Search

†Family Hirsutisomidae Wunderlich, 2017 Hirsutisomidae Wunderlich, 2017: 53–55, type genus: Hirsutisoma Wunderlich, 2017; Selden & Ren, 2017: 329; Valdez-Mondragón & Francke, 2017: 12; Ross, 2019: 43; Valdez-Mondragón et al., 2018: 114; Dunlop et al., 2020: 125; Valdez-Mondragón et al., 2020: 2; Valdez-Mondragón & Cortez-Roldán, 2021: 2; Valdez-Mondragón & JuárezSánchez, 2021: 329., Published as part of BOTERO-TRUJILLO, RICARDO, DAVIS, STEVEN R., MICHALIK, PETER & PRENDINI, LORENZO, 2022, Hirsutisoma grimaldii sp. nov., a ca. 99 - million-year-old ricinuleid (Primoricinulei, Hirsutisomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber with a corticolous, scansorial lifestyle, pp. 493-504 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 495, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.11, http://zenodo.org/record/7333659, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (2017) New extinct taxa of the arachnid order Ricinulei, based on new fossils preserved in mid Cretaceous Burmese amber. In: Wunderlich, J. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Araneologie 10, Ten papers on fossil and extant spiders (Araneae). Jorg Wunderlich, Hirschberg, Germany, pp. 48 - 71.","Selden, P. A. & Ren, D. (2017) A review of Burmese amber arachnids. Journal of Arachnology, 45, 324 - 343.","Valdez-Mondragon, A. & Francke, O. F. (2017) Ricinulidos de Mexico, un grupo de aracnidos diverso y aun poco conocido en el pais. Boletin de la Asociacion Mexicana de Sistematica de Artropodos, 1, 11 - 17.","Ross, A. J. (2019) Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography 2018. Palaeoentomology, 2 (1), 22 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 2.1.5","Valdez-Mondragon, A., Francke, O. F. & Botero-Trujillo, R. (2018) New morphological data for the order Ricinulei with the description of two new species of Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from Mexico. Journal of Arachnology, 46, 114 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / JoA-S- 17 - 054 R 1.1","Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. (2020) A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In: World spider catalog, version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / resources / fossils / Fossils 20.5. pdf (accessed May 30, 2022)","Valdez-Mondragon, A., Cortez-Roldan, M. R. & Campuzano- Granados, E. F. (2020) On the Mexican ricinuleids: A new species of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from the cloud forest of Chiapas, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 91, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2020.91.3224","Valdez-Mondragon, A. & Cortez-Roldan, M. R. (2021) COI mtDNA barcoding and morphology for the description of a new species of ricinuleid of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy, 778, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2021.778.1563"]}

† Hirsutisoma grimaldii sp. nov. (Figs 1–4; Tables 1, 2) Type material. Holotype ♂ (AMNH _ IZC 00357137), Myanmar: embedded in an oval piece (18 × 12 × 5 mm) of Cretaceous Burmese amber (ca. 99 Ma). Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym honoring AMNH Curator, Dr David A. Grimaldi, in recognition of his work on extinct and extant arthropods. Dr Grimaldi’s assistance was instrumental in making this fossil available for study. Diagnosis. Hirsutisoma grimaldii may be recognized by the presence of a distinct comb of 8–10 lamellate projections basally on the proventral surface of the pedipalp tarsus (Fig. 3D–F), a structure absent in the type specimens of other congeners. It differs further from H. bruckschi, the only other Hirsutisoma species for which the adult male is known, in the morphology of the male leg III and copulatory apparatus: in the male of H. grimaldii, the prolateral surface of the metatarsus of leg III is sharply expanded distally, the first tarsomere of leg III bears a pronounced longitudinal ridge retrodorsally, and the horn-shaped part of the copulatory apparatus is relatively long, reaching well past the midline of the first tarsomere (Figs 2C, D, 4D). In the male of H. bruckschi, the prolateral surface of the metatarsus of leg III is not expanded distally, no ridge is present retrodorsally on the first tarsomere of leg III, and the horn-shaped part of the copulatory apparatus is shorter, reaching to the midline of the first tarsomere. Description. Male. Based on holotype (AMNH_IZC 00357137). Measurements. Total length, approximately 3.91 mm (Table 1). Inclusion. Complete specimen. Ventral aspect completely visible (Fig. 1B), amber matrix without significant imperfections; pedipalp coxae partially obscured by debris (Fig. 1D). Dorsal aspect of specimen, especially carapace, partly obscured by bubbles (Fig. 1A, C). Colouration and hardness. Cuticle pale brown, uniformly coloured. Pedipalp tarsus and copulatory apparatus reddish. Colour of specimen and apparent compression of some leg segments (by pressure exerted by amber), suggest cuticle may be not heavily sclerotized. Setation. Coxosternal region, opisthosoma dorsal surface (posterior half) and, especially, ventral surface covered with short to medium-sized, rather spinose macrosetae. Opisthosoma dorsal surface of anterior one- or two-thirds densely hirsute, long macrosetae (some about half opisthosomal length) obscuring anterior dorsal sclerites (Figs 2A, 3C); unclear whether macrosetae originate along anterodorsal external margin of opisthosoma or from surface of anterior tergites; external border of opisthosoma provisioned along entire length with dense array of medium-sized macrosetae (apparently originating from ventral sclerites). Cucullus and legs covered with bristle-like macrosetae of variable length (Figs 1, 2); leg III, dorsal surface of first tarsomere with brush-like array of brownish macrosetae (apparently clavate) distally (Fig. 2C, D). Pedipalps, setation similar to legs; tibia prolateral surface with distinct patch of dense, brownish macrosetae (Fig. 1C). Polygonal macrosetae absent. Tegument surface macrosculpture. Tegument completely smooth, soma and appendages without single visible granule; cuticular pits absent. Interlocking mechanism. Absent. Prosoma and opisthosoma not interlocked (Fig. 3A); coxae of legs IV unmodified, not hooked to opisthosoma ventrally; opisthosoma dorsal and ventral surfaces visibly oval (Fig. 2A, B), anterior margins not truncate; anterior part of opisthosoma extending dorsally over posterior part of prosoma, slightly obscuring the latter; exposed pedicel presumably connecting both tagmata (Fig. 3A). Carapace. Carapace pear-shaped, narrower anteriorly (reminiscent of typical spider carapace), approximately as long as or slightly longer than wide; three pairs of ocelli in two triads laterally (Fig. 3B); sulci, if any, not visible. Cucullus. Cucullus trapezoidal, slightly wider than long (Figs 1C, 3B); lateral margins slightly diverging ventrally; ventrolateral margins rounded; ventral margin sublinear in ventral aspect, slightly bilobate in anterior aspect; anterior surface slightly concave, almost flat (Fig. 1C), without remarkable structures or modifications; sulci, if any, not visible. Coxosternal region. Sternum large, situated centrally on prosoma ventral surface (Figs 1D, 4C); drop-shaped, acute posteriorly; coxae of pedipalps and legs arranged concentrically around sternum; coxae of pedipalps abutting one another, forming floor of preoral cavity; coxae of legs I–IV short, separate from coxae of adjacent legs (i. e., lateral margins not fused along contact zone); sternum and coxae without remarkable structures or modifications. Chelicerae. Chelicerae retracted into preoral cavity, not visible under light microscopy (micro-CT scanning revealed that fixed and movable fingers are long and similar in length, reminiscent of cheliceral fingers of Solifugae); finger dentition, if any, obscured; manus seemingly unmodified. Pedipalps. Pedipalps positioned anteriad (Figs 1C, 3B); consisting of coxa, trochanters 1 and 2, femur, tibia, and tarsus; femur slightly longer than deep or wide; tibia length at most twice its maximum diameter, without fixed finger (not chelate); tarsus (movable finger) long and curved (Fig. 3D–F), about as long as tibia and at least half length of cucullo-carapacial commissure, laterally compressed, with sharp dorsal and ventral edges, basally with comb of 8–10 lamellate projections on proventral surface. Pedipalps without other remarkable structures or modifications. Legs. Legs comprising seven segments (coxa, one trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus), except leg IV with eight (i. e., two trochanters). Plane of flexion of tibia similar to (aligned with) plane of flexion of patella (Fig. 4B), axis of flexion at articulation of tibia and patella slightly rotated or not rotated. Leg femora unmodified. Leg I femur very narrow proximally, longitudinal axis crooked (Figs 1C, D, 3B, G, H); tarsus without dorsomedian lobe. Leg II longest; tarsus comprising five tarsomeres, all longer than wide and similar in length (Fig. 2C); laterodistal margins of first to fourth tarsomeres not overlapping adjacent tarsomere; fifth tarsomere without dorsomedian lobe. Leg III femur, patella, tibia, and metatarsus short and subspherical (Figs 2C, D, 4D); metatarsus prolateral surface with sharp, flat, glabrous expansion distally (Fig. 4D); metatarsal process forming curved, concave flap situated apically on metatarsus, near to and opposing tarsus; tarsus comprising four tarsomeres; first tarsomere markedly elongate, about four times longer than other tarsomeres, sinuous in dorsal aspect, shaped to accommodate copulatory apparatus that originates from its base, with pronounced retrodorsal longitudinal ridge; tarsomeres 2–4 short (each about as long as deep), similar in length and unmodified. Leg IV without remarkable structures or modifications; tarsus comprising five tarsomeres (Fig. 3I). Legs III and IV, terminal tarsomere apex margins not projected, ungues completely exposed in dorsal and lateral aspects (Figs 3I, 4D); dorsomedian lobe absent. Ungues acuminate and sharp on all legs, longer on III and IV. Copulatory apparatus and associated structures. Comprising two parts not closely associated with one another (other components may be not visible) (Figs 2C, D, 4D); one part short, horn-shaped, lying prodorsally on first tarsomere; adjacent, in retrolateral position, hyaline, laterally compressed, lanceolate structure, apparently originating on metatarsus; other part, about twice length, narrower, and whip-shaped, curling around distal part of metatarsus. Based on morphology of modified leg III, horn-shaped part of copulatory apparatus presumably protected by various structures: ventrally by modified first tarsomere, dorsally by metatarsal process, prolaterally by metatarsal distal expansion, and retrolaterally by metatarsal(?) lanceolate structure. Opisthosoma. Opisthosoma oval, longer than wide (Table 1), broadest at tergite XII. Dorsal surface divided transversally into separate tergites (Figs 1A, 2A, 3C); tergites without submedian depressions. Tergite X not visible, obscured by long macrosetae and matrix imperfections, segmentation unclear; XI–XIII each comprising median and lateral sclerites (visible for XII and XIII, revealed by micro-CT scanning for XI) (Fig. 3C); median sclerite of tergite XII only partially visible; of XIII cup-shaped, markedly wider than long (Table 1), lateral margins parallel. Sternites XI–XIII entirely fused, forming uniform ventral sternal plate without irregularities (Fig. 2B); submedian depressions absent. Pygidium not exposed (Fig. 2A, B), completely sheltered between dorsal and ventral opisthosomal sclerites, presumably retractile. Female. Unknown.

