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Noble metal NPs are highly attractive candidates because of their unique combination of physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties. A lot of developments in this area are still fascinating the materials research community, and are broadly categorized in various sectors such as chemical sensors, biosensors, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and microelectronic applications. The related function and properties of the noble metals in these areas can be further tailored by tuning their chemical, optical, and electronic properties that are influenced by their size, shape, and distribution. The most widely used Au and Ag NPs in dispersed phase below 100 nm exhibit strong color change in the visible range which alters upon aggregation of the NPs. The chemical sensing of the analyte is influenced by these NPs aggregates. In this article, we have summarized the uniqueness of noble metal NPs, their synthesis methods, nucleation and growth process, and their important applications in chemical sensing, microelectronic packaging, and Förster resonance energy transfer.

This text provides a comprehensive overview of the design, modellng and testing of microelectronic systems. It begins with a brief introduction to the history and development of microelectronics before discussing Bi-Polar and MOS Design (including CMOS and NMOS). After looking at memory systems and field programmable gate arrays it then goes on to explore all aspects of modelling, including VHDL, PSPICE and fault modelling. The third section looks at practical testing of systems, including a discussion of designing for testability and memory tests. This book finishes with a number of appendices that provide vital reference material for MOS characteristics, IC fabrication, design rules, VHDL and PSPICE references, including an excellent PSPICE tutorial.This comprehensive coverage, from conception, through modelling to testing, of these key systems provides a fully up-to-date account that will prove invaluable for all those with an interest in microelectronics. --This text refers to an alternate Paperback edition.