka je v tem, da uvaja avtentično shemo razvrščanja roparjev iz kantona Sarajevo. Primerljive raziskave trenutno ne obstajajo.

Current aspects of the fraud crime under section 209 criminal code of the Czech republic Abstract The author deals with theoretical and practical issues related to the fraud crime, which is one of the enriching property crimes. After the theft and damage to a thing of another, fraud has been the third most frequently committed property crime in the Czech Republic. Except of its topicality, the reason for choosing the topic of the Master's thesis is mainly the considerable variability of this crime. Law enforcement authorities encounter different modes of committing (modus operandi) this crime in practice. The presented work describes the historic developmental tendencies of codification of fraud and then looks into the individual changes (amendments) of criminal code in the Czech Republic related to fraud crime. Furthermore, there is a detailed analysis of fraud crime under section 209 of the Criminal Code and the interpretation of selected legal features. For this purpose it was mainly drawn from current precedens (case law) that significant influences the practice of law enforcement authorities. The author of the thesis subsequently presents a concept of obvious carelessness that could easily avoid by the injured person. The concept is applicable in legal qualification of the act. In adition the mentioned...

The role of modus operandi in criminalistics Abstract The reflection of a person's personality can be observed in every single one of his actions and criminal activity is no exception. The modus operandi of a crime is currently a very neglected topic within the professional public. The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe in detail the concept of modus operandi of a crime and to outline its criminal significance. The secondary goal of the thesis is then to show in practical cases whether the assumption of perseverance of the offender is true. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with the history of the perception of this issue by criminologists across the centuries, the very definition of the term modus operandi of a crime, its systematic classification, its definition and its possible understanding in other fields and countries. It also describes the components of the modus operandi of a crime and their possible division, discusses the determinants of modus operandi of a crime, both subjective and objective, and the mechanisms that contribute to the formation of modus operandi a crime. The last chapter, the fourth chapter, of the theoretical part deals with the possible importance of modus operandi of a crime for criminalistics, namely the...

The current paper is aimed at providing an overview of the current state of research regarding the potential of linking series of crimes to single offenders through repeated modus operandi behaviors. A systematic literature review was conducted to document findings from previous evaluation research as to the predictive accuracy of crime linkage specific to residential burglary. The findings indicate that predictions of linked burglaries can be made with moderate to high predictive accuracy. In order to get an understanding of the extent to which residential burglary offenders repeat their crime scene behaviors, the findings are discussed in relation to the criminological theories Routine activities theory and the Rational Choice perspective. Future research is suggested.

Introduction. The police and the investigation team has been manually doing behavioural analysis and connecting different crimes to an offender. With the help of computers technologies, databases, and automated system, the statistical analysis of the offender’s behaviour significantly improved. There we can transfer from a manual process to an automated one, and the investigator can allocate time and resources better by prioritising the offenders to investigate. In this study, we create and experiment with a proof of concept system that ranks and prioritise different offenders using the Random Choice method in combination with the state of the art Spatial-Temporal method. Objectives. In experimenting with the proof of concept system, we are aiming to understand the effect of different offender’s behaviour having on the offenders ranking and the effect of having multiple different numbers of reference crimes in the database. The objective is also to understand the role of consistency and distinctiveness in offenders ranking. Moreover, understanding the performances of our proof of concept system comparing to already existing methods such as Random Choice, Spatial-Temporal and a baseline method that based on pure randomness. Method. The method we chose for this study was an experimental study. With an experimental environment with independent and dependent variables, we presented and evaluated the system. We were using the experimenting approach because it has a stable presence and widely used in similar studies in this field. Results. After the experiments, we found that different Modus Operandi (MO)categories have a different effect on the ranking results and different distinctive combinations of MO categories also has different accuracy when ranking the offenders. Offenders that were consistent with more references crime in the database were often higher ranked and were linked more correctly. Our proof of concept system shows significant improvement over Random Choice method and the Spatial-Temporalmethod. Conclusion. From the results, we concluded that the proof of concept system displays a significant accuracy in ranking and prioritising offenders, there different MO categories and combinations of them has a different effect on the accuracy of the ranking. The ranking system was also affected by the number of reference cases that exist in the database. Future works can extend the study by trying to improve different aspects of the proof of concept systems, such as the Random Choice aspect or the Spatial-Temporal aspect.

This research helps shed light on the largely overlooked practices amongst steal-to-order offenders, with a view to identifying ways in which steal-to-order offences may be disrupted through targeted intervention. Interviews were conducted with a sample of incarcerated burglars who have previously engaged in steal-to-order offences. In addition to highlighting a number of parallels between steal-to-order and non-steal-to-order offences, this paper illustrates the nature of professionalism exhibited by offenders during steal-to-order offences. Moreover, this paper reveals a behavioural continuum amongst offenders engaging in steal-to-order offences: those who steal-to-offer, those who steal-to-order more general items, and those who steal-to-order more specialist goods. The paper also highlights the potential lack of flexibility experienced by steal-to-order offenders, and the implications of this in challenging criminological theory of offender decision making. The paper concludes by discussing how steps at both a residential and organisational level may be taken to effectively disrupt the practices of offenders during steal-to-order offences.

