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Mesoplodon eueu sp. nov. Holotype NMNZ MM003000, a pregnant, 5.06 m long adult female named Nihongore by Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio. Collected by Ramari Stewart, Nathaniel Scott and Don Neale after beachcast on 27 November 2011. The complete skeletons of the female and fetus are held by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand; specimen MM003000), and a tissue sample is held in the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive (NZCeTA, Universityof Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand; all institutional abbreviations in electronic supplementary material, S1). Type locality Waiatoto Spit, South Westland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Paratypes Adult females (PEM N0136 and PEM N3438) and adult male (PEM N1114) held at Port Elizabeth Museum (Gqeberha, South Africa) and adult males (SAM-ZM-041596 and SAM- ZM-039840) held at Iziko South African Museum (Cape Town, South Africa). Full description of paratypes is found in electronic supplementary material S2. Etymology The scientific and common names acknowledge links with Indigenous communities in South Africa and Aotearoa New Zealand, respectively, and were chosen in consultation with these peoples. Most of the South African strandings come from territory inhabited by the Khoisan peoples. Guided by the Khoisan Council, we chose the name //eu//’eu (simplified to eueu to fit nomenclature standards; correct pronunciation available in associated audio clip a 1 in the electronic supplementary material), which means ‘big fish’ in Khwedam (from the Khoe language family). In Aotearoa New Zealand, Māori cultural expert Brad Haami developed a shortlist of potential names meaningful in the Māori language, whichwasthen sent for comment to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The selected common name, Ramari’ s beaked whale, pays homage to Māoritohunga (expert) Ramari Stewart, who has kept traditional knowledge alive, contributed extensively to scientific research on marine mammals, and helped prepare the skeleton of the holotype. The word ‘Ramari’ means a rare event in the Māori language, reflecting the elusive nature of most beaked whales. Diagnosis Molecular characteristics M. eueu differs from M. mirus based on nuclear DNA markers, and from M. mirus and its closest relatives M. europaeus, M. ginkgodens and M. bidens using mtDNA markers (figure 2). M. mirus is distinct from all other mesoplodont species based on previous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA trees [7,20,24]. Mitochondrial DNA: analysis of mitochondrial data includes sequences from the holotypes of both M. mirus and M. eueu at all sequence lengths. Over the 304 bp mitochondrial control region segment, M. eueu is distinguished by seven fixed differences from M. mirus, with F ST = 0.85 (p dA = 0.04 between the two species. At the full mitochondrial genome lengths, M. eueu is distinguished by 579 fixed differences from M. mirus with F ST = 0.96 (p dA = 0.04 (electronic supplementary material, table S2). Nuclear DNA: reduced representation sequencing with ddRAD showed M. eueu had a distinct admixture pattern to M. mirus (figure 2), and an F ST = 0.64 (p M. mirus and M. eueu weredistinguished by 1909 fixed differences (12%, per SNP allele error rate = 0.002), across a dataset of 15671 SNPs found between or within both species. Comparison of one whole nuclear genome each from M. mirus and M. eueu showed a level of nucleotide divergence of 0.28%. Morphological characters M. eueu is a larger (5.3 m) species of Mesoplodon differing from all other members of the genus except M. mirus, M. hectori and M. perrini in having tusks positioned at the tip of the mandible. It also differs from M. hectori and M. perrini in having smaller, less triangular tusks and from M. mirus in having a relatively shorter rostrum with a wider base, a shorter mandibular symphysis, wider premaxillary sac fossae and crests, and a taller cranium. External appearance The external appearances of M. eueu and M. mirus are not known to be consistently distinguishable. Both species are rotund mesoplodonts with bodies that taper towards the tail and rostrum, with somewhat bulbous and well-defined melons, a mostly straight beak and short, straight gape. Colouration is generally grey with a dark eye patch in both species, but there may be specific colouration patterns linked to M. eueu; for example, a female that stranded in South Africa showed a whitish dorsal colouration from the fin to caudal peduncle [14]. However, Aguilar et al. [6] reported M. mirus with varying dorsal and ventral white colouration in the Canary and Azores Islands, so colouration patterns linked to species cannot yet be conclusively defined. Distribution M. eueu probably occurs throughout temperate SH waters, with reports from several locations. Genetic methods have confirmed at least some of these records in South Africa ([20], this study), Australia [20] and Aotearoa New Zealand [11]. Nomenclatural acts This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains are registered in ZooBank (http://zoobank.org/), the online registration system for the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The ZooBank Life Science Identifier is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: C61A1A33-B234-476E- AA24-86C6ED130C10, and for the new species is urn:lsid:zoo bank.org:act: C56121C4-1E15-4A07-A270-D92AF43AE74A., Published as part of Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., Helden, Anton van, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Greg Hofmeyr, G. J., Martín, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie & Olsen, Morten Tange, 2021, Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu., pp. 1-10 in Proceedings of the Royal Society B 288 (1961) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1213