† Hirsutisoma grimaldii sp. nov. (Figs 1–4; Tables 1, 2) Type material. Holotype ♂ (AMNH _ IZC 00357137), Myanmar: embedded in an oval piece (18 × 12 × 5 mm) of Cretaceous Burmese amber (ca. 99 Ma). Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym honoring AMNH Curator, Dr David A. Grimaldi, in recognition of his work on extinct and extant arthropods. Dr Grimaldi’s assistance was instrumental in making this fossil available for study. Diagnosis. Hirsutisoma grimaldii may be recognized by the presence of a distinct comb of 8–10 lamellate projections basally on the proventral surface of the pedipalp tarsus (Fig. 3D–F), a structure absent in the type specimens of other congeners. It differs further from H. bruckschi, the only other Hirsutisoma species for which the adult male is known, in the morphology of the male leg III and copulatory apparatus: in the male of H. grimaldii, the prolateral surface of the metatarsus of leg III is sharply expanded distally, the first tarsomere of leg III bears a pronounced longitudinal ridge retrodorsally, and the horn-shaped part of the copulatory apparatus is relatively long, reaching well past the midline of the first tarsomere (Figs 2C, D, 4D). In the male of H. bruckschi, the prolateral surface of the metatarsus of leg III is not expanded distally, no ridge is present retrodorsally on the first tarsomere of leg III, and the horn-shaped part of the copulatory apparatus is shorter, reaching to the midline of the first tarsomere. Description. Male. Based on holotype (AMNH_IZC 00357137). Measurements. Total length, approximately 3.91 mm (Table 1). Inclusion. Complete specimen. Ventral aspect completely visible (Fig. 1B), amber matrix without significant imperfections; pedipalp coxae partially obscured by debris (Fig. 1D). Dorsal aspect of specimen, especially carapace, partly obscured by bubbles (Fig. 1A, C). Colouration and hardness. Cuticle pale brown, uniformly coloured. Pedipalp tarsus and copulatory apparatus reddish. Colour of specimen and apparent compression of some leg segments (by pressure exerted by amber), suggest cuticle may be not heavily sclerotized. Setation. Coxosternal region, opisthosoma dorsal surface (posterior half) and, especially, ventral surface covered with short to medium-sized, rather spinose macrosetae. Opisthosoma dorsal surface of anterior one- or two-thirds densely hirsute, long macrosetae (some about half opisthosomal length) obscuring anterior dorsal sclerites (Figs 2A, 3C); unclear whether macrosetae originate along anterodorsal external margin of opisthosoma or from surface of anterior tergites; external border of opisthosoma provisioned along entire length with dense array of medium-sized macrosetae (apparently originating from ventral sclerites). Cucullus and legs covered with bristle-like macrosetae of variable length (Figs 1, 2); leg III, dorsal surface of first tarsomere with brush-like array of brownish macrosetae (apparently clavate) distally (Fig. 2C, D). Pedipalps, setation similar to legs; tibia prolateral surface with distinct patch of dense, brownish macrosetae (Fig. 1C). Polygonal macrosetae absent. Tegument surface macrosculpture. Tegument completely smooth, soma and appendages without single visible granule; cuticular pits absent. Interlocking mechanism. Absent. Prosoma and opisthosoma not interlocked (Fig. 3A); coxae of legs IV unmodified, not hooked to opisthosoma ventrally; opisthosoma dorsal and ventral surfaces visibly oval (Fig. 2A, B), anterior margins not truncate; anterior part of opisthosoma extending dorsally over posterior part of prosoma, slightly obscuring the latter; exposed pedicel presumably connecting both tagmata (Fig. 3A). Carapace. Carapace pear-shaped, narrower anteriorly (reminiscent of typical spider carapace), approximately as long as or slightly longer than wide; three pairs of ocelli in two triads laterally (Fig. 3B); sulci, if any, not visible. Cucullus. Cucullus trapezoidal, slightly wider than long (Figs 1C, 3B); lateral margins slightly diverging ventrally; ventrolateral margins rounded; ventral margin sublinear in ventral aspect, slightly bilobate in anterior aspect; anterior surface slightly concave, almost flat (Fig. 1C), without remarkable structures or modifications; sulci, if any, not visible. Coxosternal region. Sternum large, situated centrally on prosoma ventral surface (Figs 1D, 4C); drop-shaped, acute posteriorly; coxae of pedipalps and legs arranged concentrically around sternum; coxae of pedipalps abutting one another, forming floor of preoral cavity; coxae of legs I–IV short, separate from coxae of adjacent legs (i. e., lateral margins not fused along contact zone); sternum and coxae without remarkable structures or modifications. Chelicerae. Chelicerae retracted into preoral cavity, not visible under light microscopy (micro-CT scanning revealed that fixed and movable fingers are long and similar in length, reminiscent of cheliceral fingers of Solifugae); finger dentition, if any, obscured; manus seemingly unmodified. Pedipalps. Pedipalps positioned anteriad (Figs 1C, 3B); consisting of coxa, trochanters 1 and 2, femur, tibia, and tarsus; femur slightly longer than deep or wide; tibia length at most twice its maximum diameter, without fixed finger (not chelate); tarsus (movable finger) long and curved (Fig. 3D–F), about as long as tibia and at least half length of cucullo-carapacial commissure, laterally compressed, with sharp dorsal and ventral edges, basally with comb of 8–10 lamellate projections on proventral surface. Pedipalps without other remarkable structures or modifications. Legs. Legs comprising seven segments (coxa, one trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus), except leg IV with eight (i. e., two trochanters). Plane of flexion of tibia similar to (aligned with) plane of flexion of patella (Fig. 4B), axis of flexion at articulation of tibia and patella slightly rotated or not rotated. Leg femora unmodified. Leg I femur very narrow proximally, longitudinal axis crooked (Figs 1C, D, 3B, G, H); tarsus without dorsomedian lobe. Leg II longest; tarsus comprising five tarsomeres, all longer than wide and similar in length (Fig. 2C); laterodistal margins of first to fourth tarsomeres not overlapping adjacent tarsomere; fifth tarsomere without dorsomedian lobe. Leg III femur, patella, tibia, and metatarsus short and subspherical (Figs 2C, D, 4D); metatarsus prolateral surface with sharp, flat, glabrous expansion distally (Fig. 4D); metatarsal process forming curved, concave flap situated apically on metatarsus, near to and opposing tarsus; tarsus comprising four tarsomeres; first tarsomere markedly elongate, about four times longer than other tarsomeres, sinuous in dorsal aspect, shaped to accommodate copulatory apparatus that originates from its base, with pronounced retrodorsal longitudinal ridge; tarsomeres 2–4 short (each about as long as deep), similar in length and unmodified. Leg IV without remarkable structures or modifications; tarsus comprising five tarsomeres (Fig. 3I). Legs III and IV, terminal tarsomere apex margins not projected, ungues completely exposed in dorsal and lateral aspects (Figs 3I, 4D); dorsomedian lobe absent. Ungues acuminate and sharp on all legs, longer on III and IV. Copulatory apparatus and associated structures. Comprising two parts not closely associated with one another (other components may be not visible) (Figs 2C, D, 4D); one part short, horn-shaped, lying prodorsally on first tarsomere; adjacent, in retrolateral position, hyaline, laterally compressed, lanceolate structure, apparently originating on metatarsus; other part, about twice length, narrower, and whip-shaped, curling around distal part of metatarsus. Based on morphology of modified leg III, horn-shaped part of copulatory apparatus presumably protected by various structures: ventrally by modified first tarsomere, dorsally by metatarsal process, prolaterally by metatarsal distal expansion, and retrolaterally by metatarsal(?) lanceolate structure. Opisthosoma. Opisthosoma oval, longer than wide (Table 1), broadest at tergite XII. Dorsal surface divided transversally into separate tergites (Figs 1A, 2A, 3C); tergites without submedian depressions. Tergite X not visible, obscured by long macrosetae and matrix imperfections, segmentation unclear; XI–XIII each comprising median and lateral sclerites (visible for XII and XIII, revealed by micro-CT scanning for XI) (Fig. 3C); median sclerite of tergite XII only partially visible; of XIII cup-shaped, markedly wider than long (Table 1), lateral margins parallel. Sternites XI–XIII entirely fused, forming uniform ventral sternal plate without irregularities (Fig. 2B); submedian depressions absent. Pygidium not exposed (Fig. 2A, B), completely sheltered between dorsal and ventral opisthosomal sclerites, presumably retractile. Female. Unknown., Published as part of BOTERO-TRUJILLO, RICARDO, DAVIS, STEVEN R., MICHALIK, PETER & PRENDINI, LORENZO, 2022, Hirsutisoma grimaldii sp. nov., a ca. 99 - million-year-old ricinuleid (Primoricinulei, Hirsutisomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber with a corticolous, scansorial lifestyle, pp. 493-504 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on pages 495-500, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.11, http://zenodo.org/record/7333659

