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Más del 75% de los centros educativos disponen de ordenadores para la docencia y además, en el 88,1% de los colegios se accede a Internet a través de banda ancha. El 59,3% del profesorado utiliza materiales didácticos digitales y contenidos multimedia en el proceso de docencia y los alumnos utilizan el ordenador en su centro educativo para desarrollar trabajos utilizando las herramientas ofimáticas y la navegación por Internet. Más del 75% de los centros educativos disponen de ordenadores para la docencia y además, en el 88,1% de los colegios se accede a Internet a través de banda ancha. El 59,3% del profesorado utiliza materiales didácticos digitales y contenidos multimedia en el proceso de docencia y los alumnos utilizan el ordenador en su centro educativo para desarrollar trabajos utilizando las herramientas ofimáticas y la navegación por Internet.

Resumen tomado de la publicación El Instituto Superior de Formación del Profesorado del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia en colaboración con el Consejo Escolar del Estado celebraron unas Jornadas los días 25, 26 y 27 de Octubre de 2005 sobre 'El Protagonismo del Profesorado: experiencias de aula y propuestas para su formación'. Durante esos días los participantes, maestros y profesores de todos los niveles educativos, miembros del Consejo Escolar del Estado y de los Consejos Escolares Autonómicos, representantes de la Administración educativa central y autonómica, profesores de Facultades de Educación y de Asociaciones y Colegios profesionales reflexionaron sobre las distintas experiencias de aula. Estas experiencias ilustraron los retos a los que se enfrentan los profesores y las distintas maneras de abordarlos que realizan equipos de profesores creativos y comprometidos, tales como la educación global e integral de todos los niños y niñas en las Escuetas Infantiles, la integración de los inmigrantes o de las minorías étnicas y culturales, como la de los gitanos, la incorporación de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación o la educación en valores, contando con la dimensión europea de la ciudadanía democrática. Madrid Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ESP

Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia

El Decreto 2984/1972, de 2 de noviembre, estableció la obligación de consignar en toda clase de libros y folletos el número ISBN (International Standard Book Number), fijando una normativa que incide en la regulación del depósito legal de obras impresas contenida en el capítulo II del Reglamento de Régimen Interior del Instituto Bibliográfico Hispánico, aprobado por Orden de 30 de octubre de 1971, por cuya circunstacia es necesario adaptar al citado Decreto los preceptos que afectan a dicho depósito legal. Mediante esta Orden el Ministerio dispone una nueva redacción de los artículos 16, 18, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 54, 65 y 93 h del Reglamento del Instituto Bibliográfico Hispánico.

Este Reglamento regula la organización y funcionamiento del Instituto Bibliográfico Hispánico al que corresponde, entre otras funciones, el mantenimiento de un fichero de personas y Entidades sujetas al cumplimiento del depósito legal. El Instituto estará compuesto por las siguientes unidades: Depósito Legal, Bibliografía Nacional e Información Bibliográfica.

Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia

Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has beneficial effects for consumers&rsquo, health. Consequently, there is an increased interest in enhancing meat fatty acid profiles (i.e., PUFA and DHA content) through diverse nutritional strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA on growth and immune system development in newborn goat kids. In this experiment, newborn goat kids were fed milk replacer (MR) supplemented with three levels of a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA (DHA-Gold&reg, Martek Biosciences, MD, USA). Groups were designed as follows: MR-NS (milk replacer without DHA-Gold&reg, supplementation, n = 10), MR-DHA-9 (9 g of DHA-Gold&reg, /L milk replacer, n = 10) and MR-DHA-18 (18 g of DHA-Gold&reg, n = 10). The immune status of the kids was evaluated by the plasma IgG and IgM concentrations, as well as by the complement system and chitotriosidase activities. Dietary supplementation with DHA did not affect either growth or innate and humoral immunity (p &gt, 0.05). This study concludes that supplementation with DHA does not cause negative effects on growth and immune status in newborn goat kids.

14 Pág. INIA, For understanding the molecular events underlying the follicular (F) and luteal (L) phases of estrous cycle, and anestrous (A) phase, the pars tuberalis (PT), and hypothalamus (HT) transcriptomes of 21 ewes were studied. In HT, 72 and 3 differential expression genes (DEGs) were found when comparing F vs. A and L vs. A, respectively. In PT, 6 and 4 DEGs were found in F vs. A and L vs. A comparisons, respectively. Enrichment analysis for DEGs between the F and A phases in the HT revealed significant clusters, mainly associated with actin-binding, and cytoskeleton, that are related to neural plasticity modulated by gonadal steroid hormones, as well as with oxytocin signaling. We found that DEGs in PT had higher differences in expression levels than those found in HT. In this sense, the ITLN was highly upregulated in the F and L vs. A phases, being MRPL57 and IRX4 highly downregulated in L vs. A comparison. The DDC gene in PT, related to LH regulation, was upregulated in the F phase. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed multiple pathways related to neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity. Our study reveals new candidate genes involved in the reproductive stages' transitions in seasonal sheep., K. Lakhssassi is supported by doctoral grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain. This study was partially financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain research projects INIA-RTA2013-00041-C02 and INIA-RTA2015-0090-C03, and the European Union Regional Development funds; and the Research Group Funds of the Aragón Government (Grupo SAGAS Ref. A14_20R).

The D4000 spectral break index is one of the most important features in the visible spectrum, as it is a proxy for stellar ages and is also used in galaxy classification. However, its direct measurement has always been reserved to spectroscopy. Here, we present a general method to directly measure the D4000 with narrow-band (NB) photometry; it has been validated using realistic simulations, and then evaluated with PAUS NBs, cross-matched with VIPERS spectra (iAB < 22.5, 0.562 < z < 0.967). We also reconstruct the D4000 with the SED-fitting code CIGALE; the use of PAUS NBs instead of broad-bands significantly improves the SED fitting results. For D4000n, the direct measurement has ⟨SNR⟩∼4⁠, but we find that for iAB < 21 all direct D4000 measurements have SNR>3⁠. The CIGALE D4000n has ⟨SNR⟩∼20⁠, but underestimates the error by >50 per cent. Furthermore, the direct method recreates well the D4000–SFR relation, as well as the D4000–mass relation for blue galaxies (for red galaxies, selection effects impact the results). On the other hand, CIGALE accurately classifies galaxies into red and blue populations. We conclude that the direct measurement of D4000 with narrow-band photometry is a promising tool to determine average properties of galaxy samples, with results compatible with spectroscopy., The PAU Survey is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under grants CSD2007-00060, AYA2015-71825, ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, MDM-2015-0509 and Juan de la Cierva fellowship and Latin American Chinese European Galaxy Formation Network (LACEGAL) and Enabling Weak Lensing Cosmology (EWC) Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No 734374 and No 776247 with European Research Development Fund (ERDF) funds from the EU Horizon 2020 Programme, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IEEC and IFAE are partially funded by the Institució Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA) and Beatriu de Pinos program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Funding for PAUS has also been provided by Durham University (via the European Research Council (ERC) StG DEGAS-259586), ETH Zurich, Leiden University (via ERC StG ADULT-279396 and Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Vici grant 639.043.512), University College London and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No 776247 EWC. The PAU data center is hosted by the Port d’Informació Científica (PIC), maintained through a collaboration of CIEMAT and IFAE, with additional support from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ERDF. We acknowledge the PIC services department team for their support and fruitful discussions. PR and ZC are supported by National Science Foundation of China (grant No. 12073014). The results published have been funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Maria Sklodowska-Curie (grant agreement No. 754510), the National Science Centre of Poland (grant UMO-2016/23/N/ST9/02963) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through Juan de la Cierva-formacion program (reference FJC2018-038792-I). AHW is supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant (No. 770935).