Mesoplodon eueu sp. nov. Holotype NMNZ MM003000, a pregnant, 5.06 m long adult female named Nihongore by Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio. Collected by Ramari Stewart, Nathaniel Scott and Don Neale after beachcast on 27 November 2011. The complete skeletons of the female and fetus are held by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand; specimen MM003000), and a tissue sample is held in the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive (NZCeTA, Universityof Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand; all institutional abbreviations in electronic supplementary material, S1). Type locality Waiatoto Spit, South Westland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Paratypes Adult females (PEM N0136 and PEM N3438) and adult male (PEM N1114) held at Port Elizabeth Museum (Gqeberha, South Africa) and adult males (SAM-ZM-041596 and SAM- ZM-039840) held at Iziko South African Museum (Cape Town, South Africa). Full description of paratypes is found in electronic supplementary material S2. Etymology The scientific and common names acknowledge links with Indigenous communities in South Africa and Aotearoa New Zealand, respectively, and were chosen in consultation with these peoples. Most of the South African strandings come from territory inhabited by the Khoisan peoples. Guided by the Khoisan Council, we chose the name //eu//’eu (simplified to eueu to fit nomenclature standards; correct pronunciation available in associated audio clip a 1 in the electronic supplementary material), which means ‘big fish’ in Khwedam (from the Khoe language family). In Aotearoa New Zealand, Māori cultural expert Brad Haami developed a shortlist of potential names meaningful in the Māori language, whichwasthen sent for comment to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The selected common name, Ramari’ s beaked whale, pays homage to Māoritohunga (expert) Ramari Stewart, who has kept traditional knowledge alive, contributed extensively to scientific research on marine mammals, and helped prepare the skeleton of the holotype. The word ‘Ramari’ means a rare event in the Māori language, reflecting the elusive nature of most beaked whales. Diagnosis Molecular characteristics M. eueu differs from M. mirus based on nuclear DNA markers, and from M. mirus and its closest relatives M. europaeus, M. ginkgodens and M. bidens using mtDNA markers (figure 2). M. mirus is distinct from all other mesoplodont species based on previous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA trees [7,20,24]. Mitochondrial DNA: analysis of mitochondrial data includes sequences from the holotypes of both M. mirus and M. eueu at all sequence lengths. Over the 304 bp mitochondrial control region segment, M. eueu is distinguished by seven fixed differences from M. mirus, with F ST = 0.85 (p dA = 0.04 between the two species. At the full mitochondrial genome lengths, M. eueu is distinguished by 579 fixed differences from M. mirus with F ST = 0.96 (p dA = 0.04 (electronic supplementary material, table S2). Nuclear DNA: reduced representation sequencing with ddRAD showed M. eueu had a distinct admixture pattern to M. mirus (figure 2), and an F ST = 0.64 (p M. mirus and M. eueu weredistinguished by 1909 fixed differences (12%, per SNP allele error rate = 0.002), across a dataset of 15671 SNPs found between or within both species. Comparison of one whole nuclear genome each from M. mirus and M. eueu showed a level of nucleotide divergence of 0.28%. Morphological characters M. eueu is a larger (5.3 m) species of Mesoplodon differing from all other members of the genus except M. mirus, M. hectori and M. perrini in having tusks positioned at the tip of the mandible. It also differs from M. hectori and M. perrini in having smaller, less triangular tusks and from M. mirus in having a relatively shorter rostrum with a wider base, a shorter mandibular symphysis, wider premaxillary sac fossae and crests, and a taller cranium. External appearance The external appearances of M. eueu and M. mirus are not known to be consistently distinguishable. Both species are rotund mesoplodonts with bodies that taper towards the tail and rostrum, with somewhat bulbous and well-defined melons, a mostly straight beak and short, straight gape. Colouration is generally grey with a dark eye patch in both species, but there may be specific colouration patterns linked to M. eueu; for example, a female that stranded in South Africa showed a whitish dorsal colouration from the fin to caudal peduncle [14]. However, Aguilar et al. [6] reported M. mirus with varying dorsal and ventral white colouration in the Canary and Azores Islands, so colouration patterns linked to species cannot yet be conclusively defined. Distribution M. eueu probably occurs throughout temperate SH waters, with reports from several locations. Genetic methods have confirmed at least some of these records in South Africa ([20], this study), Australia [20] and Aotearoa New Zealand [11]. Nomenclatural acts This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains are registered in ZooBank (http://zoobank.org/), the online registration system for the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The ZooBank Life Science Identifier is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: C61A1A33-B234-476E- AA24-86C6ED130C10, and for the new species is urn:lsid:zoo bank.org:act: C56121C4-1E15-4A07-A270-D92AF43AE74A.

This document contains Supplementary material text, tables S1-S4, and figures S1-S8.