Online fraud experienced by the society in general perspective, and the East Java community in particular. The victim Victims hope is hoping that the perpetrator can be arrested, and the victim's loss got returned. Beside the technical constraints faced by law enforcement regarding privacy and data security regimes that also protect perpetrators, there is also problem in the rule of law. The norm specifically regulated in Article 28 paragraph (1) Law 11 of 2008 on Electronic Transaction Information (UU ITE) has a special restriction because of its consumer protection dimension. This article is a result of a research conducted regarding the profile of the modus operandi of online fraud in East Java and outlining the emerging legal problems. The research method used is juridical empiric and juridical normative, empiric juridical used to gather data, whereas juridical normative by literature study. The research findings are: it is necessity to reformulate the norms related to online fraud in the ITE Law because in its modus, there are cases of online fraud which not covered by Article 28 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law. Intisari Tindak pidana penipuan daring cukup banyak dialami masyarakat pada umumnya, dan masyarakat Jawa Timur pada khususnya. Korban sangat berharap pelakunya dapat ditangkap kemudian uang atau kerugian korban dikembalikan. Selain kendala teknis yang dialami penegak hukum dalam rezim privasi dan keamanan data yang juga melindungi pelaku, juga terdapat problematika dalam pengaturan norma hukum. Norma yang diatur secara khusus dalam Pasal 28 ayat (1) UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) memiliki batasan khusus karena dimensi perlindungan konsumennya. Tulisan berikut ini merupakan hasil penelitian tentang profil modus operandi tindak pidana penipuan daring di Jawa Timur, penormaannya terkait tindak pidana tersebut dan menguraikan problematika hukum yang muncul. Metode penelitan yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dan yuridis normatif, yuridis empiris dilakukan dengan pengambilan dan pengolahan data sedangkan yuridis normatif dengan cara studi kepustakaan. Temuan penelitian adalah perlunya reformulasi norma terkait penipuan daring dalam UU ITE karena dalam profil modusnya terdapat kasus penipuan daring yang tidak tercakup dalam Pasal 28 ayat (1) UU ITE.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. More than two decades after the publication of Cornish’s seminal work about the script-theoretic approach to crime analysis, this article examines how the concept has been applied in our community. The study provides evidence confirming that the approach is increasingly popular; and takes stock of crime scripting practices through a systematic review of over one hundred scripts published between 1994 and 2018. The results offer the first comprehensive picture of this approach, and highlights new directions for those interested in using data from cyber-systems and the Internet of Things to develop effective situational crime prevention measures.

The organized and serious crime a serious socio-negative phenomenon, which threatens the security of the country, the economy, the rule of law, democracy and endangering the basic and essential human rights and freedoms established by the Constitution as the highest legal act of the state. The organized and serious crime is dynamic, flexible, includes a variety of forms of organized criminal activity and association with legitimate businesses. The organized crime groups are characterized by loose structure, adapting to new requirements and participating in that form of an organized crime that is current at the moment and brings the greatest profits. Unlike the organized criminal groups in the wider international community who specialize and perform only one of the forms of organized crime in the country organized criminals easily fluctuate and are involved in various forms of organized crime, subject to availability and needs someone of high-quality forms of organized crime.

Subway sex offenses are a serious issue in the nations around world, but existing research has failed to explore the offense types or patterns systematically. In order to fill this gap, the authors employed Crime Script Analysis (CSA) to examine the two most common subway sex offenses in Seoul, South Korea. Specifically, the authors assessed the reasoning behind the steps taken to prepare for, carry out, and complete harassment and surreptitious recording. The offenses committed in the subway stations around the city of Seoul were analyzed based on the interviews with the subway police, official crime reports, and crime case files. Drawing from the findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Existing inquiries purporting to study and describe offender behaviour in stranger child abduction (SCA) have utilised an overly narrow definition of modus operandi (MO), focusing only on very outset of the offence. The study aims to reflect changes that occur as the offence proceeds and to examine whether differentiating between attempted and completed cases can provide greater understanding of MO in SCA. The MO utilised by offenders in 78 cases of SCA retrieved from publicly available U.K. sources were examined. Descriptive analysis was used to determine which types of behaviour were present. Multidimensional scaling was used to categorise these behaviours and to establish whether any relationships existed between them, with view to ascertaining whether there were any clear patterns among strategies. Results found support for differentiating attempted and completed offences, with the analysis highlighting that offenders who utilised multiple means of control, who were more aggressive, and who shifted their MO from one theme to another, were more likely to complete the offence. The study concludes that more nuanced categorisations of SCA offending approaches, which reflect change over time, are required, and argues for additional, contextual information to be incorporated into future work.