Additional file 2. Morphological characters included in this study.

Additional file 1. Voucher data.

Temporal distribution of records for all species in the investigated collection database as in Figure 4 of the main manuscript. The years 1912 and 1991 (the end of two intense collecting efforts) are indicated by grey vertical lines. Colors denote supraspecific taxa: Crustacea (blue), Mollusca (green) and Echinodermata (red).

Temporal distribution of records for all species in the investigated collection database as in Figure 4 of the main manuscript. The years 1912 and 1991 (the end of two intense collecting efforts) are indicated by grey vertical lines. Colors denote supraspecific taxa: Crustacea (blue), Mollusca (green) and Echinodermata (red).

ESM file 3 shows two maps for each species; one map for all occurrences prior to 1912, and one map for all occurrences after 1912. The occurrences are colored by the supraspecific taxon: Crustacea (blue), Echinodermata (red), and Mollusca (green).

ESM file 1 consists of two tables, which contain details of the collection metadata for each museum or university collection and phyla. Table S1.1 indicates the number of records available prior to data curation and filtering for the three analysed phyla. Note that the number of initial records reported in the main manuscript is higher because it includes records for other phyla. Table S1.2 indicates the number of records after data curation and filtering. These numbers equal the numbers in the main manuscript.

Rhopalosomatidae, currently considered the sister group of the Vespidae, are an enigmatic family of aculeate wasps that originated in the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous. Despite their considerable age, very few fossils of the family have been reported – all of them in amber (Miocene Dominican, Miocene Mexican, and mid-Cretaceous Burmese ambers). Here we report a new mid-Cretaceous rhopalosomatid wasp, Cretolixon alatum Lohrmann, gen. et sp. nov., from Burmese (Kachin) amber. This new genus has a unique mixture of characters, some of which are only known from the recent brachypterous genus Olixon and others of which are known only from the recent macropterous genera. Thus, Cretolixon Lohrmann, gen. nov. not only provides further evidence for the monophyly of the family but also contributes evidence for the monophyly of the Rhopalosomatinae. Key characters of the family are discussed, and an updated checklist of the world genera and fossil species and occurrences of Rhopalosomatidae is provided. Additionally, a chemical analysis was performed for three of the newly reported fossils as well as for the amber piece containing the rhopalosomatid larva described by Lohrmann and Engel (2017) to ascertain their amber vs. copal nature and their affinities with each other and previously described Burmese amber.