Supplemental material, DS1_JVDI_10.1177_1040638719839110 for Baseline urinalysis values in common bottlenose dolphins under human care in the Caribbean by Natalia Jiménez-Zucchet, Tamara Alejandro-Zayas, Christian A. Alvarado-Macedo, María Renée Arreola-Illescas, Lissette Benítez-Araiza, Lilian Bustamante-Tello, Danilo Cruz-Martínes, Nayeli Falcón-Robles, Luz Garduño-González, María Concepción López-Romahn, Ana Michelle Martínez-Taylor, Adriana Mingramm-Murillo, Carlos Ortíz, Antonio L. Rivera-Guzmán, Rocío Sabater-Durán, Angélica Sánchez-Jiménez, Roberto Sánchez-Okrucky, Lydia Staggs, Raúl Torres-Salcedo, María Vences-Fernández, Bert Rivera-Marchand and Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni in Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation

The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) is endangered due to anthropogenic activities, which affect both the manatee’s health and use of habitats required for their survival. The spatial distribution and use of the manatee habitat on the southern coast of Puerto Rico was obtained using helicopter aerial surveys and was related to zoogeographic, environmental and oceanographic factors. A total of 33 surveys were conducted along the southern coast from 2001 to 2015. There was a total of 488 sightings and 914 individuals, which represents 13 manatees per hour of effort, 12.4% being calves. No correlation was found between their presence and seasons, sea surface temperature, or currents. The use of freshwater and seagrass bed resources did not present a statistical relationship, but it is clear that they are part of their nature and necessary for their survival. However, the depth and degree of protection offered by the bays is decisive to predict the presence of manatees. A marked increase in the number of manatees per hour of effort between 2007 and 2015 represents a possible population growth. Given that the survival of manatees in Puerto Rico is threatened by different natural and anthropogenic factors, this study, together with studies on telemetry and habitat use, should help designate future protected areas critical for their survival. El manatí antillano (Trichechus manatus manatus) está en peligro de extinción debido a actividades antrópicas, las cuales afectan tanto su salud como el uso de hábitats requeridos para su supervivencia. El presente estudio detalla la distribución espacial y uso de hábitat del manatí en la costa sur de Puerto Rico al hacer censos aéreos en helicóptero y relacionarlos con aspectos zoogeográficos, ambientales y oceanográficas. Se realizaron 33 censos aéreos en helicóptero, paralelos a la costa sur, desde el año 2001 al año 2015. Hubo un total de 488 avistamientos y 914 individuos, lo cual representa 13 manatíes por hora de esfuerzo y 12.4% de crías. No se encontró que factores de temporada, temperatura superficial del mar o las corrientes afecten su presencia. El uso de recursos de agua dulce y praderas de yerbas no presentó estadísticamente una relación, pero si es claro que son parte de su naturaleza y necesarios para su sobrevivencia. Sin embargo, la profundidad y el grado de protección que ofrecen las bahías si es determinante para predecir la presencia de manatíes. Un marcado incremento en el número de manatíes por hora de esfuerzo entre el año 2007 y año 2015 representa un posible aumento poblacional. Dado que la supervivencia de los manatíes en Puerto Rico está amenazada por diferentes factores naturales y antrópicos, este estudio, junto a los de telemetría y uso de hábitat, deben ayudar a designar en el futuro áreas protegidas críticas para su supervivencia. O peixe-boi-marinho (Trichechus manatus manatus) está em perigo de extinção devido a atividades antrópicas, que afetam tanto sua saúde como o uso de hábitats requeridos para sua sobrevivência. O presente estudo detalha a distribuição espacial e o uso do hábitat do peixe-boi na costa sul de Porto Rico ao realizar censos aéreos de helicóptero e relacioná-los com aspectos zoogeográficos, ambientais e oceanográficos. Foram realizados 33 censos aéreos de helicóptero, paralelos à costa sul, desde o ano 2001 ao ano 2015. Houve um total de 488 descobrimentos e 914 indivíduos, que representam 13 peixes-bois por hora de esforço e 12,4% de crias. Não se observou que fatores de temporada, temperatura superficial do mar ou as correntes afetem sua presença. O uso de recursos de água doce e pradarias de fanerógamas marinhas não apresentou estatisticamente uma relação, mas sim é claro que são parte de sua natureza e necessários para sua sobrevivência. Porém, a profundidade e o grau de proteção que oferecem as bahias sim é determinante para prever a presença de peixes-bois. Um marcado aumento no número de peixes-bois por hora de esforço entre o ano 2007 e o ano 2015 representa um possível aumento populacional. Dado que a sobrevivência dos peixes-bois em Porto Rico está ameaçada por diferentes fatores naturais e antrópicos, este estudo, junto aos da telemetria e o uso de hábitat, devem ajudar a designar, no futuro, áreas protegidas críticas para sua sobrevivência.