В статье рассматривается проблема роста количества киберпреступлений, рассматривается субъект криминалистической характеристики указанной категории преступлений, освещаются ситуации и основные способы совершения данных преступлений. Указывается на необходимость разработки методических рекомендаций по расследованию указанной категории преступлений в целях повышения раскрываемости., The article discusses the problem of increasing the number of cybercrimes, examines the subject of the criminalistic characteristics of the offences of this category, refers to the situations and the main ways of commission of these crimes. There are references for a need to develop methodological recommendations for the investigation of this category of crimes in order to improve the detection.

Curso de Especial Interés En este trabajo se tuvo como objetivo diseñar una guía de observación para identificar los indicadores de modus operandi y huella psicológica en la escena del crimen de un delito sexual. La principal ventaja de esta es que, al intentar generar un acercamiento al perfil criminal desde la huella psicológica, se realiza de manera más asertiva, lo que permite generar un acercamiento preciso siendo útil para cualquier investigación en este caso enfocada al delito sexual. Pregrado Psicólogo Justificación 1. Marco teórico 2. Marco legal 3. Marco ético 4. Metodología 5. Resultados Conclusiones Referencias

MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2019 Gold mining is one of the cornerstones of the South-African economy, to an extent that the South-African gold mining industry was directly responsible for the establishment of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) in 1887. Despite its importance to the economy, the gold mining industry is facing severe challenges of which the growth of illegal mining is one. Failure to understand the role that illegal mining plays on the sustainability of mining companies is detrimental to the sector, economy, and country as a whole. The study investigates the effects of illegal mining on the sustainability of a gold mine. The problem of illegal gold mining continues to worsen with no viable solution in sight. The Government lacks the capacity to enforce laws and regulation that would have restricted the problem. The phenomena of illegal mining is further complicated by the existence of benefits to communities and prevailing socio-economic challenges despite efforts by the mining sector in advancing a narrative that the benefits are far outstripped by the costs, in particular, the sustainability of a gold mine. A qualitative study comprising of a convenient sample of 6 participants, allowed the study to reach a point of saturation. Semi-structured interview questions, with the aid of an interview protocol, were self-administered to the participants who are managers of a single gold mine. The study concludes that the effects of illegal mining on sustainability are mostly negative and they include threats to the safety of miners and communities, destroying of the environment and along with it the socio-economic well-being of the surrounding communities which are important tenets of sustainability. The detrimental activities by illegal miners include unregulated conflicts that results in killings, hazardous handling of explosives, unsustainable handling of the geology and damage to the environment. Resolving the problem effectively requires that mining companies increase their engagement and investment as an alternative to costing in the problem and expecting the incapacitated Government to deliver on the solution. Masters

