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To obtain light and tough ceramic bonded carbon (CBC) materials with high thermal conductivity SiC Ceramic bonded carbon (SiC/CBC) is developed using Si_3N_4 and carbon powders (30:70 in volume ratio) and sintering by spark plasma sintering at temperatures of 1900℃. The SiC/CBC were highly dense (98% theoretical density), lightweight (2.42 Mg/m³), and had both relatively high bending strength and thermal conductivity (150 MPa and 138 W/mK, respectively). Moreover, the SiC/CBC could be joined tightly with W. The joints of SiC/CBC and W may be used as heat-sinks for W-based plasma facing components. The joining strength between W and SiC/CBC was 33 MPa when measured by a tensile test and 90 MPa by a bending test.

To obtain light and tough materials with high thermal conductivity, ceramic bonded carbon (CBC) composites consisting of carbon particles and thin ceramic boundaries were developed. The AlN ceramic bonded carbon (AlN/CBC, 20vol% AlN) could be densified by spark plasma sintering or hot-pressing, and exhibited light weight (～2.34 Mg/㎥), high bending strength (～100 MPa), and high thermal conductivity (～170 W/mK). AlN/CBC could also be joined strongly with ceramic (AlN) and some metals (W) due to its unique microstructure. These results suggest that the AlN/CBCs have large potential to be used as structural components and heat sinks for electrical and plasma facing devices.

The new carbon composites which we named Ceramic Bonded Carbon (CBC) consist of carbon grains bonded with ceramic grainboundaries. The CBC structure can protect carbon against oxidation and improve the strength due to the three dimensional network of ceramic grainboundaries. We have developed two processing routes for different CBCs. One is for a SiC/CBC which was fabricated by SiC coating on carbon particles through the reaction of SiO vapor and carbon at 1500°C in vacuum and their consolidation at 2000°C for 20 min using a pulsed electric current sintering. Another approach is for a Si₃N₄/CBC by gelcasting, the preform of CBC and consolidation at 1500°C for 5 min. Both CBC compacts exhibited similar microstructures to the CBC model having the ceramic grainboundaries of SiC and Si₃N₄ with thicknesses below 3μm. They had the bulk density in the range of 2.2 to 2.5 g/㎤, relative density of about 90%, bending strength of 115 to 150 MPa, and electrical resistivity of 60 to 1800 μΩm. These results suggest that the CBCs have a large potential to extend the performance and application of carbon materials.

A new titanium aluminide coating method on titanium surface has been proposed, which is characterized by arc surface melting of an aluminum plated titanium surface. The arc surface melting was performed using a computer aided 3-dimensional micro welder (3DMW) designed by the present authors. The arc heat melted the aluminum plated titanium surface and produced a titanium aluminide layer of a ~300 μm thickness on the surface of titanium substrate. The titanium aluminide coated sample exhibited 500–700 in Vickers hardness number and excellent wear resistance.

Smart processing is a new concept of materials processing aiming to produce new material functions or improve performances through fine controlling and minimizing process energy and resources. We are developing various 3D micro ceramic devices by using CAD/CAM stereolithography and successive sintering as smart processing. Design and processing of micro gears and photonic crystals made of dense ZrO2 toughened Al2O3 (ZTA) and Al2O3 toughened SiO2 composites are demonstrated as well as their final mechanical and electromagnetic properties.

This investigation describes novel growth of quasi-aligned aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofibers by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) under low nitrogen pressure. The starting charge consists of Al and AlN diluent (40/60 mole%) with a mixture of Y₂O₃ and NH₄Cl additives (5wt% each). The combustion reaction was performed under 0.25 MPa N₂ pressure. The microstructure of as-synthesized AlN powder consists of two major types; aggregates of irregular particles (~0.5 μm, the same as the original AlN diluent) and balls-like grains (same size and shape as original Al particles) consisting of a thin crust (≤150 nm) covering unique quasi-aligned AlN nanofibers grown in the interior. This powder can be easily consolidated to near theoretical density without sintering additives in a period of 5 min at 1600 ℃ using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The microstructure of sintered AlN was homogeneous with dual morphologies of many ultrafine sub-grains (fibers, nanometer size in diameter) aggregated in large grains. The thermal conductivity was 91 W/m-K.

A novel freeform fabrication method for refractory metals named 3D Micro Welding (3DMW) has been proposed, which is rapid prototyping combined with TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding. Formation of beads and simple pin objects composed of Ti-Ni and Ti-Fe intermetallic alloy phases was attempted. As the peak arc current increased from 5A to 30A, the bead diameter increased in both systems. Ti, Ti₂Ni and TiNi phases were formed in the Ti-Ni system, and Ti, TiFe and TiFe₂ phases in the Ti-Fe system. Simple intermetallic alloy pin objects of these two systems were formed by alternate stacking of their component wires and their microstructures were observed. No pores or cracks were observed and the uniform composition remained. Exothermic SHS reactions should take place and assist the intermetallic alloy formation. 3D titanium objects of ring and double helix shapes were formed directly from their computer models without using molds or dies.