Web-building spiders are an extremely diverse predatory group due to their use of physiologically differentiated silk types in webs. Major shifts in silk functional properties are classically attributed to innovations in silk genes and protein expression. Here, we disentangle the effects of spinning behavior on silk performance of the earliest types of capture threads in spider webs for the first time. Progradungula otwayensis produces two variations of cribellate silk in webs: ladder lines are stereotypically combed with the calamistrum while supporting rail lines contain silk that is naturally uncombed, spun without the intervention of the legs. Combed cribellate silk is highly extensible and adhesive suggesting that the reserve warp and cribellate fibrils brings them into tension only near or after the underlying axial fibers are broken. In contrast, these three fiber components are largely aligned in the uncombed threads and deform as a single composite unit that is 5–10x stronger, but significantly less adhesive, allowing them to act as structural elements in the web. Our study reveals that cribellate silk can occupy a surprisingly diverse performance space, accessible through simple changes in spider behavior, which may have facilitated the impressive diversification of web architectures utilizing this ancient silk. Fil: Michalik, Peter. ERNST MORITZ ARNDT UNIVERSITÄT GREIFSWALD (UG); Fil: Piorkowski, Dakota. Tunghai University; China Fil: Blackledge, Todd A.. University of Akron; Estados Unidos Fil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Natural history collections are fundamental for biodiversity research as well as for any applied environment-related research. These collections can be seen as archives of earth´s life providing the basis to address highly relevant scientific questions such as how biodiversity changes in certain environments, either through evolutionary processes in a geological timescale, or by man-made transformation of habitats throughout the last decades and/or centuries. A prominent example is the decline of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis Linneaus, 1758 in the North Sea and the concomitant invasion of the common limpet slipper Crepidula fornicata, which has been implicated to have negative effects on O. edulis. We used collections to analyse population changes in both species in the North Sea. In order to reconstruct the change in distribution and diversity over the past 200 years, we combined the temporal and spatial information recorded with the collected specimens contained in several European natural history collections. Our data recover the decline of O. edulis in the North Sea from the 19th century to the present and the process of invasion of C. fornicata. Importantly, the decline of O. edulis was nearly completed before C. fornicata appeared in the North Sea, suggesting that the latter had nothing to do with the local extinction of O. edulis in the North Sea.

Additional file 1: Appendix – Voucher Data (DOCX 15 kb)