Введение: в статье рассматриваются специфические особенности преступной деятельности, направленной на предотвращение установления обстоятельств противоправного отчуждения земельных участков, сопровождающегося регистрацией незаконного перехода права собственности. Действия по сокрытию преступлений в сфере земельных правоотношений обладают отчетливо выраженной спецификой, предопределенной особенностями такого вида имущества, как земельные участки, а также правовым режимом их обращения. Материалы и методы: эмпирическую базу исследования составили результаты анализа 155 уголовных дел о преступлениях, связанных с нарушением земельного законодательства, совершенных с корыстной заинтересованностью, расследованных и рассмотренных в различных регионах Российской Федерации. Методологическую основу исследования составил общий диалектический метод познания, способствующий полному и всестороннему рассмотрению механизма совершения преступлений, связанных с нарушением земельного законодательства, в структуре которого существенное место занимают действия по сокрытию преступлений. Кроме того, в процессе исследования применялись методы наблюдения, описания, обобщения, сравнения, моделирования, анализа и синтеза. Результаты исследования: рассмотрев в содержательном аспекте действия по сокрытию преступлений корыстной направленности, связанных с нарушением земельного законодательства, мы пришли к выводу о наличии в них отчетливо выраженных особенностей, которые предопределены, во-первых, спецификой земельных ресурсов как объектов преступного посягательства; во-вторых, компетентностью заинтересованных лиц в регламентированном законодательством режиме возникновения, прекращения, перехода права собственности на землю и иного права законного владения, в-третьих, имманентным присутствием приемов по сокрытию преступления в системе противоправных действий субъектов преступления, начиная с подготовительного этапа преступной деятельности. Выводы и заключения: активная реализация виновными лицами различных мер по сокрытию преступления обусловливает проблематичность выявления и всестороннего расследования данных деяний. Поэтому при разработке частной криминалистической методики расследования преступлений названной категории на основе доктринальных положений методико-криминалистического обеспечения расследования отдельных видов преступлений необходимо строить систему криминалистических рекомендаций, обладающих высоким потенциалом разоблачения действий по сокрытию преступных нарушений земельного законодательства, в том числе рассмотренных в настоящей статье., Introduction: the article deals with the specific features of criminal activity aimed at preventing the establishment of circumstances of illegal alienation of land, accompanied by the registration of illegal transfer of ownership. Actions on concealing crimes in the sphere of land legal relations have a clearly expressed specificity, predetermined by the peculiarities of this type of property, such as land plots, as well as the legal regime of their circulation. Materials and methods: the empirical base of the study was the results of the empirical analysis of 155 criminal cases of crimes related to the violation of land legislation committed with mercenary interest, investigated and considered in various regions of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study was the general dialectical method of cognition, which contributes to the full and comprehensive consideration of the mechanism of committing crimes related to the violation of land legislation, in the structure of which crime concealment actions take a significant place. In addition, the study used methods of observation, description, generalization, comparison, modeling, analysis and synthesis Results: having considered crime concealment actions of mercenary orientation associated with the violation of land legislation in the content aspect, we concluded that they had clearly expressed features that are predetermined, first, by the specifics of land resources as objects of criminal offence; secondly, by the competence of the persons interested in the regime of occurrence, termination, transfer of ownership of land and other legal ownership, regulated by the legislation, and thirdly, by the immanent presence of methods for concealing the crime in the system of illegal actions of the subjects of the crime, starting from the preparatory stage of criminal activity. Summary and conclusions: active implementation of the perpetrators of the various measures for concealment of the crime determines the difficulty of identification and comprehensive investigation of these acts. Therefore, when developing a private forensic methodology for the investigation of crimes of this category, based on the doctrinal provisions of the methodological and forensic support for the investigation of certain types of crimes, it is necessary to build a system of forensic recommendations with a high potential for exposing actions to conceal criminal violations of land legislation, including those considered in this article.

В статье рассмотрены основные способы легализации (отмывания) доходов, полученных преступным путём, а также типичные следы преступления. Автором сделан вывод о значении рассмотренных элементов криминалистической характеристики для разработки эффективной методики расследования рассматриваемого преступления., The article describes the main methods of legalization (launder) of income obtained by criminal means, as well as typical traces of a crime. The author made a conclusion about the significance of the considered elements of the forensic characteristics for the development of sound methodology for the investigation of the present offence.