The genus Karyolysus was originally proposed to accommodate blood parasites of lacertid lizards in Western Europe. However, recent phylogenetic analyses suggested an inconclusive taxonomic position of these parasites of the order Adeleorina based on the available genetic information. Inconsistencies between molecular phylogeny, morphology, and/or life cycles can reflect lack of enough genetic informa- tion of the target group. We therefore surveyed 28 localities and collected blood samples from 828 lizards of 23 species including lacertids, skinks, and geckoes in the western Mediterranean, North Africa, and Macaronesia, where species of Karyolysus and other adeleorine parasites have been described. We com- bined molecular and microscopic methods to analyze the samples, including those from the host type species and the type locality of Karyolysus bicapsulatus. The phylogenetic relationship of these parasites was analyzed based on the 18S rRNA gene and the co-phylogenetic relationship with their vertebrate hosts was reconstructed. We molecularly detected adeleorine parasites in 37.9% of the blood samples and found 22 new parasite haplotypes. A phylogenetic reconstruction with 132 sequences indicated that 20 of the newly detected haplotypes clustered in a well-supported clade with another 18 sequences that included Karyolysus galloti and Karyolysus lacazei. Morphological evidence also supported that K. bicapsu- latus clustered in this monophyletic clade. These results supported the taxonomic validity of the genus. In addition, we found some parasite haplotypes that infected different lizard host genera with ancient diverging histories, which suggested that Karyolysus is less host-specific than other blood parasites of lizards in the region. A co-phylogenetic analysis supported this interpretation because no significant co-speciation signal was shown between Karyolysus and lizard hosts., Sampling was funded under the projects CGL2008-00137/BOS granted to JJC by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and European Regional Development Fund (MICIN-ERDF); PGC2018-097426-B-C21 granted to SM; CGL2012-40026-C02-02 to J. Martínez; CGL2014-53523-P to J. Martín; CGL2008-01522, CGL2012-32459, and CGL2016-76918 to PSF by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (MINECO-ERDF). Partial support for sampling in the Guadarrama Mountains (Spain) was provided to OJR by project CGL2011-30393 conceded to I. de la Riva. The Spanish Ministry of Education and Science also funded RMP (BES-2010-038427). RMP holds a postdoctoral contract (CEE-CIND/04084/2017) by BIOPOLIS (Portugal).

17 Pág., The Mi-1 gene of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) confers resistance against some nematodes and insects, but the resistance mechanisms differ depending on the harmful organism, as a hypersensitive reaction (HR) occurs only in the case of nematodes. The gene Rme1 is required for Mi-1-mediated resistance to nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies, and several additional proteins also play a role in this resistance. Among them, the involvement of the chaperone HSP90 has been demonstrated in Mi-1-mediated resistance for aphids and nematodes, but not for whiteflies. In this work, we studied the implication of the Hsp90 gene in the Mi-1 resistance against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci by means of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The silencing of the Hsp90 gene in tomato Motelle plants carrying the Mi-1 gene resulted in a decrease in resistance to whiteflies, as oviposition values were significantly higher than those on non-silenced plants. This decrease in resistance was equivalent to that caused by the silencing of the Mi-1 gene itself. Infiltration with the control TRV vector did not alter Mi-1 mediated resistance to B. tabaci. Similar to the Mi-1 gene, silencing of Hsp90-1 occurs partially, as silenced plants showed a significant but not complete suppression of gene expression. Thus, our results demonstrate the requirement of Hsp90 in the Mi-1-mediated resistance to B. tabaci and reinforce the hypothesis of a common model for this resistance to nematodes and insects., This research was funded by a Project (AGL2007-65854/AGR) from the Plan Nacional I+D+I, Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. Clara I. Rodríguez Álvarez was financially supported by a fellowship/contract (AP2006-1035) from the Spanish FPU Program.

9 pags, 6 figs, The effect of strongly destabilizing mutations, I106A and V108G of Ribonuclease A (RNase A), on its structure and stability has been determined by NMR. The solution structures of these variants are essentially equivalent to RNase A. The exchange rates of the most protected amide protons in RNase A (35°C), the I106A variant (35°C), and the V108G variant (10°C) yield stability values of 9.9, 6.0, and 6.8 kcal/mol, respectively, when analyzed assuming an EX2 exchange mechanism. Thus, the destabilization induced b y these mutations is propagated throughout the protein. Simulation of RNase A hydrogen exchange indicates that the most protected protons in RNase A and the V108G variant exchange via the EX2 regime, whereas those of I106A exchange through a mixed EX1 + EX2 process. It is striking that a single point mutation can alter the overall exchange mechanism. Thus, destabilizing mutations joins high temperatures, high pH and the presence of denaturating agents as a factor that induces EX1 exchange in proteins. The calculations also indicate a shift from the EX2 to the EX1 mechanism for less protected groups within the same protein. This should be borne in mind when interpreting exchange data as a measure of local stability in less protected regions. © 2008 by the Biophysical Society., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BFU2005-01855/BMC, BFU2006-15543-CO2-02).

Secondary sexual traits (SST) are usually thought to have evolved as honest signals of individual quality during mate choice. Honesty of SST is guaranteed by the cost of producing/maintaining them. In males, the expression of many SST is testosterone-dependent. The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis has been proposed as a possible mechanism ensuring honesty of SST on the basis that testosterone, in addition to its effect on sexual signals, also has an immunosuppressive effect. The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis has received mixed support. However, the cost of testosterone-based signalling is not limited to immunosuppression and might involve other physiological functions such as the antioxidant machinery. Here, we tested the hypothesis that testosterone depresses resistance to oxidative stress in a species with a testosterone-dependent sexual signal, the zebra finch. Male zebra finches received subcutaneous implants filled with flutamide (an anti-androgen) or testosterone, or kept empty (control). In agreement with the prediction, we found that red blood cell resistance to a free radical attack was the highest in males implanted with flutamide and the lowest in males implanted with testosterone. We also found that cell-mediated immune response was depressed in testosterone-treated birds, supporting the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. The recent finding that red blood cell resistance to free radicals is negatively associated with mortality in this species suggests that benefits of sexual signalling might trade against the costs derived from oxidation., CA-A was funded by Parga Pondal and Ramon y Cajal fellowships (Xunta de Galicia and Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain).