Trechus eoanophthalmus sp. n. Figs. 1���13 Holotype. Male in Baltic amber; size of piece approximately 17.0 x 15.6 x 8.6 mm (irregularly cut, Fig. 7), No. 452 in the collection F. Eichmann, Hannover, Germany (likely to be later deposited at the Geologisch- Pal��ontologisches Museum, University of Hamburg, Germany). Preservation status. The specimen is markedly shrunken with its exoskeleton, which is completely dissociated from the inclusion wall. The latter represents the negative imprint of the beetle body and is visible in most portions. Detached parts of the original beetle exoskeleton, e.g., the distorted right elytron, which moves freely in the cavity of the amber piece, and the shrunken legs, are visible under optical microscope and could be imaged in detail using micro-CT (Figs 8���11). This particular condition of preservation is probably the result of the embedding of an immature and thus teneral specimen whose exoskeleton collapsed after the resin was cured. Most parts of the negative imprint of the beetle body were visible in detail using a light microscope (see, e.g., microsculpture of head, Fig. 3, protibial groove, Fig. 6). However, since the amber piece was polished only from two sides lateral to the inclusion (Fig. 7) a view directly from dorsad and ventrad of the beetle is not possible due to refractions. The mouth parts are surrounded by dirt particles and therefore, the basal portion of mandibles, maxillae and mentum could not be examined using light microscopy (only the apical part of mandibles and apical segments of the palpi were visible, Figs. 3). In addition, the results of micro-CT imaging showed that the imprint of the inclusion was destroyed on the ventral surface of head (Fig. 11) and therefore, diagnostic characters of the mentum could not be reconstructed. Syninclusions. Apart from several dirt particles, no syninclusions are preserved in the amber piece. Description. Body length: 4.4 mm. Colour: Colour of body surface undeterminable. Microsculpture: Clypeus and frons with slightly engraved markedly transverse meshes, neck with larger and less transverse meshes (Fig. 3). Discs of pronotum and elytra with very fine and weakly impressed transverse meshes (visible under magnification> 150 x), appearing polished under lower magnifications. Head: Length 1.09 mm, short and robust, notably broad near base (Fig. 8). Mandibles of normal length for Trechus (mandibular dentition and chaetotaxy of the mandibular groove could not be reconstructed). Labrum with three pairs of setae (shape of the labral apical margin could not be displayed). Clypeus with two pairs of setae in normal position. Shape of apical segments of maxillary and labial palpi as in Trechus sensu stricto. Eyes completely reduced (Figs 1���4, 8).Tempora, frons, orbital and supraorbital areas smooth, markedly convex, with supraorbital furrows deep, complete, and almost uniformly bent on disc (Figs 3���4); frons with a slight but distinct transverse impression (Figs 3, 8); two supraorbital setae present and in normal position for Trechus. Antennae moderately short, with scapus rather robust (length 0.17 mm; length/width = 1.31; 1.3times broader than pedicellus), and with pedicellus and third antennomere of the same length (0.16 mm) and shape. Prothorax: Pronotum markedly transverse (width/length = 1.54), length 0.82 mm, 1.39 times broader than head, broadest in middle, with sides evenly rounded in anterior 5/6 and straight before the small but well developed laterobasal angles; basal margin 1.25 times broader than apical margin. Disk markedly convex, smooth (Fig. 4). Anterior margin almost straight, very finely beaded in outer third, smooth in middle, with apical angles very slightly protruded, rounded. Posterior margin not beaded, moderately convex in middle, slightly incised before outer quarters; laterobasal angles small, not shifted anteriad, almost rectangular, not protruded laterally. Median longitudinal impression distinct, somewhat deeper near base, disappearing near apex; anterior transverse impression very fine, smooth; posterior transverse impression deep and linear, smooth, laterobasal foveae indistinct; pronotal base convex between laterobasal foveae and side margin. Lateral gutter moderately narrow throughout, very slightly widened towards base, smooth. Both lateral and laterobasal setae present, with the lateral seta located at apical third of pronotum. Proepisternum and prosternal process glabrous and smooth, latter without margin. Pterothorax: Elytra markedly convex on disc (Figs. 1���2, 10), in dorsal view short-ovate (Fig. 9), length 2.49 mm, length/width = 1.21, widest near their mid-length, moderately wider than pronotum (width of elytra/width of pronotum = 1.20), glabrous beside normal setation. Humeral angles fully rounded, basal groove absent. Parascutellar stria and parascutellar seta present. First stria complete, second stria disappearing near apex, third and fourth striae distinctly finer impressed than inner striae, disappearing near base and apex, fifth and sixth striae indistinct, seventh and eighth striae absent; inner striae finely punctated apart from the apical fifth of elytra (Figs. 5, 13). Each elytron with two discal setae in third stria, and with preapical seta, situated at apical eighth of elytra, almost equally as close to the apical margin as to the suture of elytra (Figs 5, 12). Recurrent stria extending towards the reduced fifth stria anteriorly, moderately long, almost straight, with front end situated slightly anterior of the level of the preapical seta (Fig. 12). Setae of umbilicate humeral series close to the elytral margin, with posterior three setae equidistant from each other, and with first seta slightly more distant from second (Figs. 5, 13). The two setae of the medial group of the umbilicate series far removed from the preapical group (Figs. 5, 13). Epipleura long, nearly reaching the apex. Metepisternum short, glabrous and smooth, with outer margin 1.2 times longer than anterior margin. Abdomen: Abdominal sternites V���VII and anal sternite each with one (male) pair of setae near apical margin; surfaces smooth, without hairs or micropunctures. Legs: Moderately short, robust, all femora unmodified; protibia straight and moderately dilated towards apex, glabrous on their anterior surface, with a short and very fine longitudinal groove on external surface (Fig. 6). Basal two protarsomeres moderately dilated (Fig. 6). Male genitalia: Could not be located within the collapsed abdominal portion of the exoskeleton. Etymology. The name of the new species is a combination of ���eo���, derived from the Eocene epoch when the beetle was fossilized, and ���anophthalmus��� (= eyeless), derived from a combination of the Greek words ���a(n)��� = without, and ���ophthalmos��� = eye. Relationships. Trechus eoanophthalmus sp. n. shares all diagnostic features with the previously described T. balticus placing the new fossil species either in the main Trechus clade sensu Faille et al. (2013) or in the Nearctic lineage Microtrechus Jeannel, 1927 (see discussion in Schmidt & Faille 2015): shape of mandibles normal; orbital area glabrous, with deep furrows semicircularly separating well developed supraorbital region from frons and neck; two supraorbital setae present; apical segment of maxillary palpus as long as the penultimate, at base almost as broad as apex of penultimate segment, and at apex regularly conically pointed; pronotum and elytra glabrous; pronotum with posterior transverse impression and laterobasal foveae linear and sharply limited towards the convex disc, with one anterolateral and one laterobasal setae each side; elytra with basal groove absent, and with two discal setae; recurrent sutural stria forming a deep carina directed towards the end of the fifth stria; apical triangle present, setae of humeral group situated close to the elytral margin, setae of medial group well separated from the preapical group; apical portion of protibia glabrous on external surface. Trechus eoanophthalmus sp. n. is distinguished from Microtrechus by two dilated male protarsomeres. Thus, the new species is most likely a representative of the main Trechus clade sensu Faille et al. (2013). However, phylogenetic studies have shown that the genus Trechus sensu auctorum is a non-monophyletic assemblage (see Faille et al. 2010, 2011, 2013). In addition, the phylogenetic positions of many of the non-European lineages need still to be investigated. Like in the previously described Baltic amber fossil T. balticus, phylogenetically important genital characters could not be revealed in T. eoanophthalmus sp. n. due to the poor preservation of the internal parts of its body. Consequently, the systematic position of T. eoanophthalmus sp.n. within the mega-diverse genus Trechus remains dubious. Nevertheless, it seems very likely that the Eocene fossil species, T. balticus and T. eoanophthalmus sp.n., are closely related and may thus represent members of the same (extinct?) branch within Trechus sensu lato. This hypothesis is based on two derived character states, which are potential synapomorphies of the two fossil species: i) microsculpture of pronotum and elytra consist of very fine very weakly impressed transverse meshes; ii) elytral striation markedly reduced laterally and apically. However, since these character states are also present in some of the extant Trechus species, this hypothesis needs further testing based on a more extensive fossil data set. A particular character of the fossil T. eoanophthalmus sp.n. is the complete reduction of the compound eyes. Within the extant world fauna of Trechini a huge number of anophthalmous and microphthalmous species are described, and their diversity is particularly rich in the southern parts of the Western Palaearctic (e.g., Jeannel 1928, Casale & Laneyrie 1982, Casale et al. 1998). It has been shown, however, that different degrees of eye reduction evolved several times independently at least within Trechus sensu lato (Casale 2011, Faille et. al. 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014). Therefore, ���eyelessness��� as present in the fossil T. eoanophthalmus sp.n. is likely not an indication for a close relationship with any of the extant eyeless Trechini lineages. Differential diagnosis. The Baltic amber fossil species Trechus balticus is the only trechine beetle known from Paleogene deposits to date (Schmidt & Faille 2015). Trechus eoanophthalmus sp.n. is easily distinguished from the latter by the completely reduced eyes, larger and more robust body, broader lateral gutter of pronotum, and the presence of a fine groove on external surface of the protibia. Trechoides fasciatus Motschulsky, 1856 is another Baltic amber fossil with uncertain taxonomic position within Carabidae, and its holotype specimen was very probably lost (Schmidt & Faille 2015). Comparison has thus to be based on the few characters given in the original description. Trechus eoanophthalmus sp.n. is distinguished from the latter taxon by the much larger body size (almost three times longer), the reduced eyes, and the apically rounded elytra., Published as part of Schmidt, Joachim, Hoffmann, Hannes & Michalik, Peter, 2016, Blind life in the Baltic amber forests: description of an eyeless species of the ground beetle genus Trechus Clairville, 1806 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini), pp. 431-443 in Zootaxa 4083 (3) on pages 432-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1053910, {"references":["Faille, A., Casale, A., Balke, M. & Ribera, I. (2013) A molecular phylogeny of alpine subterranean Trechini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 248. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 13 - 248","Jeannel, R. (1927) Monographie des Trechinae. Morphologie comparee et distribution geographique d'un groupe de Coleopteres (Deuxieme livraison). L'Abeille, 33, 1 - 592.","Schmidt, J. & Faille, A. (2015) Confirmation of occurrence of Trechus Clairville, 1806 in the Baltic amber forests, with description of a flightless edaphic species, and remarks on Trechoides Motschulsky, 1856 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini). Zootaxa, 4028 (4), 539 - 550. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4028.4.5","Faille, A., Ribera, I., Deharveng, L., Bourdeau, C., Garnery, L., Queinnec, E. & Deuve, T. (2010) A molecular phylogeny shows the single origin of the Pyrenean subterranean Trechini ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 97 - 105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.10.008","Faille, A., Casale, A. & Ribera, I. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships of west Mediterranean troglobitic Trechini ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zoologica Scripta 40 (3), 282 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2010.00467. x","Jeannel, R. (1928) Monographie des Trechinae. Morphologie comparee et distribution geographique d'un groupe de Coleopteres (Troisieme livraison). L'Abeille, 35, 1 - 808.","Casale, A. & Laneyrie, R. (1982) Trechodinae et Trechinae du Monde - tableau des sous-familles, tribus, series phyletiques, genres, et catalogue general des especes. Memoires de Biospeologie, 9, 1 - 226.","Casale, A., Vigna Taglianti, A. & Juberthie, C. (1998) Coleoptera Carabidae. In: Juberthie, C. & Decu, V. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia Biospeologica, Volume 2. Societe Internationale de Biospeologie, pp. 1047 - 1081.","Casale, A. (2011) Two new subterranean, microphthalmous trechine beetles from the Mediterranean area, and a synonymic note (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Trechini). Contributions to Natural History, 16, 1 - 16.","Faille, A., Andujar, C., Fadrique, F. & Ribera, I. (2014) Late Miocene origin of an Ibero-Maghrebian clade of ground beetles with multiple colonizations of the subterranean environment. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 1979 - 1990. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12349"]}

Schmidt, Joachim, Hoffmann, Hannes, Michalik, Peter (2016): Blind life in the Baltic amber forests: description of an eyeless species of the ground beetle genus Trechus Clairville, 1806 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini). Zootaxa 4083 (3): 431-443, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4083.3.7