Uvod: Sladkorna bolezen je bolezen sodobnega časa. Vse več je kroničnih pacientov, pri katerih pride do zapletov sladkorne bolezni. Pogosto so to kompleksne rane, ki potrebujejo posebno oskrbo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti zdravljenje ran na diabetičnem stopalu z uporabo terapije z negativnim tlakom. Izpostaviti smo želeli, kako pomembna je vloga medicinske sestre pri zdravljenju z negativnim tlakom, ter ugotoviti, kako različni načini izvajanja zdravljenja vplivajo na učinkovitost celjenja ran. Metoda dela: V diplomskem delu je bila uporabljena deskriptivna metoda s pregledom domače in tuje strokovne in znanstvene literature iz obdobja od leta 2005 do leta 2018. Pregled literature je potekal v času od januarja do junija 2018. Slovenska literature je bila iskana s pomočjo vzajemne kataloške baze podatkov COBISS.SI s ključnimi besedami: sladkorna bolezen, diabetično stopalo, zdravljenje z negativnim tlakom, medicinska sestra. Pregled literature v angleškem jeziku je bil opravljen preko bibliografskih podatkovnih baz Science Direct, CINAHL in Medline z uporabo ključnih besed in besednih zvez: diabetic foot ulcer, diabetic foot wounds, negative pressure wound therapy, pressure, tipe of therapy, nurse. V kvalitativno analizo za odgovore na raziskovalna vprašanja je bilo vključenih 11 člankov. Rezultati: Rezultati raziskav nakazujejo, da bi bila lahko uporaba terapije z negativnim tlakom učinkovit način zdravljenja ran na diabetičnem stopalu. Uporablja se različne vrednosti negativnega tlaka, od 70 do 125 mm Hg, vendar na podlagi literature ni možno izpostaviti najbolj učinkovite vrednosti. Tudi člankov za ugotavljanje najustreznejšega načina delovanja črpalke je malo, zato ni možno zanesljivo izpostaviti najbolj učinkovitega načina in časa delovanja črpalke. Razprava in sklep: Uporaba negativnega tlaka je ena od učinkovitih metod zdravljenja kompleksnih ran na diabetičnem stopalu. Medicinska sestra je del zdravstvenega tima, ki ima ključno vlogo pri pripravi pacienta in rane za namestitev pripomočkov za terapijo z negativnim tlakom, in je hkrati tudi prva, ki lahko opazi zaplete. Način delovanja črpalke in vrednost negativnega tlaka določi zdravnik, vendar jih mora medicinska sestra kljub temu poznati, da lahko razume spremembe in na njih pravočasno odreagira. Introduction: Diabetes is a modern time disease. There are all the more chronic patients in which we find diabetic complications. Those usually involve complicated wounds that require particular treatments. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to present the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer with the application of negative pressure therapy. We wanted to demonstrate the important role the nurses have with the negative pressure treatments, as well as to establish how different methods of performing a treatment impact on the efficiency of the wound healing. Methods: We have used the descriptive methods with the overview of the Slovenian and foreign professional and scientific literature, with the publishing period between 2005-2018. The overview of the literature took place in the period between January and June of 2018. The Slovenian literature was reviewed using the COBISS.SI database, with the keywords: diabetes, diabetic foot, V.A.C. therapy, treatment with the negative pressure, nurse. The English literature was reviewed using the databases Science Direct, CINAHL, Medline, with the keywords: diabetic foot ulcer, diabetic foot wound, negative pressure wound therapy, pressure, type of therapy, wound filler, nurse. We included 11 articles in the qualitative analysis for the answers on the research question. Results: The research results have shown that the therapy with the negative pressure could be used as an effective treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. Different values of negative pressure are used, between 70-125 mm Hg, however, based on the obtained literature, it is not possible to determine the most effective values. Based on the small number of the obtained articles, it is not possible to determine the most effective methods or period of time for the pump usage. Discussion and conclusion: The usage of the negative pressure is one of the effective methods used for healing complex diabetic foot ulcers. The nurse, as a part of the medical team, has a key role in the process of preparing the patient and the wound for the treatment with negative pressure and, at the same time, is the first to potentially notice the complications. A physician is the one to determine the methods of the pump usage and the values of the negative pressure, however the nurse must be familiar with the usage of the pump, so that the potential changes can be understood and responded to at the timely manner.