We are conducting a survey using twilight time on the Dark Energy Camera with the Blanco 4 m telescope in Chile to look for objects interior to Earth’s and Venus’ orbits. To date we have discovered two rare Atira/Apohele asteroids, 2021 LJ4 and 2021 PH27, which have orbits completely interior to Earth’s orbit. We also discovered one new Apollo-type Near Earth Object (NEO) that crosses Earth’s orbit, 2022 AP7. Two of the discoveries have diameters ≳1 km. 2022 AP7 is likely the largest Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) discovered in about eight years. To date we have covered 624 square degrees of sky near to and interior to the orbit of Venus. The average images go to 21.3 mag in the r band, with the best images near 22nd mag. Our new discovery 2021 PH27 has the smallest semimajor axis known for an asteroid, 0.4617 au, and the largest general relativistic effects (53 arcsec/century) known for any body in the solar system. The survey has detected ∼15% of all known Atira NEOs. We put strong constraints on any stable population of Venus co-orbital resonance objects existing, as well as the Atira and Vatira asteroid classes. These interior asteroid populations are important to complete the census of asteroids near Earth, including some of the most likely Earth impactors that cannot easily be discovered in other surveys. Comparing the actual population of asteroids found interior to Earth and Venus with those predicted to exist by extrapolating from the known population exterior to Earth is important to better understand the origin, composition, and structure of the NEO population., Observations were obtained at Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under contract with the National Science Foundation. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaborating institutions: Argonne National Lab, University of California Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH-Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, University of Michigan, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Funding for DES, including DECam, has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Spain), Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Higher Education Funding Council (England), National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (Brazil), the German Research Foundation-sponsored cluster of excellence “Origin and Structure of the Universe” and the DES collaborating institutions. D.T. was supported by NASA grant 80NSSC21K0807. P.P. was supported by NASA ISFM EIMM award, the NASA Cooperative Agreement 80GSFC21M0002 and NASA solar system Workings award 80NSSC21K0153. T.S.R. acknowledges funding from the NEO-MAPP project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377). C.M. was partially supported by the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF's NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation, on behalf of the Gemini partnership of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America. This work was (partially) funded by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. This work makes use of observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory global telescope network. This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License., The extraordinary potential of metagenomic functional analyses to identify activities of interest present in uncultured microorganisms has been limited by reduced gene expression in surrogate hosts. We have developed vectors and specialized E. coli strains as improved metagenomic DNA heterologous expression systems, taking advantage of viral components that prevent transcription termination at metagenomic terminators. One of the systems uses the phage T7 RNA-polymerase to drive metagenomic gene expression, while the other approach uses the lambda phage transcription anti-termination protein N to limit transcription termination. A metagenomic library was constructed and functionally screened to identify genes conferring carbenicillin resistance to E. coli. The use of these enhanced expression systems resulted in a 6-fold increase in the frequency of carbenicillin resistant clones. Subcloning and sequence analysis showed that, besides β-lactamases, efflux pumps are not only able contribute to carbenicillin resistance but may in fact be sufficient by themselves to convey carbenicillin resistance., This work was supported by grants CSD2007-0005 and BIO2011-24003, co-funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and the European Regional Development Fund, and a fellowship from the FPU program (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain), awarded to L.T.-G.

[ES]: En el presente artículo se realiza un estudio perceptual de diferentes estilos de cerámica prehistórica de Galicia (con cronología entre el 6000 y el 2000 BP) mediante la técnica de seguimiento de movimientos oculares. Este análisis permite comprobar la relación de la mente con la materialidad y sugiere la existencia de una estrecha imbricación entre el diseñar, el ver y el hacer a lo largo de la historia. El trabajo examina cómo las materializaciones de las prácticas humanas se correlacionan con la cognición y con el contexto socio-cultural. Las interrelaciones de la cultura material y el comportamiento perceptual, apuntan a una clara conexión entre la mente, los objetos y el mundo. El trabajo aplica técnicas medibles y numéricas, que permiten hacer una aproximación arqueométrica a temas cognitivos mediante la combinación de las neurociencias con investigación interpretativa y reflexiva. Esta investigación ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre la cultura material y contribuye a comprender la interrelación entre la mente y el mundo material, así como la existencia de un vínculo transitivo entre formas de pensar, de mirar y de hacer cosas. De este modo, el texto hace algunos aportes para entender las fuerzas materiales que guían la percepción y el pensamiento., [EN]: This article presents a perceptual study of different styles of prehistoric Galician ceramics (from 6000 to 2000 BP) using the technique of eye-tracking. This analysis demonstrates the material engagement of mind by showing that the visual world fosters the entanglement of doing, seeing, and designing over the course of history. We examine how materializations of human practices relate to cognition and to socio-cultural contexts. The interrelations between material culture and perceptual reactions indicate a clear connection between the mind, objects and the world. We apply measurable and numeric techniques, providing an archaeometric approach to cognitive topics by combining neurosciences with interpretive and reflective research. This research provides new insights into the material culture, contributes to the understanding of the relationship between mind and the material world, and accounts for the transitive engagement between ways of thinking, seeing and making things. Thus the text contributes to understand the material forces driving perception and thought., Programa de Investigación en Tecnologías para la conservación y revalorización del Patrimonio Cultural CSD2007-00058, Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (trabajo experimental); proyecto BFU2014-58776-r, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-ERDF, y Programa Severo Ochoa para Centros de Excelencia en I+D (SEV-2013-0317) del Instituto de Neurociencias del CSIC (trabajo en laboratorio de LMM); RFM contrato predoctoral FPU1506682 del Ministerio de Educación.

Parnell, Laurence D. et al., Although the era of big data has produced many bioinformatics tools and databases, using them effectively often requires specialized knowledge. Many groups lack bioinformatics expertise, and frequently find that software documentation is inadequate while local colleagues may be overburdened or unfamiliar with specific applications. Too often, such problems create data analysis bottlenecks that hinder the progress of biological research. In order to help address this deficiency, we present BioStar, a forum based on the Stack Exchange platform where experts and those seeking solutions to problems of computational biology exchange ideas. The main strengths of BioStar are its large and active group of knowledgeable users, rapid response times, clear organization of questions and responses that limit discussion to the topic at hand, and ranking of questions and answers that help identify their usefulness. These rankings, based on community votes, also contribute to a reputation score for each user, which serves to keep expert contributors engaged. The BioStar community has helped to answer over 2,300 questions from over 1,400 users (as of June 10, 2011), and has played a critical role in enabling and expediting many research projects. BioStar can be accessed at http://www.biostars.org/., This work was partially supported by NSF grants MCB-0618402 and CCF-0643529 (CAREER), NIH grants 1R55AI065507 – 01A2 and 1 R01 GM083113-01, NIH/NCRR grant number UL1RR033184, and FPI fellowship SAF-2007-63171/BES-2009-017731 from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain. These funders had no role in the design of BioStar, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

4 páginas, 3 figuras.-- El pdf del artículo es la versión de autor., Alumina nanoparticles 10–20 nm in diameter were nucleated on alumina particles, 150 nm average diameter, by a colloidal route followed by calcination. It is shown that after sintering, the final grain size is up to 20% smaller due to the addition of the alumina nanoparticles. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis shows that whereas a correlation in the relative crystalline orientations between neighbouring grains exists in the pure materials, the addition of alumina nanoparticles results in a random crystalline orientation., The authors want to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and UE for funding through projects MAT2006-01783 and NMP3-CT-2005- 515784. M.S. wants to acknowledge the I3P program for a PhD grant. J.R.-R. acknowledges financial support from the Junta de Andalucía.

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License., [Background]: Amyloid beta (Aβ) is the main agent responsible for the advent and progression of Alzheimer's disease. This peptide can at least partially antagonize nerve growth factor (NGF) signalling in neurons, which may be responsible for some of the effects produced by Aβ. Accordingly, better understanding the NGF signalling pathway may provide clues as to how to protect neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. [Results]: We show here that Aβ activates the RhoA GTPase by binding to p75NTR, thereby preventing the NGF-induced activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) that is required for neuron survival. We also show that the inactivation of RhoA GTPase and the activation of PTP1B protect cultured hippocampal neurons against the noxious effects of Aβ. Indeed, either pharmacological inhibition of RhoA with C3 ADP ribosyl transferase or the transfection of cultured neurons with a dominant negative form of RhoA protects cultured hippocampal neurons from the effects of Aβ. In addition, over-expression of PTP1B also prevents the deleterious effects of Aβ on cultured hippocampal neurons. [Conclusion]: Our findings indicate that potentiating the activity of NGF at the level of RhoA inactivation and PTP1B activation may represent a new means to combat the noxious effects of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease., P. Chacon was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Contratos Post-Doctorales Sara Borrell). This work was financed by the 'Fundació La Caixa' (grant BM05-184) and the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (grant BFU2005-05629).