3D fractal structures, which we have named photonic fractals, can strongly localize electromagnetic wave with a specific wavelength associated with the geometry and physical properties of the fractal structures. The photonic fractals can be fabricated with various materials including polymers, ceramics, metals, and their composites. The localization mechanism in a photonic fractal with self-similar structure is essentially different from the localization in a photonic crystal with a periodic structure. This new material is considered to be applicable in a wide area of communication, information, energy, sensing, medical care, and other fields.

A new welding method was proposed based on the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction between droplets and powder of elemental metals, and its feasibility was investigated in a simple experiment. In the experiment, an aluminum droplet was dropped onto nickel powder heaped up in a groove at the interface between two NiAl substrates. The aluminum and nickel exothermically reacted and produced intermetallic compounds in Al-Ni system, and the NiAl substrates near the interface were melted by the heat from the reaction. The microstructure of the reaction products varied depending on the initial temperatures of the aluminum droplet and nickel powder and also the groove spacing. Increase in initial temperatures of the aluminum droplet and nickel powder and the groove spacing promoted both the exothermic reaction to synthesize NiAl in the groove and the melting of the joint surface of the substrates.

Two new different methods for coating aluminide intermetallic compounds on metals have been proposed : one is based on exothermic reaction between droplets of aluminum liquid and metal powder, while the other is based on arc surface alloying with aluminide forming metals. The feasibility of the former method was experimentally investigated using NiAl and SUS 316L stainless steel as demonstration coating material and base material, respectively. As soon as an aluminum droplet was dropped onto the nickel powder that had been placed on steel surface, the droplet and powder exothermically reacted and produced a superheated NiAl liquid bead on the steel surface, and the heat of the liquid bead melted the contact surface of the steel. The superheated NiAl liquid bead solidified on the steel surface, leading to NiAl coating on the steel. On the other hand, the feasibility of the latter method was experimentally confirmed by NbAl3 coating on niobium. When tungsten arc was used to melt an aluminum sheet placed on a niobium plate, the niobium surface was also melted and a melt pool of Al-Nb alloy was formed on the niobium plate. The melt pool solidified into layers of niobium aluminides on the surface of the niobium plate, forming a thick NbAl3 layer on the top surface of the niobium aluminides layers.

Three-dimensional photonic crystals with periodic variations of the dielectric constant were fabricated by using a rapid prototyping method called stereolithography. Millimeter-order epoxy lattices with a diamond structure were designed to reflect electromagnetic waves by forming an photonic bandgap in the GHz range. Titania based ceramic particles were dispersed into the lattice to control the dielectric constant. The diamond lattice structures formed the perfect bandgap reflecting electromagnetic waves for all directions. Diamond structures with stretched lattice spacing were successfully fabricated as well, resulting in the directional transmission of microwaves. A microwave antenna head composed of the normal and stretched diamond structure was fabricated and achieved unidirectional transmission.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of human arthritis. Genetic factors have been implicated in OA. It was reported that an aspartic acid (D)-repeat polymorphism in the gene encoding asporin (ASPN) was associated with OA of knee and hip joints in Japanese; in the three independent studies performed, the D14 allele of the ASPN polymorphism was over-represented and the D13 allele was under-represented. Subsequently, four replication studies, three in Europeans and one in Chinese populations, have been reported; however, they showed inconsistent results. To evaluate between-study heterogeneity and to estimate the common genetic effect of the D-repeat polymorphism on OA, we performed a meta-analysis of the five reports that include seven association studies, using the DerSilmonian-Laird procedure. We detected association between knee OA and the susceptible D14 allele [P = 0.003, summary odds ratio (OR) = 1.46] with significant heterogeneity (P = 0.047) among the studies. We also detected positive association between knee OA and the protective D13 allele (P = 0.026, summary OR = 0.84) with significant heterogeneity (P = 0.040) among the studies. Because of significant heterogeneity, we stratified the studies by ethnicity. We detected positive association between knee OA and the D14 allele (P = 0.0000013, summary OR = 1.95) with non-significant heterogeneity (P = 0.535) in Asian populations. In hip OA, significant heterogeneity was identified and there was no positive association for any allele in any comparison. The present results suggest that the association of the ASPN D14 allele and knee OA has global relevance, but that its effect has ethnic differences.