A criminalidade económica e financeira está associada aos crimes de “colarinho branco” ou white–collar crime descrevendo-se nos “crimes dos poderosos, elites e classes altas”. Em oposição temos os crimes de “colarinho azul” ou blue-collar crime que se caracterizam pelos “crimes de rua e das classes baixas”, centralizam-se numa temática de relevância no contextual atual (Morgado e Vergar: 2003). Ainda assim, parece-nos evidente que estes últimos são mais visíveis nas estatísticas oficiais em relação aos primeiros que ficam ocultos do olhar da sociedade. Na verdade o ordenamento penal material e formal, delimita-se em fomentar a prevenção e combate do fenómeno social da “criminalidade económica e financeira”, onde podemos encontrar inúmeros diplomas legais, ocasionando diferentes tipos de ilícitos criminais (Ferreira, 2016: 121), isto é, crimes tributários (fiscais, aduaneiros e da segurança social), crimes de burla e abuso de confiança contra o Estado e o setor bancário, as burlas internacionais, corrupção1, o tráfico de influências, a prevaricação, o peculato, a participação económica em negócio, a administração danosa, os crimes do mercado de valores mobiliários, o branqueamento de capitais, entre outros. Daí resulta que os crimes económicos e financeiros mais exíguos, como é o caso concreto do tipo legal de burla, não sejam tão explorados na sua magnitude. A nossa investigação terá como objetivo principal dar resposta à pergunta de investigação: as características dos agentes do tipo legal de burla influenciam o seu modus operandi? onde pretendemos traçar um modelo criminal de forma a enquadrá-los, distingui-los e diferencia-los face à sua metodologia na interação com o ilícito criminal. Pelo que acreditamos que se manifesta numa ferramenta importante na adoção de medidas de prevenção criminal e de inclusão social, no desenvolvimento do processo de investigação em auxiliar na identificação, detenção e reinserção social dos seus autores. A partir daqui, pretendemos ilustrar os objetivos específicos que irão debruçar-se na identificação das características sociais para fins decomparação (tipo de pessoa, género, estado civil, nível de instrução, situação profissional, faixa etária e situação do agregado familiar) dos agentes do tipo legal de burla até porque temos fortes convicções que a presença ou não destas características apresenta um papel significativo no que toca à investigação criminal, na medida em que ao serem detetadas e recolhidas informações podem servir de apoio à descoberta e captura dos seus autores. Ao desenvolver um sistema nacional de classificação dos autores do tipo legal de burla, analisar o perfil psicossocial e os traços de personalidade dos seus autores, avaliar o modo de atuação dos mesmos e por fim estabelecer relações de proximidade e diferença entre os autores do tipo legal de burla e dos CCB mediante a revisão da literatura. A investigação em curso enquadra-se num estudo transversal, analítico e observacional, com colheita retrospetiva da informação, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, na componente exploratória. Foi usada a técnica de análise de conteúdo: (Silva e Pinto, 2001: 104) apoiada numa recolha de dados de processos-crime de burla, disponíveis no DIAP da secção de Caldas da Rainha na comarca de Leiria, que se encontram em fase de inquérito (arquivados) ou em fase de julgamento e fora do segredo de justiça. O método a ser utilizado terá carácter misto: paradigma qualitativo de análise conteúdo e o paradigma quantitativo na recolha, análise e interpretação dos dados, através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 22.0. Com a análise de conteúdo e estatística dos processos-crime de tipo legal de burla (n=103), não foi possível aferir nenhuma variável de caracterização social, psicossocial e psicológica dos autores e das vítimas que se mostrassem como fatores elucidativos e únicos na prática do tipo legal de burla, no entanto existem fortes evidências destes terem um carácter semelhante ao dos autores dos CCA. Esta investigação permitiu-nos desenvolver um sistema nacional de classificação dos autores em dois tipos: Estilo Predador e Estilo Oportunista. Procuramos relatar algumas reflexões das características sociais, psicossociais e psicológicas, dos autores dos CCB e do tipo legal de burla em analogia ao que os aproxima e distância das vítimas. The economic and financial criminality is associated with white-collar crime, described as “high-class, elite and powerful crime”. By opposition, there is the blue-collar crime, characterized as “lower-level, street crimes”, which are centralized on the relevant topics of modern contexts (Morgado e Vergar: 2003). Even though, it seems clear to us that these last have more visibility regarding the official statistics, while comparing to white-collar crimes – which stay occult from the society´s attention. In fact, the material and formal penal order relay´s on the prevention and the combat of “Economic and Financial Criminality” social phenomenon, we may find several legal instruments, related to different of criminal infractions (Ferreira, 2016: 121), i.e., tax crimes (fiscal, customs and Social Security), crimes of scams and breach of confidence against the State and the financial industry, international scams, corruption2, influence peddling, malfeasance, economic interest in trade, damaging management, securities market crimes, money laundering, among others. As a result, the importance of the most insignificant economic and financial crimes are not so thoroughly explored, such as the specific legal case of scams. Our research’s main purpose a response to the Investigative question: in what ways do the traits of the type legal scams perpetrators influence their modus operandi? where we aim to create a criminal model a criminal model in order to frame, distinguish and differentiate them from their methodology in the interaction of criminal wrongdoing. There fore, we believe that it is an important tool in the adoption of criminal prevention and social inclusion measures, in the development of the research process, in order to assist in the identification, detention and social reintegration their authors. From this perspective, it is important to mention that this study’s concrete purposes will focus on identifying through the comparison the traits of the agents of legal type the scams (type of person, gender, marital status, education level, professional status, age group and household situation), we have strongconvictions that the presence or not of these characteristics play´s a significant role in the criminal investigation, since the information is detected and collected can support the discovery and capture of it´s authors. We can manage this by developing a national system of classification of authors of the type legal of scams, analyzing the psychosocial profile and personality traits of their authors, through the evolution of the criminal act and finally establishing relations of proximity and difference between authors of the legal type of scams and CCB by reviewing the literature. The current research is part of a transversal, analytical and observational study, with a retrospective collection of information, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, in an exploratory component. The technique of content analysis used was (Silva and Pinto, 2001: 104) supported by a data collection of crime proceedings of scams, available at the DIAP of the section of Caldas da Rainha in the region of Leiria, which are in the phase of investigation (archived) or in trial stage and out of the secret of justice. The method to be used will have a mixed character: qualitative paradigm of content analysis and the quantitative paradigm in data collection, analysis and interpretation, through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22.0. With the analysis of content and statistics of the legal processes of crime of scams (n=103), it was not possible to gauge any variables of social, psychosocial and psychological characterization of the authors and of the victims that were shown as elucidative and unique factors in the practice of the legal type scams. Therefore, exists a strong evidence that they have a similar character regarding the WCC’s authors. This allowed will allow us to develop a national system of classification of authors in two types: Predator Style and Opportunistic Style. We will try to report some reflections of the social, psychosocial and psychological characteristics of the WCC and the legal type of scams in analogy to what brings them closer and distance from the victims.