Apg2, one of the three cytosolic Hsp110 chaperones in humans, supports reactivation of unordered and ordered protein aggregates by Hsc70 (HspA8). Together with DnaJB1, Apg2 serves to nucleate Hsc70 molecules into sites where productive entropic pulling forces can be developed. During aggregate reactivation, Apg2 performs as a specialized nucleotide exchange factor, but the origin of its specialization is poorly defined. Here we report on the role of the distinctive C-terminal extension present in Apg2 and other metazoan homologs. We found that the first part of this Apg2 subdomain, with propensity to adopt α-helical structure, interacts with the nucleotide binding domain of Hsc70 in a nucleotide-dependent manner, contributing significantly to the stability of the Hsc70:Apg2 complex. Moreover, the second intrinsically disordered segment of Apg2 C-terminal extension plays an important role as a downregulator of nucleotide exchange. An NMR analysis showed that the interaction with Hsc70 nucleotide binding domain modifies the chemical environment of residues located in important functional sites such as the interface between lobe I and II and the nucleotide binding site. Our data indicate that Apg2 C-terminal extension is a fine-tuner of human Hsc70 activity that optimizes the substrate remodeling ability of the chaperone system., C. and L.D. were recipients of UPV/EHU and MEC FPU predoctoral fellowships, respectively. We thank Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia for supporting N.O. This work was supported by CTQ2016-76941-R (MINECO), Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, the Basque Excellence Research Centre (BERC) of the Basque Government and Fundación BBVA to D.A.-J., and BFU2016-75983-P and PID2019-111068 GB-100 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE) grants from Spanish Government to A.M. and F.M. and IT1745-22 from Basque Government to F.M.

Thyroid cancer is the most common primary endocrine malignancy in adults and its incidence is rapidly increasing. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), generally defined as RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides with no protein-encoding capacity, are highly tissue-specific molecules that serve important roles in gene regulation through a variety of different mechanisms, including acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that ‘sponge’ microRNAs (miRNAs). In the present study, using an integrated approach through RNA-sequencing of paired thyroid tumor and non-tumor samples, we have identified an interactome network between lncRNAs and miRNAs and examined the functional consequences in vitro and in vivo of one of such interactions. We have identified a likely operative post-transcriptional regulatory network in which the downregulated lncRNA, SPTY2D1-AS1, is predicted to target the most abundant and upregulated miRNAs in thyroid cancer, particularly miR-221, a well-known oncomiRNA in cancer. Indeed, SPTY2D1-AS1 functions as a potent tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo, it is downregulated in the most advanced stages of human thyroid cancer, and it seems to block the processing of the primary form of miR-221. Overall, our results link SPTY2D1-AS1 to thyroid cancer progression and highlight the potential use of this lncRNA as a therapeutic target of thyroid cancer., This work was supported by grants SAF2016-75531-R and PID2019-105303RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, B2017/BMD-3724 from Comunidad de Madrid; GCB14142311CRES from Asociación Española contra el Cáncer (AECC); and PI14/01980 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain). JR-M holds a FPU fellowship from MECD (Spain)

Special issue Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Systems.-- 14 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, Grazing controls bacterial abundances and composition in many ecosystems. In marine systems, heterotrophic flagellates (HFs) are important predators. Assemblages of HFs are primarily formed by species still uncultured; therefore, many aspects of their trophic behaviour are poorly known. Here, we assessed the functional response of the whole assemblage and of four taxa grown in an unamended seawater incubation. We used fluorescently labelled bacteria to create a prey gradient of two orders of magnitude in abundance and estimated ingestion rates. Natural HFs had a half-saturation constant of 6.7 × 105 prey ml−1, a value lower than that of cultured flagellates and within the range of marine planktonic bacterial abundances. Minorisa minuta was well adapted to low prey abundances and very efficient in ingesting bacteria. MAST-4 and MAST-7 were also well adapted to the typical marine abundances but less voracious. In contrast, Paraphysomonas imperforata, a typical cultured species, did not achieve ingestion rate saturation even at the highest prey concentration assayed. Our study, beside to set the basis for the fundamental differences between cultured and uncultured bacterial grazers, indicate that the examined predator taxa have different functional responses, suggesting that they occupy distinct ecological niches according to their grazing strategies and prey preferences, Funding has been provided by ESTRAMAR (CTM2004-12631/MAR, MEC), FLAME (CGL2010-16304, MICINN) and ALLFLAGS (CTM2016-75083-R, MINECO) Spanish projects to R.M. and by a F.P.I. fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science to R.R.M.

Better knowledge of the evapotranspiration and carbon exchange of fruit trees is needed to optimize the trade-off between water use and carbon assimilation and to better understand the role of agriculture in the biogeochemical cycles. In this work, we measured water and carbon fluxes with eddy covariance and transpiration with sap flow in a drip-irrigated peach orchard of 70% ground cover located in southern Spain for 2 years. The empirically measured crop coefficient (Kc) under good watering conditions in the summer ranged from 1 to 1.1. The daytime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) flux of the orchard averaged 30 g CO2 m2 day−1 during the period of maximum activity in July. The daytime ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) of the orchard reached a minimum in late June, flattened around 4 g CO2 L−1 throughout the summer, and increased in autumn, but was unaffected by fruit removal or post-harvest irrigation reduction imposed by the farm (30% reduction). The response of instantaneous peach ecosystem WUE to VPD was also investigated. Both Kc, NEE, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance decreased sharply after harvest. Transpiration data from some purposely over-irrigated experimental trees demonstrated that the post-harvest alterations we found were not caused by fruit removal, but are result of mild water stress originated by the irrigation reduction. Hence, the often-observed alterations in water relations after harvest in well-watered trees were not observed in this experiment. This work adds insight on peach irrigation efficiency and on the contribution of orchards to agricultural carbon budgets., This study was funded by the project CONSOLIDER-RIDECO [grant number CSD2006-00067], of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education through European Union ERDF funds.

Presentado al International Workshop on Membrane Computing (WMC 2009)., In we presented a P system in order to study the evolution of the bearded vulture in the Pyrenees (NE Spain). Here, we present a new model that overcomes some limitations of the previous work incorporating other scavenger species and additional prey species that provide food for the scavenger intraguild and interact with the Bearded Vulture in the ecosystem. After the validation, the new model can be a useful tool for the study of the evolution and management of the ecosystem. P systems provide a high level computational modelling framework which integrates the structural and dynamical aspects of ecosystems in a compressive and relevant way. The inherent randomness and uncertainty in ecosystems is captured by using probabilistic strategies., The authors acknowledge the support of the project TIN2006–13425 of the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain, cofinanced by FEDER funds, and the support of the Project of Excellence with Investigador de Reconocida Valía of the Junta de Andalucía, grant P08-TIC-04200.