Cinetomorpha sp. (Iguaz��) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 3, 4): Large, cone-shaped synspermia (,25 Mm) consisting of four fused spermatozoa (fig. 3); irregular membranes located in the periphery (fig. 4 A���C). Cytoplasm in sperm conjugate heterogeneous; some dense granules and lamellae occur (fig. 4 A���C, G). Nuclei incompletely coiled and helically contorted, chromatin irregularly condensed (fig. 4D, E). Axonemes hardly visible (fig. 4F) due a low electron density compared to the nonhomogeneous cytoplasm. A thin (, 80 nm) secretion sheath, developed in the deferent ducts, surrounds each sperm conjugate (fig. 4G). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 4): Acrosomal complex: AV cylindrical and small (,4.9 Mm); narrow subacrosomal space for the most part, slightly widening posteriorly (fig. 4E, 4E inset). AF thin, originates from narrow subacrosomal space in anterior AV and extends into a nuclear canal, but clearly ends before axonemal base. Nucleus: prcN elongated (,66.8 Mm) (fig. 4 A���C), helically contorted, and with a conspicuous, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The small implantation fossa contains only centrioles (fig. 4G); peN absent. NC empty for the most part in mid and late spermatids and no longer visible in mature sperm. Axoneme: 9+3 microtubular pattern. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 5): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present. Germ cells of the same developmental stage in conjunction within cyst. The acrosomal vacuole of early spermatids irregularly electron dense, resulting in spotted appearance (fig. 5A). It is separated from the anterior pole of the nucleus by a small electron-dense plate. The two centrioles migrate toward posterior pole, where they arrange in a tandem position (fig. 5B). Chromatin starts to condense only in a small portion near the nuclear canal that contains the acrosomal filament (fig. 5C, D) while the so-called manchette of microtubules (i.e., a ring or ruffle of microtubules) surrounds the entire nuclear material (fig. 5C, D). Further development includes elongation of the nucleus. The chromatin condenses irregularly and appears ���folded��� (fig. 5E) with a typical ���looped��� appearance in cross section (fig. 5E, H). Although the axoneme has the typical 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 5F), the central tubuli are very short, thus the main part of the axoneme shows 9+0 microtubular pattern (fig. 5G). While spermatids start to fuse at the end of spermiogenesis, the manchette of microtubules disintegrates (fig. 5H)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on page 6, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Escaphiella ramirezi Platnick and Dup��rre��, 2009 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 6, 7): Very large, elongated synspermia (,70 Mm) that comprise four spermatozoa (fig. 7A, B). Overall shape of this sperm conjugate bonelike (fig. 6). A slender vesicular area surrounds all sperm-cell components (fig. 7B, D, E). The acrosomal vacuoles, which represent the anterior pole of sperm are located in the middle of the sperm conjugate (fig. 6, arrow), Two sperm arranged opposed to each other (two sperm coil clockwise, the remaining two counter clockwise). Cytoplasm of the sperm conjugate electron lucent. Numerous, circular Golgi derivatives are present, mainly located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate (fig. 7 A���C) and sometimes associated with the membrane of the syncytium (fig. 7C). Synspermia surrounded by a thin (, 50 nm) secretion sheath (fig. 8B, C) that is produced in the deferent ducts. SPERMATOZOA (fig. 7): Acrosomal complex: AV very short (,1.9 Mm), cylindrical, narrow subacrosomal space (fig. 8D). AF originates from the subacrosomal space of the acrosomal vacuole and extends into the nuclear canal; ends in the region of the axonemal base (fig. 7E); extremely elongated (,125.2 Mm) and for most part remarkably large, resembling the most prominent cell component (fig. 7B). Nucleus: prcN extremely elongated (,126 Mm) (fig. 6). Most pro- minent part of the prcN is the nuclear canal that contains the massive acrosomal filament (see above, figs. 6, 7 B���E). Condensed chromatin is restricted to a small portion around the latter (fig. 7 B���E). Implantation fossa extremely small, containing only the centrioles (fig. 7E). peN very short (,1.3 Mm) and thin, flag shaped (figs. 6, 7E). Axoneme: short (,58.4 Mm), 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 7B, D); centrioles arranged rectangularly, proximal centriole very short. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 8): Cysts of developing sperm (mainly early and midspermatids) present within the testis. Early spermatids characterized by a small vesiclelike AV that is attached to the cell membrane (fig. 8A). Originating from the subacrosomal space, AF comprises only a few filaments in the AV as indicated by cross sections (fig. 8 A). In contrast, it expands to a massive rod composed of numerous filaments (fig. 8 B���D) within NC. Nucleus is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules and chromatin appears fibrillar in early and midspermatids (fig. 8B, C). While nucleus elongates, condensed chromatin constricted to a small portion (fig. 8D). Axoneme originates from the distal centriole (fig. 8E). Occasionally, small electron-dense spots are present in the periphery, likely inside NC, associated with AF. At the end of spermiogenesis, several spermatids start to fuse, resulting in voluminous sperm conjugates that remain connected to each other via cellular bridges (fig. 8F). A loose, electron-dense network of fused vesicles, representing an early stage vesicular area, surrounds all main sperm cell components (fig. 8F inset)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Neoxyphinus termitophilus (Bristowe, 1938) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 18, 19): Large (,25 Mm), oval-shaped synspermia (within the ejaculatory duct) comprising four sperm (fig. 18). Synspermia, located in the deferent ducts, are bottle shaped (fig. 18). The bottleneck contains the acrosomal vacuoles, the short and helically contorted precentriolar parts of the nucleus and the base of the axonemes, as well as postcentriolar elongations of the nucleus, whereas the voluminous bulge is filled with the main parts of axonemes and postcentriolar elongations of nucleus that coil around each other. Numerous mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate (fig. 19A, B). A very thin and loosely appearing secretion sheath (, 30 nm), which is produced in the ejaculatory duct, surrounds the sperm conjugates (fig. 19 A���C). SPERMATOZOA (figs. 18, 19): Acrosomal complex: AV short (,1.2 Mm) and cylindrical (fig. 18). AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal but ends clearly ends before the axonemal base. Nucleus: prcN short (,10.1 Mm), helically contorted with medium-sized implantation fossa that is filled with numerous mitochondria (fig. 19A), several spherical secretions, proximal and distal centriole, as well as the base of the Ax. peN extremely elongated (,171.8 Mm), oval in cross sections with distinct projection (fig. 19A, E). NC located within a distinct projection, twists around the peN (figs. 18, 19A, E) but is empty for the most part (fig. 19D). Axoneme: extremely long (,291.5 Mm); centrioles arranged in tandem position; 9+3 axonemal pattern (fig. 19B, E). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS: Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present, developing spermatids are arranges in cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by a large, oval nucleus that is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. Mid spermatids are characterized by a small, cylindrical AV (fig. 20A, B) that is partly sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and accompanied by a small amount of electron-dense material (fig. 20B). Further development includes condensation of chromatin that appears fibrillar in mid spermatids (fig. 20C, D). Mitochondria are always present within the implantation fossa (fig. 20D, F���H). Mid- and late spermatids show a characteristic chromatin-condensation pattern in which a small portion remains homogeneously electron lucent (fig. 20E, E inset). The axoneme is twisted around the postcentriolar elongation, thus both cell components seem to interact (fig. 20F). In late spermatids, both centrioles are arranged in tandem position (fig. 20G). The implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria (figs. 20 F���H). The two centrioles and the base of the Ax are surrounded by electron-dense secretion droplets and electron-dense secretion plates (fig. 20H). At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse and form large and voluminous synspermia. During early stages of this sperm conjugation, four mainly individualized spermatids that remained connected to each other via cellular bridges arrange in close association. While the Ax���s, as well as peN���s coil, and form the massive bulge of early bottle-shaped synspermia, the cellular bridges widen posteriorly resulting in a large amount of common cytoplasm. Finally, the common cytoplasm, which contains numerous mitochondria, encases the spermatids secondarily during further differentiation of the sperm conjugate., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 28-32, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269, {"references":["Bristowe, W. S. 1938. Some new termitophilous spiders from Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 2: 67 - 73."]}