El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de ser un trabajo investigativo y de compromiso. Durante la investigación pude comprobar que realmente nosotros no somos personas curiosas ni interesadas en el progreso de nuestras empresas, pues tenemos todas las herramientas al alcance de nosotros y no las utilizamos para obtener los mejores resultados. Al mejorar el servicio serian buenas las utilidades y la inversión sería poca. The present study aims to be a research and commitment work. During the investigation I could verify that we are not really curious people or interested in the progress of our companies, because we have all the tools available to us and we do not use them to obtain the best results. When improving the service, the profits would be good and the investment would be little.

In recent years, global homicide rates have increased in startling proportion. The influence of narcotrafficking has impacted Latin American homicide rates causing them to rise to epidemic levels. In particular, Costa Rica represents a prime example of where a distinguishable correlation between the presence of narcotrafficking and an increase in homicides can be observed. Costa Rica has become an epicenter for violent crimes due to the influence of illicit drugs traveling through their country's permeable borders. With these growing rates of homicide, this study addresses a significant foundational research gap in understanding the modus operandi of narcotrafficking groups. The purpose of the study is to evaluate evidence of violence inflicted by narcotraffickers. Specifically, sharp force and ballistic trauma, such as dismemberment and gunshot trauma, found on skeletal remains were analyzed using an osteological sample of 6 individuals from the Medico-Legal Department in San Joaquín de Flores, Heredia, Costa Rica. Geographical location and narcotrafficking group association were assessed from the context of the reports. Using JMP Pro 12, Chi-square test models were performed correlating studied variables to the particular narcotrafficking group association and corresponding geographical location. The Chi-square test demonstrated that n Limon and Guanacaste, the predominant bone inflicted was the skull and in Heredia and San Jose, the femur and humerus were predominant with a statistical significance of p

El asesino en serie es visto hoy en día como uno de los grandes depredadores humanos de nuestra sociedad. Constituye un problema y un gran reto para aquellos que se enfrentan a este tipo de violencia, tanto al tratar de atajarla como de prevenirla. Como en cualquier otro tipo de delito, conocer y comprender su génesis, sus motivaciones y los factores que lo integran es trascendental para abordar el problema. España no es ajena a este tipo de violencia. No son pocos los homicidas que han presentado tal clase de patrón en los últimos años. El presente trabajo trata de analizar los casos de asesinatos seriales que se han dado en nuestro país en las tres últimas décadas, entre 1984 y 2014, una época en la que se ha experimentado un enorme salto económico y social en nuestra sociedad y que ha podido influir también en el comportamiento del delincuente, en este caso del asesino en serie. Se propone un viaje por la biografía de estos asesinos, desde sus antecedentes a los cambios que se presentaron en sus vidas y que pudieron marcar tanto su comportamiento como el inicio y mantenimiento de su carrera delictiva. A través del análisis de los crímenes que cometieron podrá calificarse al asesino. Podrá conocerse su forma específica de actuar y su modus operandi, así como las principales características que definen, individualizan al homicida y generan la firma que se presenta ante nosotros para dejar la señal inequívoca de su presencia en cada escena del crimen. Además, se pretende realizar una revisión del concepto de asesino en serie y de las críticas que en diversos autores ha suscitado, proponiendo la introducción de un nuevo concepto dentro de este tipo de crimen que se ha denominado asesino proserial. Se describen algunas de sus características fundamentales, tratando de mejorar el estudio del delito serial desde la comisión del primer homicidio.

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A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo demonstrar e evidenciar os principais delitos tendo por suporte o meio e o sistema informático, em especial aqueles praticados por e contra crianças e adolescentes. Ter-se-ão em conta as modificações que surgiram no código penal brasileiro, no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, após a criação e o rápido crescimento da rede mundial de computadores, enfatizando, os modus operandis que os criminosos que utilizam meios eletrônicos para conseguir sucesso nos seus delitos. Tratando-se de um público alvo extremamente vulnerável, seja pela pouca idade ou pela pequena experiência de vida, constituem presa fácil daqueles que, sem escrupulos, invadem a vida destes indivíduos. Muitas organizações criminosas utilizam a internet, mais especificamente a parte obscura desta, como ferramenta para cometer e melhor articular seus delitos, já que sua identidade será facilmente escondida, dificultando assim a sua localização e posteriormente possíveis punições. Este trabalho busca mostrar as atualizações no mundo delitivo virtual, ou seja, a evolução da criminalidade em diversos aspectos no sentido do aproveitamento das ferramentas tecnológicas, fazendo uma análise da legislação concernente ao tema, dando maior enfoque às novas tipificações que surgiram na lei que trata da proteção à criança e ao adolescente e que estão diretamente relacionados ao universo virtual e informático. The present research aims to demonstrate and highlight the main crimes that can be practiced through the computer system, especially those practiced by adolescents and adolescents. It will take into account as modifications that have arisen no Brazilian penal code, no Status of Child and Adolescent, after creation and rapid growth of the world-wide computer network, emphasizing, modus operandi that criminals that use electronic means to achieve Success In their crimes. Being an extremely vulnerable target audience, for a young age or for a small life experience, constituting a person who is not an individual. Many criminal companies use an internet, more specifically an obscure part of it, as a tool to commit and better articulate their crimes, since their identity is easily hidden. This work seeks to show how updates in the virtual deli world, that is, the evolution of the Crime in all senses, is not a sense of the use of technological tools, making an analysis of the legislation worrisome to the subject, giving greater focus to the new tips that appeared in the law that deals with Protection of children and adolescents, and which are directed to the Virtual universe and computer science.