The integrability problem consists in finding the class of functions a first integral of a given planar polynomial differential system must belong to. We recall the characterization of systems which admit an elementary or Liouvillian first integral. We define {\it Weierstrass integrability} and we determine which Weierstrass integrable systems are Liouvillian integrable. Inside this new class of integrable systems there are non--Liouvillian integrable systems., 6 pages, no figures

Presentado al International Workshop on Membrane Computing (WMC 2008), The Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) is an endangered species in Europe that feeds almost exclusively on bone remains of wild and domestic ungulates. In this paper, we present a model of an ecosystem related to the Bearded Vulture in the Pyrenees (NE Spain), by using P systems. The evolution of six species is studied: the Bearded Vulture and five subfamilies of domestic and wild ungulates upon which the vulture feeds. P systems provide a high level computational modeling framework which integrates the structural and dynamic aspects of ecosystems in a comprehensive and relevant way. P systems explicitly represent the discrete character of the components of an ecosystem by using rewriting rules on multisets of objects which represent individuals of the population and bones. The inherent stochasticity and uncertainty in ecosystems is captured by using probabilistic strategies. In order to experimentally validate the P system designed, we have constructed a simulator that allows us to analyze the evolution of the ecosystem under different initial conditions., M.J. Perez–Jimenez acknowledges the support of the project TIN2006-13425 of the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain, co–financed by FEDER funds, and of the Project of Excellence TIC 581 of the Junta de Andalucia. Financial support for A. Margalida was obtained from the Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge of Generalitat de Catalunya.

This work concerns the non–degenerated center problem in certain families of differential systems in R2. We study the existence of uniformly isochronous centers and the form of their commutators. We also classify all centers of the family of the BiLi´enard systems of degree five.

In this article, our aims is to review some of the results that are currently available concerning the existence, uniqueness and regularity of reproductive and time periodic solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations and some variants. By the way, we present some open problems.

Se afirma, al hilo de la más reciente jurisprudencia, la posibilidad de que la adquisición en remate de un bien inmueble que en el momento de realizarse el embargo ya no perteneciera al deudor ejecutado, pueda quedar protegida mediante el art. 34 LH. Se recuerda también que la buena fe requerida por este precepto queda desvirtuada por la existencia de publicidad posesoria a título de dueño contraria a la titularidad registra! aparente que corresponda al deudor. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia SEJ 2004-06995

Optimal investment into life-history traits depends on the environmental conditions that organisms are likely to experience during their life. Evolutionary theory tells us that optimal investment in reproduction versus maintenance is likely to shape the pattern of age-associated decline in performance, also known as aging. The currency that is traded against different vital functions is, however, still debated. Here, we took advantage of a phenotypic manipulation of individual quality in early life to explore (1) long-term consequences on life-history trajectories, and (2) the possible physiological mechanism underlying the life-history adjustments. We manipulated phenotypic quality of a cohort of captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) by assigning breeding pairs to either an enlarged or a reduced brood. Nestlings raised in enlarged broods were in poorer condition than nestlings raised in reduced broods. Interestingly, the effect of environmental conditions experienced during early life extended to the age at first reproduction. Birds from enlarged broods delayed reproduction. Birds that delayed reproduction produced less offspring but lived longer, although neither fecundity nor longevity were directly affected by the experimental brood size. Using the framework of the life-table response experiment modeling, we also explored the effect of early environmental condition on population growth rate and aging. Birds raised in reduced broods tended to have a higher population growth rate, and a steeper decrease of reproductive value with age than birds reared in enlarged broods. Metabolic resources necessary to fight off the damaging effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be the mechanism underlying the observed results, as (1) birds that engaged in a higher number of breeding events had a weaker red blood cell resistance to oxidative stress, (2) red blood cell resistance to oxidative stress predicted short-term mortality (but not longevity), and (3) was related with a parabolic function to age. Overall, these results highlight that early condition can have long-term effects on life-history trajectories by affecting key life-history traits such as age at first reproduction, and suggest that the trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance might be mediated by the cumulative deleterious effect of ROS., Financial support was provided by the Ministere de la Recherche (Action Concertee Incitative Jeunes Chercheurs to GS), and the Universite de Bourgogne (Bonus Qualite Recherche to GD, JP and BF). CA-A was consectively supported by the Parga Pondal and the Ramon y Cajal Fellowships (Xunta de Galacia and Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, respectively).

THO/TREX, a conserved eukaryotic protein complex, is a key player at the interface between transcription and mRNP metabolism. The lack of a functional THO complex impairs transcription, leads to transcription-dependent hyperrecombination, causes mRNA export defects and fast mRNA decay, and retards replication fork progression in a transcription-dependent manner. To get more insight into the interconnection between mRNP biogenesis and genomic instability, we searched for HPR1 mutations that differentially affect gene expression and recombination. We isolated mutants that were barely affected in gene expression but exhibited a hyperrecombination phenotype. In addition, we isolated a mutant, hpr1-101, with a strong defect in transcription, as observed for lacZ, and a general defect in mRNA export that did not display a relevant hyperrecombination phenotype. In THO single-null mutants, but not in the hpr1 point mutants studied, THO and its subunits were unstable. Interestingly, in contrast to hyperrecombinant null mutants, hpr1-101 did not cause retardation of replication fork progression. Transcription and mRNP biogenesis can therefore be impaired by THO/TREX dysfunction without increasing recombination, suggesting that it is possible to separate the mechanism(s) responsible for mRNA biogenesis defects from the further step of triggering transcription-dependent recombination. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved., Grants from the Ministry of Science of Education of Spain (BMC2000-0409 and SAF2003-00204) and Junta de Andalucı´a (CVI102) supported this work. P.H. was the recipient of a predoctoral training grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education.

5 págs.; 3 figs.; 2 tabs. ; PACS number(s): 14.20.Gk, 14.20.Dh, 25.20.Lj, 13.60.Le ; Rapid Communications, The E2/M1 ratio (EMR) of the Δ(1232) is extracted from the world data in pion photoproduction by means of an effective Lagrangian approach (ELA). This quantity has been derived within a crossing symmetric, gauge invariant, and chiral symmetric Lagrangian model which also contains a consistent modern treatment of the Δ(1232) resonance. The bare s-channel Δ(1232) contribution is well isolated and final state interactions (FSI) are effectively taken into account fulfilling Watson's theorem. The obtained EMR value, EMR =(-1.30±0.52)%, is in good agreement with the latest lattice QCD calculations [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 021601 (2005)] and disagrees with results of current quark model calculations. © 2006 The American Physical Society., C.F.-R.work is being developed under Spanish Government grant UAC2002-0009. This work has been supported in part under contracts of Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain) BFM2002-03562, BFM2003-04147-C02-01, and FIS2005- 00640.

The HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Env is heavily glycosylated with host-derived N-glycans, and many bnAbs bind to, or are dependent upon, Env glycans for neutralization. Although glycan-binding bnAbs are frequently detected in HIV-infected individuals, attempts to elicit them have been unsuccessful because of the poor immunogenicity of Env N-glycans. Here, we report cross-reactivity of glycan-binding bnAbs with self- and non-self N-glycans and glycoprotein antigens from different life-stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Using the IAVI Protocol C HIV infection cohort, we examine the relationship between S. mansoni seropositivity and development of bnAbs targeting glycan-dependent epitopes. We show that the unmutated common ancestor of the N332/V3-specific bnAb lineage PCDN76, isolated from an HIV-infected donor with S. mansoni seropositivity, binds to S. mansoni cercariae while lacking reactivity to gp120. Overall, these results present a strategy for elicitation of glycan-reactive bnAbs which could be exploited in HIV-1 vaccine development., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement 681137 (to K.J.D. and I.H.), the Medical Research Council (MRC) (to K.J.D. [MR/K024426/1]), The Rosetrees Trust (to K.J.D. [M686]) and Fondation Dormeur, Vaduz (to K.J.D). This research was funded or supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London and/or the NIHR Clinical Research Facility. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), or the Department of Health. N.R. acknowledges funding from Ministry of Science and Education grants CTQ2017-90039-R, RTC-2017-6126-1, and CTQ2011-27874 (fellowship to K.B.) and the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program from the Spanish State Research Agency (grant MDM-2017-0720). F.A. was funded by the Wellcome Trust (104958/Z/14/Z). J.A. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the grant PID2019-109395GB-I00. J.A. and S.M. acknowledge support of BBSRC (grant BB/P010660/1). T.H. and S.W. were funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Norwich Research Park Doctoral Training Grant BB/M011216/1. IAVI’s work is made possible by generous support from many donors, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Irish Aid, the Ministry of Finance of Japan in partnership with The World Bank, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), and the United States Agency for International Development. The full list of IAVI donors is available at www.iavi.org. Brendan McAtarsney and Jonathan Hare from the IAVI Human Immunology Lab (HIL) for coordinating the samples transfers and shipments. Monica Agromayor and the KCL Nikon Centre for assistance and advice on confocal microscopy. NMRI strain Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails were provided by the NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Rockville, USA.

Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) has largely been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). E. coli strains with similar genetic backgrounds and virulence genes profiles have been associated with other intestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and coeliac disease (CeD), but the role of AIEC in these diseases remains unexplored. We aimed to assess the distribution, abundance, and pathogenic features of AIEC in UC, CRC, and CeD., This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science through projects SAF2010-15896, SAF2013-43284-P, and SAF2107-82261-P (MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE) and the grant AGL2017-88801-P from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN, Spain). MLS is a Serra Húnter Fellow., SAF2010-15896, SAF2013-43284-P, and SAF2107-82261-P (MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE) and the grant AGL2017-88801-P

[Aim]: Oceanic islands have often been colonized by small groups of individuals dispersing from the nearest mainland, giving rise to insular populations characterized by locally adapted phenotypes and low genetic diversity. Alternatively, due to past geo‐climatic changes, the present‐day distribution of the species may not correspond to that found at the time of the original colonization so that the current mainland distribution may not include the original source area, leading to erroneous assumptions regarding colonization history. Here, we use patterns of genetic variation to evaluate alternative colonization scenarios of an insular passerine in the Canary Islands., [Location]: La Palma (Canary Islands), Northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula., [Taxon]: Red‐billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)., [Methods]: We use phylogeographical and coalescent analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences and 10 microsatellite loci, together with Bayesian demographic modelling, to determine whether choughs on the island of La Palma originate from (a) present‐day populations in Iberia, (b) present‐day populations in the mountains of inland Morocco or (c) former populations in coastal Morocco, where suitable habitat existed in the past., [Results]: Both the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets indicate that the chough population on La Palma is genetically well differentiated from those in Iberia and Morocco, and that La Palma choughs are more closely related to choughs in Iberia than to those in Morocco. Genetic diversity in La Palma is lower than that of mainland populations, but shows no evidence of past bottlenecks. The best supported demographic model to explain the origin of La Palma choughs that is congruent with both genetic datasets includes a ‘ghost’ population closely related to Iberia, from which the insular population diverged within the last 30,000 years., [Main conclusions]: Our results are most consistent with the existence of a former connection between La Palma and Iberia along the North African coast, when suitable habitat was found there. Subsequent desertification of these coastal areas led to local extinctions that restricted gene flow between Iberia and the islands, promoting genetic differentiation. Our results provide a counterintuitive solution to a biogeographical enigma, and could help resolve the colonization history of other systems with similarly complex climatic pasts., The study was funded by projects from the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla‐La Mancha (PPIC10‐0094‐3036), the Spanish Ministry of the Environment (082/2002) and the Ministry of Science and Education (BOS2003‐05066 and CGL2015‐66381‐P). F. M. was supported by a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship from Spain's Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJCI‐2017‐32055) for part of this work.

13 páginas, 5 figuras, 1 tabla. Contiene información suplementaria en: Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-020-00367-3, Background: Histone H2B deubiquitination is performed by numerous deubiquitinases in eukaryotic cells including Ubp8, the catalytic subunit of the tetrameric deubiquitination module (DUBm: Ubp8; Sus1; Sgf11; Sgf73) of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA). Ubp8 is linked to the rest of SAGA through Sgf73 and is activated by the adaptors Sus1 and Sgf11. It is unknown if DUBm/Ubp8 might also work in a SAGA-independent manner. Results: Here we report that a tetrameric DUBm is assembled independently of the SAGA-CORE components SPT7, ADA1 and SPT20. In the absence of SPT7, i.e., independent of the SAGA complex, Ubp8 and Sus1 are poorly recruited to SAGA-dependent genes and to chromatin. Notably, cells lacking Spt7 or Ada1, but not Spt20, show lower levels of nuclear Ubp8 than wild-type cells, suggesting a possible role for SAGA-CORE subunits in Ubp8 localization. Last, deletion of SPT7 leads to defects in Ubp8 deubiquitinase activity in in vivo and in vitro assays. Conclusions: Collectively, our studies show that the DUBm tetrameric structure can form without a complete intact SAGA-CORE complex and that it includes full-length Sgf73. However, subunits of this SAGA-CORE influence DUBm association with chromatin, its localization and its activity., This study was supported by funds to SR-N from the Spanish MINECO, MICIIN (BFU2014-57636, BFU2015-71978, PGC2018-099872-B-I00) and the Generalitat Valenciana (PROM/2012/061, ACOMP2014/061 and PROMETEO 2016/093). This work was supported by FEDER 2014–2020 and the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain. V.G-M was supported by the FPU program from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (AP2009-0917); C.C-N by the Generailtat Valenciana PROMETEO/2016/093; P.O-C by the FPI program from MINECO (BES2012-058587); and M.M-E by the GVA (Val I+D: ACIF/2015/025). The M.I-V lab was co-funded by European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) and the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union under the grant agreement 688945 (Euro-BioImaging Prep Phase II).

Under ever-changing environmental conditions, the General Stress Response (GSR) represents a lifesaver for bacteria in order to withstand hostile situations. In α-proteobacteria, the EcfG-type extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors are the key activators of this response at the transcriptional level. In this work, we address the hierarchical function of the ECF σ factor paralogs EcfG1 and EcfG2 in triggering the GSR in Sphingopyxis granuli TFA and describe the role of EcfG2 as global switch of this response. In addition, we define a GSR regulon for TFA and use in vitro transcription analysis to study the relative contribution of each EcfG paralog to the expression of selected genes. We show that the features of each promoter ultimately dictate this contribution, though EcfG2 always produced more transcripts than EcfG1 regardless of the promoter. These first steps in the characterisation of the GSR in TFA suggest a tight regulation to orchestrate an adequate protective response in order to survive in conditions otherwise lethal., This work was supported by grant BIO2014–57545-R, co-funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and the European Regional Development Fund, and by fellowships from the FPU program (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain), awarded to R.D.