Neotrops poguazu Grismado and Ram��rez, 2013 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 11): Ovalshaped synspermia (,10 Mm), comprising four sperm (fig. 11A). In the periphery of the sperm conjugate, numerous membranes are visible (fig. 11B, arrow). Synspermia surrounded by a thin (, 80 nm) secretion sheath (fig. 11B, C); cytoplasm electron dense within sperm conjugates of the ejaculatory duct (fig. 11D), some mitochondria present. SPERMATOZOA (fig. 11): Acrosomal complex: AV conical with wide subacrosomal space (figs. 11A, C), proximally sunken into the anterior pole of prcN (fig. 11C). AF originates from subacrosomal space, extends into NC, but clearly ends before axonemal base. Nucleus: prcN deeply indented at its anterior pole (bowl shaped), irregularly shaped with irregularly condensed chromatin (fig. 11A, B). peN short, flattened, (fig. 11D). NC peripheral (fig. 11 A���C). Axoneme: proximal centriole longer than distal centriole, 9+3 microtubular pattern. Note on Spermiogenesis (fig. 12): All stages of spermiogenesis present in the testis. Spermatids of the same developmental stage arranged in cysts. Early spermatids characterized by a large, oval nucleus surrounded by a manchette of microtubules and small AV (fig. 12A inset) that is separated from the nucleus by a distinct electron-dense border (fig. 12A). The AF originates from the subacrosomal space (12C). The chromatin begins condensing in the center of the nucleus and appears fibrillar (fig. 12A, B). The small implantation fossa is irregularly shaped in early spermatids (fig. 12B, B inset). There is always a small amount of electron-dense, granular material associated with the proximal centriole (fig. 12D). A collar of electron-dense, platelike secretions surrounds the base of the Ax (fig. 12E). At the end of spermiogenesis late spermatids that remained connected via cellular bridges start to fuse, finally resulting in synspermia., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on page 12, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269, {"references":["Grismado, C. J., and M. J. Ramirez. 2013. The New World goblin spiders of the genus Neotrops (Araneae: Oonopidae), part I. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 383: 1 - 150."]}

S caphios yanayacu Platnick and Dup��rre��, 2010 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 35): Synspermia that comprise four sperm. The entire sperm conjugate is rather large and unsheathed. Within the lumen of the proximal deferent ducts, the nuclei of sperm of one sperm conjugate appear still spotted (fig. 35A, B), while a distinct vesicular area that is composed of numerous electron-dense vesicles surrounds the main sperm cell components (fig. 35A, B). In the distal deferent ducts this vesicular area is homogeneously electron dense (fig. 35C, D). The periphery of the sperm conjugate is built by large quantities of granular cytoplasm of the syncytium, which contains numerous mitochondria and vesicles (fig. 35C). Only the axonemes coil within the membrane of the syncytium (fig. 35 D���E). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 35): Acrosomal complex: AV conical with moderately widened subacrosomal space (fig. 35F). AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal but clearly ends before the base of the axoneme. Nucleus: prcN elongat- ed, compact, and tubelike (fig. 35C) with a small implantation fossa that comprises only the two centrioles. peN not identifiable. NC located in the periphery, in late spermatids not identifiable. Axoneme: 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 35D, E). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 36): The periphery of spermatids of all developmental stages is frequently invaginated and folded, resulting in a loose and spongy appearance (fig. 36A). Early spermatids are characterized by a large, oval nucleus with already irregularly condensed chromatin (fig. 36A). The subacrosomal space of the developing AV is enlarged (fig. 36B). The AF extends into the NC (fig. 36B) but clearly ends before the end of the axonemal base (fig. 36B, E inset). The AV is surrounded by electrondense material in mid spermatids (fig. 36C). The chromatin condenses irregularly, resulting in a spotted appearance of the nucleus of mid- and late spermatids (fig. 36D, E). Conspicuous membrane whorls, as well as electron-dense vesicles are in close association to the nucleus (fig. 36D). At the end of spermiogenesis, four spermatids fuse, while the main sperm cell components arrange in the center of the developing sperm conjugate (fig. 36F)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Oonops sp. (Ibiza) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 22, 23): Small (,5 Mm), mainly oval-shaped synsper- mia (figs. 22, 23A) comprising two sperm (figs. 22, 23B). A distinct, electron-dense vesicular area surrounds all main cell components (fig. 23 A–C). The cytoplasm appears granular (fig. 23C, E). Synspermia are unsheathed; instead, several sperm conjugates cluster in the distal deferent duct, embedded in a distinct secretion matrix (fig. 23A). Spermatozoa (figs. 22, 23): Acrosomal complex: AV long (,3.9 Mm), cylindrical; narrow subacrosomal space (fig. 23C). AF originates from the subacrosomal space, ends in the region of the axonemal base. Nucleus: prcN compact (,4.3 Mm) and tubelike (fig. 22) with a distinct crest, on which the nuclear canal is running (figs. 22, 23D, E). The implantation fossa is small but wide (fig. 23 D, E). Besides a little granular material, presumably glycogen (fig. 23D), the implantation fossa contains the two centrioles and the base of the Ax (fig. 23E). peN nearly as long as prcN (,2.9 Mm) and flattened (figs. 23, 24E). NC located in the periphery, on a distinct crest (fig. 23E). Axoneme: long (,23.4 Mm), 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 23E inset). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 24): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present; spermatids are arranged in cysts of the same developmental stage. Early spermatids are characterized by a large, mainly spherical nucleus that is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules (fig. 24A), and a developing acrosomal complex, which is attached to the anterior pole of the nucleus (fig. 24A). During further differentiation, the acrosomal vacuole sinks into the nucleus (fig. 24B, C). Simultaneously, the two centrioles migrate toward the posterior pole of the nucleus, consequently forming an implantation fossa (fig. 24B). The posterior portion of nucleus is constricted, resulting in a small neck. Chromatin condensation occurs heterogeneously and shows a specific pattern, in which a distinct crest of dense chromatin is separated from the remaining, tubelike condensing chromatin of the nucleus (fig. 24B). The NC that contains the AF is located in the periphery of this crest (fig. 24B, D). At the end of spermiogenesis, the Ax is retracted and coils within the cell membrane (fig. 24E). At the same time, several electron-dense vesicles fuse, initiating formation of a distinct vesicular area that surrounds all main sperm cell components (fig. 24E, F). Finally, two spermatids that are still connected via cellular bridges fuse, forming synspermia (fig. 24E, F).