El objeto del presente ensayo es documentar una nueva modalidad delictiva que tiene connotaciones negativas en la economía de las empresas operadoras en la industria petrolera, ya muy afectada por la crisis económica producida por un incremento de la producción de países como Estados Unidos y México en América, que pasaron de compradores a productores; lo mismo sucedió en otros continentes. Países como Rusia, India y China que producen grandes cantidades de petróleo inundaron los mercados y como consecuencia del incremento de la oferta, se presenta la caída de los precios del barril de crudo a cifras históricas que bajaron en agosto de 2014 de US. 110 dólares a 22 dólares a mediados del año 2015. The purpose of this essay is to document a new criminal modality that has negative connotations in the economy of the oil companies already very affected by the oil global economic crisis produced by an increase of the production of countries like the United States and Mexico, which passed from buyers to producers; The same thing happened in other continents, countries such as Russia, India and China that produce large quantities of oil affecting markets as a result of the increase in the offer, bring as consequence the fall of the oil prices that going from 110us in August 2014us. to 22 us in 2015.

Os romances Nove Noites (2002) e O sol se põe em São Paulo, de Bernardo de Carvalho, são narrativas bem diferentes do ponto de vista do enredo e do espaço, mas aproximam-se nas estratégias narrativas, como se os mecanismos narrativos do primeiro romance fossem experimentados no segundo, dentro de uma dimensão criativa que só o apuro literário faz perceber. Portanto, esse trabalho visa compreender os pontos de intersecção que há nas duas narrativas para compreensão de um modus operandi de narrar utilizado por Bernardo de Carvalho nessas duas produções.

The investigation of the crime scene plays an important role in discovering and sampling the proofs. The crime scene is considered to be the most important place in a penal investigation, as this is the place where the prints of the criminals and of the victims are to be found: visible, hidden, placed deliberately or by negligence or ignorance. The article under discussion will focus on the static and dynamic stages carried on in the investigation of the crime scene and will analyze the modalities and the operating systems used by the drugs traffickers. Such an investigation presumes that the penal legal authorities should have been informed that a penal deed had been committed by petition or denunciation, as provided by article 221 of the Penal Code, or to take its own self notice/ decision when finding out - no matter how - that such an offence has taken place and conclude a written report.

Turist için risklere karşı korunacağından şüphe duymamak değil, risklerle yüzleşmeyeceğinden emin olmak daha önemlidir. Türkiye’de turizm sektörünün 2016 yılında belirgin şekilde yaşamaya başladığı krizde bu gerçeğin etkisi vardır. Özellikle son dönemlerdeki terör eylemleri nedeniyle “güvenlik sorunu bulunan bir ülke” olarak etiketlenmiş olan Türkiye’de turizm politikaları Türkiye’ye turist gönderen ülkelerin, acentelerin ve turistlerin “güvenlik algılarının yönetilmesi” hedefine yönelik çözümler içermelidir. Ancak bürokrasinin ürettiği standart ve merkeziyetçi güvenlik politikaları etkili çözümler geliştirilmesini engellemektedir. Güvenlik hizmetleri “daha fazla görünürlük” sergileyerek sunulduğunda ise güvenlik algısına olumsuz etkide bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle “özgün güvenlik ihtiyaçları” ışığında “özgün güvenlik konseptleri” geliştirilmelidir. Demokratik yaklaşımlar ise güvenlik hizmetlerinin etkililiği için önemli görülmelidir. For tourists, it is more important to be sure about not to encounter risks than to be sure that they will be protected against these risks. This fact has an influence on the crisis that the tourism sector has prominently started to experience in Turkey in 2016. In Turkey, where there is problem of security because of the terrorist attacks especially in recent times, the tourism policies should offer solutions to the aim of “managing the security perceptions” of tourists, tour agents and the countries that send tourists to Turkey. Nevertheless, the centrists and ordinary security policies of the bureaucracy hinder to develop effective solutions. When the security services are presented with the understanding of “more visibility”, the perception of security will be influenced negatively. Therefore, “the authentic security concepts” should be developed in the light of “the authentic security needs”. Moreover, the democratic approaches should also be considered necessary for the effectiveness of security services.