Social information use has well-known fitness benefits. However, causes underlying the apparent inter-individual variability in the propensity to use social information are poorly studied. Melanins are pigments responsible for most of intra-specific color variation in vertebrates and their variation is often associated with changes in behaviour. Here, we explored whether melanism is related to individual propensity to use social information in the color polymorphic scops owl Otus scops. We manipulated social information on predation risk at nests by broadcasting calls of the sympatric little owl Athene noctua and found that owlets of brownish females exposed to alarm calls had lower levels of natural antibodies than those of greyish females. In parallel, we found changes in parental behaviour contingent on coloration because when exposed to the risky treatment brownish females returned earlier to nests than greyish females and owlets raised by brownish females were fed with smaller prey than those raised by greyish ones. These results provide support for a previous ignored role of melanins on the propensity to use social information, which may help to explain the maintenance of melaninbased color polymorphisms wherever social environments are variable, The study was funded by the Spanish Ministries of Education and Science/FEDER and of Economy and Competitiveness, respectively, through the projects CGL2011-27561/BOS, CGL2014-56769-P and CGL2017-83503-P and by the Government of Extremadura through the contract TA13002 to D.P.

En el presente artículo se abordan las estructuras que integran el conjunto de acceso oriental del yacimiento ibero-romano de Torreparedones (Baena, Córdoba), una puerta urbana fortificada construida hacia la segunda mitad del siglo I a.C. El estudio arquitectónico de los restos conservados y su interpretación, partiendo de una serie de paralelos peninsulares y mediterráneos, permite comprender el funcionamiento de la puerta y su sistema de control de paso. Se identifica así un acceso de tipo “patio” en el que las torres y, probablemente, las máquinas de artillería jugaron un importante papel en la defensa de la ciudad., This paper analyses the eastern gate structures of the Ibero-Roman site of Torreparedones (Baena, Córdoba), a fortified urban gate built around the second half of the first century b.C. The architectural study of the remains and their interpretation - considering Mediterranean and Peninsular parallels - allows us to understand how this gate system worked. Thus, it can identified as a “courtyard gate”, where towers and, possibly, artillery played an important role in the city’s defence., Trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto de I+D+i del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia Ciudades y complejos aristocráticos en la conquista romana de la Alta Andalucía. Nuevas perspectivas y programa de puesta en valor (Cerro de la Cruz y Cerro de la Merced, Córdoba) (HAR-2017-82806-P) y del Grupo de Investigación consolidado Pólemos. Arqueología e Historia Militar y de la Guerra de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Sphingopyxis granuli TFA is a contaminant degrading alphaproteobacterium that responds to adverse conditions by inducing the general stress response (GSR), an adaptive response that controls the transcription of a variety of genes to overcome adverse conditions. The core GSR regulators (the response regulator PhyR, the anti-σ factor NepR and the σ factor EcfG) are duplicated in TFA, being PhyR1 and PhyR2, NepR1 and NepR2 and EcfG1 and EcfG2. Based on multiple genetic, phenotypical and biochemical evidences including in vitro transcription assays, we have assigned distinct functional features to each paralogue and assessed their contribution to the GSR regulation, dictating its timing and the intensity. We show that different stress signals are differentially integrated into the GSR by PhyR1 and PhyR2, therefore producing different levels of GSR activation. We demonstrate in vitro that both NepR1 and NepR2 bind EcfG1 and EcfG2, although NepR1 produces a more stable interaction than NepR2. Conversely, NepR2 interacts with phosphorylated PhyR1 and PhyR2 more efficiently than NepR1. We propose an integrative model where NepR2 would play a dual negative role: it would directly inhibit the σ factors upon activation of the GSR and it would modulate the GSR activity indirectly by titrating the PhyR regulators., This work was supported by grant BIO2014-57545-R, co-funded by the Spanish Ministry for Education and Science and the European Regional Development Fund, and by the FPU fellowship (Ref. FPU15/04789, Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain), awarded to R.D.

DES Collaboration: P. Wiseman et al., Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are used as standardizable candles to measure cosmological distances, but differences remain in their corrected luminosities which display a magnitude step as a function of host galaxy properties such as stellar mass and rest-frame U−R colour. Identifying the cause of these steps is key to cosmological analyses and provides insight into SN physics. Here we investigate the effects of SN progenitor ages on their light-curve properties using a galaxy-based forward model that we compare to the Dark Energy Survey 5-yr SN Ia sample. We trace SN Ia progenitors through time and draw their light-curve width parameters from a bimodal distribution according to their age. We find that an intrinsic luminosity difference between SNe of different ages cannot explain the observed trend between step size and SN colour. The data split by stellar mass are better reproduced by following recent work implementing a step in total-to-selective dust extinction ratio (RV) between low- and high-mass hosts, although an additional intrinsic luminosity step is still required to explain the data split by host galaxy U−R. Modelling the RV step as a function of galaxy age provides a better match overall. Additional age versus luminosity steps marginally improve the match to the data, although most of the step is absorbed by the width versus luminosity coefficient α. Furthermore, we find no evidence that α varies with SN age., P.W. acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant ST/R000506/1. MS acknowledges support from EU/FP7-ERC grant 615929. LK thanks the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship for support through the grant MR/T01881X/1. LG acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) 10.13039/501100011033, and the European Social Fund (ESF) ‘Investing in your future’ under the 2019 Ramón y Cajal program RYC2019-027683-I and the PID2020-115253GA-I00 HOSTFLOWS project, from Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) under the PIE project 20215AT016, and the program Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 759194 - USNAC). Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF’s NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.

Abnormalities in myelination are associated to behavioral and cognitive dysfunction in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Thus, therapies to promote or accelerate myelination could potentially ameliorate symptoms in autism. Clemastine, a histamine H1 antagonist with anticholinergic properties against muscarinic M1 receptor, is the most promising drug with promyelinating properties. Clemastine penetrates the blood brain barrier efficiently and promotes remyelination in different animal models of neurodegeneration including multiple sclerosis, ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, its role in myelination during development is unknown. We showed that clemastine treatment during development increased oligodendrocyte differentiation in both white and gray matter. However, despite the increase in the number of oligodendrocytes, conduction velocity of myelinated fibers of corpus callosum decreased in clemastine treated mice. Confocal and electron microscopy showed a reduction in the number of myelinated axons and nodes of Ranvier and a reduction of myelin thickness in corpus callosum. To understand the mechanisms leading to myelin formation impairment in the presence of an excess of myelinating oligodendrocytes, we focused on microglial cells that also express muscarinic M1 receptors. Importantly, the population of CD11c+ microglia cells, necessary for myelination, as well as the levels of insulin growth factor-1 decrease in clemastine-treated mice. Altogether, these data suggest that clemastine impact on myelin development is more complex than previously thought and could be dependent on microglia-oligodendrocyte crosstalk. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of microglia cells on developmental myelination., This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (SAF 2016-75292- R); Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID 2019-109724RB-I00); Basque Government (PI-2016-1-0016); the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED; grant CB06/05/0076). AP has a predoctoral fellowship from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), AM has a predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and AO-de-A has a postdoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government.

Abell 3266 is a massive and complex merging galaxy cluster that exhibits significant substructure. We present new, highly sensitive radio continuum observations of Abell 3266 performed with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (0.8–1.1 GHz) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (1.1–3.1 GHz). These deep observations provide new insights into recently reported diffuse non-thermal phenomena associated with the intracluster medium, including a ‘wrong-way’ relic, a fossil plasma source, and an as-yet unclassified central diffuse ridge, which we reveal comprises the brightest part of a large-scale radio halo detected here for the first time. The ‘wrong-way’ relic is highly atypical of its kind: it exhibits many classical signatures of a shock-related radio relic, while at the same time exhibiting strong spectral steepening. While radio relics are generally consistent with a quasi-stationary shock scenario, the ‘wrong-way’ relic is not. We study the spectral properties of the fossil plasma source; it exhibits an ultrasteep and highly curved radio spectrum, indicating an extremely aged electron population. The larger scale radio halo fills much of the cluster centre, and presents a strong connection between the thermal and non-thermal components of the intracluster medium, along with evidence of substructure. Whether the central diffuse ridge is simply a brighter component of the halo, or a mini-halo, remains an open question. Finally, we study the morphological and spectral properties of the multiple complex radio galaxies in this cluster in unprecedented detail, tracing their evolutionary history., The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility (https://ror.org/05qajvd42), which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility (https://ror.org/05qajvd42) that is managed by CSIRO. Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site., CJR, EB, and AB acknowledge financial support from the ERC Starting Grant ‘DRANOEL’, number 714245. A. Botteon acknowledges support from the VIDI research programme with project number 639.042.729, which is financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). KR and MB acknowledge financial support from the ERC Starting Grant ‘MAGCOW’, no. 714196. JMD acknowledges the support of projects PGC2018-101814-B-100 and María de Maeztu, ref. MDM-2017-0765. This research was supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project number CE170100013. LDM is supported by the ERC-StG ‘ClustersXCosmo’ grant agreement 716762., This project used public archival data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the DES.

DES Collaboration: L. F. Secco et al., We present high signal-to-noise measurements of three-point shear correlations and the third moment of the mass aperture statistic using the first 3 years of data from the Dark Energy Survey. We additionally obtain the first measurements of the configuration and scale dependence of the four three-point shear correlations which carry cosmological information. With the third-order mass aperture statistic, we present tomographic measurements over angular scales of 4 to 60 arcminutes with a combined statistical significance of 15.0σ. Using the tomographic information and measuring also the second-order mass aperture, we additionally obtain a skewness parameter and its redshift evolution. We find that the amplitudes and scale-dependence of these shear 3pt functions are in qualitative agreement with measurements in a mock galaxy catalog based on N-body simulations, indicating promise for including them in future cosmological analyses. We validate our measurements by showing that B-modes, parity-violating contributions and PSF modeling uncertainties are negligible, and determine that the measured signals are likely to be of astrophysical and gravitational origin., M. J. is supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. 1907610. B. J. is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-SC0007901. C. C. is supported by DOE grant DE-SC0021949. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministerio da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. AST-1138766 and No. AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under Grants No. ESP2017-89838, No. PGC2018-094773, No. PGC2018-102021, No. SEV-2016-0588, No. SEV-2016-0597, and No. MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC Grants agreements No. 240672, No. 291329, and No. 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq Grant No. 465376/2014-2). We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Allsky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through Project No. CE110001020. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DEAC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.

The correct development and activity of neurons and glial cells is necessary to establish proper brain connectivity. DYRK1A encodes a protein kinase involved in the neuropathology associated with Down syndrome that influences neurogenesis and the morphological differentiation of neurons. DYRK1A loss-of-function mutations in heterozygosity cause a well-recognizable syndrome of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we analysed the developmental trajectories of macroglial cells and the properties of the corpus callosum, the major white matter tract of the brain, in Dyrk1a+/− mice, a mouse model that recapitulates the main neurological features of DYRK1A syndrome. We found that Dyrk1a+/− haploinsufficient mutants present an increase in astrogliogenesis in the neocortex and a delay in the production of cortical oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and their progression along the oligodendroglial lineage. There were fewer myelinated axons in the corpus callosum of Dyrk1a+/− mice, axons that are thinner and with abnormal nodes of Ranvier. Moreover, action potential propagation along myelinated and unmyelinated callosal axons was slower in Dyrk1a+/− mutants. All these alterations are likely to affect neuronal circuit development and alter network synchronicity, influencing higher brain functions. These alterations highlight the relevance of glial cell abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders., This work was supported by Grants from the Spanish Government (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Grants SAF2016-77971-R, PID2019-105902RB-I00 and RED2018-102553-T to M.L.A. and RTI2018-098969-B-100 and PROMETEO/2019/119 to E.F.) and grants from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme under Grant agreement No. 899287 to E.F. and from The Jérôme Lejeune Foundation to M.J.B. I.P. received a PhD fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (MINECO, BES2014-069217) and E.B. received a PhD fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (AP2006-04190). M.J.B. was supported by the CIBERER, an initiative of the ISCIII.

Soil contamination with petroleum-derived substances such as diesel fuel has become a major environmental threat. Phytoremediation is one of the most studied ecofriendly low-cost solutions nowadays and halophytes species has been proved to have potential as bio-tools for this purpose. The extent to which salinity influences diesel tolerance in halophytes requires investigation. A greenhouse experiment was designed to assess the effect of NaCl supply (0 and 85 mM NaCl) on the growth and photosynthetic physiology of Juncus acutus plants exposed to 0, 1 and 2.5% diesel fuel. Relative growth rate, water content and chlorophyll a derived parameters were measured in plants exposed to the different NaCl and diesel fuel combinations. Our results indicated that NaCl supplementation worsened the effects of diesel toxicity on growth, as diesel fuel at 2.5% reduced relative growth rate by 25% in the absence of NaCl but 80% in plants treated with NaCl. Nevertheless, this species grown at 0 mM NaCl showed a high tolerance to diesel fuel soil presence in RGR but also in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters that did not significantly decrease at 1% diesel fuel concentration in absence of NaCl. Therefore, this study remarked on the importance of knowing the tolerance threshold to abiotic factors in order to determine the bioremediation capacity of a species for a specific soil or area. In addition, it showed that NaCl presence even in halophytes does not always have a positive effect on plant physiology and it depends on the pollutant nature. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO Project CGL2016-75550-R cofunded by FEDER) Ministerio de Ciencia y Educación (FJC2020-043865-I) Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for funding the research via the project grant UIDB/04292/2020

DES Collaboration: K. C. Chan et al., The three-dimensional correlation function offers an effective way to summarize the correlation of the large-scale structure even for imaging galaxy surveys. We have applied the projected three-dimensional correlation function, ξp to measure the baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) scale on the first-three years Dark Energy Survey data. The sample consists of about 7 million galaxies in the redshift range 0.6, K. C.C. acknowledges the support from the National Science Foundation of China under the Grants No. 11873102 and No. 12273121, the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with No. CMS-CSST-2021-B01, and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (Grant No. 202002030360). S.A. is supported by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion through the grant “IFT Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa by CEX2020-001007-S” and “EU-HORIZON-2020-776247 Enabling Weak Lensing Cosmology (EWC)”, and was also supported by Atraccion de Talento Program No. 2019-T1/TIC-12702 granted by the Comunidad de Madrid in Spain. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo `a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Minist´erio da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energ´eticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ci`encies de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF’s NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. AST-1138766 and No. AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under Grants No. ESP2017-89838, No. PGC2018-094773, No. PGC2018-102021, No. SEV2016-0588, No. SEV-2016-0597, and No. MDM-20150509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (No. FP7/20072013) including ERC Grant Agreements No. 240672, No. 291329, and No. 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq Grant No. 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DEAC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.