Orchestina sp. 2 (Argentina) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 29): Long, tubelike synspermia (fig. 29A), comprising two spermatozoa. The sheath that surrounds the sperm conjugates (,1 Mm) is formed in the deferent ducts (fig. 29B, C) and further condenses during the passage of the sperm conjugates toward the ejaculatory duct. Early sperm conjugates are oval shaped and further compress and elongate within the long deferent ducts. Fused sperm of a sperm conjugate are not coiled (fig. 29 E). Mitochondria are always present within the cytoplasm of the syncytium (fig. 29E). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 29): Acrosomal complex: AV small, cylindrical (fig. 29E), and provided with a narrow subacrosomal space. AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the NC (fig. 29D). Nucleus: prcN tubelike (fig. 29E) and provided with a very deep implantation fossa that extends as far as the anterior pole of the nucleus. The implantation fossa is filled with a large amount of an electron-dense centriolar adjunct (fig. 29 D���F). peN not developed (fig. 29F). NC located in the periphery of the prcN (fig. 29D). Axoneme: 9+3 microtubular pattern. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS: Information on spermiogenesis were not obtained due to missing material from the testis., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on page 48, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Paradysderina fusiscuta Platnick and Dup��rre��, 2011 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 30): Large (,12 Mm), mainly oval synspermia (fig. 30A, B) comprising four sperm. Numerous membranes are located in the periphery (fig. 30C), as well as among all sperm components (fig. 30E). Thus, although fused, each sperm remains surrounded by its own membrane (fig. 30D). The deep implantation fossa is completely filled with mitochondria (fig. 30 E). In addition, there are numerous mitochondria located in the peripheral cytoplasm (fig. 30F). A thin, homogeneous secretion sheath (, 50 nm) surrounds the sperm transfer forms (fig. 30F). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 30): Acrosomal complex: AV small, cylindrical with narrow subacrosomal space. AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal, clearly ends after the axonemal base (fig. 30F). Nucleus: prcN extremely elongated, providing a deep implantation fossa that is completely filled with mitochondria (fig. 30 D���F). peN long and oval shaped (fig. 30D), contains parts of the implantation fossa. NC located in the periphery. Axoneme: very long, always in close association with the nucleus (fig. 30D); 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 30D, F). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 31): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present. Spermatids of the same developmental stage are arranged in cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by a large, mainly spherical nucleus that is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. The acrosomal complex, which is composed of a small, cylindrical AV and the AF, is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus (fig. 31A). The AV is attached to the cell membrane (fig. 31 A, B); proximally it is surrounded by some electron-dense material (fig. 31B). The wide implantation fossa at the posterior pole of the nucleus is filled with numerous, small mitochondria (fig. 31C, D). It extends toward the prcN, as well as into the peN (fig. 31D). Further differentiation of the spermatid includes chromatin condensation that consequently appears fibrillar (fig. 31E) and an enormous elongation of the nucleus. The Ax curls around the latter (fig. 31E, F). The chromatin of late spermatids is highly condensed (fig. 31G). At the end of spermiogenesis, four slender spermatids arrange closely attached to each other. The main cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the cellular bridges widen and secondarily surround the main sperm cell components. The fused sperm are the subject to several differentiations including partial restriction of common cytoplasm and further coiling processes, before large sperm conjugates are released into the lumen of the testis (fig. 31H)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on page 48, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Stenoonops peckorum Platnick and Dup��rre��, 2010 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 39): Synspermia (fig. 39G); refers to data obtained from sperm conjugates in the lumen of the testis, because the deferent ducts were empty. The number of sperm that are fused within synspermia is uncertain. SPERMATOZOA (fig. 39): Acrosomal complex: AV cylindrical, narrow subacrosomal space (fig. 39E). AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal (fig. 39B, F) but clearly ends before the axonemal base (fig. 39E). Nucleus: prcN extremely elongated and tubelike (fig. 39D). The chromatin is homogeneously condensed, the surface appears smooth (fig. 39D, F). IF very small, comprising only the two centrioles. peN very short, thin, and flag shaped (fig. 39E). NC located in the periphery (fig. 39F). Axoneme: 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 39E). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 39): Within the testis, cysts of developing spermatids of different developmental stages occur. In early spermatids the chromatin starts condensation in the center of the developing nucleus (fig. 39A). A manchette of microtubules surrounds the nucleus (fig. 39B) and parts of the Ax. It appears fibrillar in mid spermatids (fig. 39C). The nucleus enormously elongates in midspermatids and finally becomes tubelike in late spermatids (fig. 39D). At the end of spermiogenesis the main sperm cell components coil within the cell (fig. 39G)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Oonops sp. (Ibiza) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 22, 23): Small (,5 Mm), mainly oval-shaped synsper- mia (figs. 22, 23A) comprising two sperm (figs. 22, 23B). A distinct, electron-dense vesicular area surrounds all main cell components (fig. 23 A���C). The cytoplasm appears granular (fig. 23C, E). Synspermia are unsheathed; instead, several sperm conjugates cluster in the distal deferent duct, embedded in a distinct secretion matrix (fig. 23A). Spermatozoa (figs. 22, 23): Acrosomal complex: AV long (,3.9 Mm), cylindrical; narrow subacrosomal space (fig. 23C). AF originates from the subacrosomal space, ends in the region of the axonemal base. Nucleus: prcN compact (,4.3 Mm) and tubelike (fig. 22) with a distinct crest, on which the nuclear canal is running (figs. 22, 23D, E). The implantation fossa is small but wide (fig. 23 D, E). Besides a little granular material, presumably glycogen (fig. 23D), the implantation fossa contains the two centrioles and the base of the Ax (fig. 23E). peN nearly as long as prcN (,2.9 Mm) and flattened (figs. 23, 24E). NC located in the periphery, on a distinct crest (fig. 23E). Axoneme: long (,23.4 Mm), 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 23E inset). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 24): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present; spermatids are arranged in cysts of the same developmental stage. Early spermatids are characterized by a large, mainly spherical nucleus that is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules (fig. 24A), and a developing acrosomal complex, which is attached to the anterior pole of the nucleus (fig. 24A). During further differentiation, the acrosomal vacuole sinks into the nucleus (fig. 24B, C). Simultaneously, the two centrioles migrate toward the posterior pole of the nucleus, consequently forming an implantation fossa (fig. 24B). The posterior portion of nucleus is constricted, resulting in a small neck. Chromatin condensation occurs heterogeneously and shows a specific pattern, in which a distinct crest of dense chromatin is separated from the remaining, tubelike condensing chromatin of the nucleus (fig. 24B). The NC that contains the AF is located in the periphery of this crest (fig. 24B, D). At the end of spermiogenesis, the Ax is retracted and coils within the cell membrane (fig. 24E). At the same time, several electron-dense vesicles fuse, initiating formation of a distinct vesicular area that surrounds all main sperm cell components (fig. 24E, F). Finally, two spermatids that are still connected via cellular bridges fuse, forming synspermia (fig. 24E, F)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 38-42, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Neotrops waorani Grismado and Ram��rez, 2013 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 16): Medium-sized (,9 Mm), oval-shaped synspermia, comprising four sperm. Within the deferent ducts, numerous mitochondria are visible in the periphery of sperm conjugates; the cytoplasm appears granular (fig. 16A, B). Cross sections of several, fingerlike constrictions of the peripheral cytoplasm are visible (fig. 16C). The cytoplasm and constrictions further condense (fig. 16D), finally a distinct peripheral ring of these cytoplasmic constrictions is formed (fig. 16E). Synspermia are surrounded by a thick (, 200 nm), homogeneous secretion sheath (figs. 16E, F). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 16): Acrosomal complex: AV long, conical; wide subacrosomal space (fig. 16B, D). AF originates from the subacrosomal space, extends into the nuclear canal, but clearly ends before the base of the axoneme (fig. 16F). Nucleus: prcN indented at its anterior pole, irregularly condensed (fig. 16B), compact. peN flattened. NC located in the periphery, but empty for the most part. Axoneme: long, 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 16A, B, F). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 17): All stages of spermiogenesis are present in the testis. Spermatids of the same developmental stage are arranged in cysts. The large AV possesses a wide subacrosomal space, is accompanied by a collar of electron-dense secretions and secretion droplets (fig. 17A), and is partially sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus. The AF originates from the subacrosomal space (fig. 17A) and extends into the NC (fig. 17B, C). The nucleus is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids, but condenses irregularly (fig. 17C). Late spermatids retain this condensation pattern (fig. 17 E���G). The implantation fossa contains a small amount of spherical secretions (fig. 17D), the two centrioles (fig. 17C, D), and a collar of electron-dense plates that surround the base of the axoneme (fig. 17E). At the end of spermiogenesis main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane and a loose vesicular area is formed, surrounding the latter (fig. 17G). Finally, four spermatids that still remained connected to each other via cellular bridges fuse., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 24-28, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269, {"references":["Grismado, C. J., and M. J. Ramirez. 2013. The New World goblin spiders of the genus Neotrops (Araneae: Oonopidae), part I. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 383: 1 - 150."]}

Orchestina sp. 1 (Chile) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 26, 27): Long (.80 Mm), tubelike synspermia (fig. 26), comprising two sperm (fig. 26) that are arranged consecutively to each other (fig. 26). A thick electron-dense secretion sheath (, 800 nm) surrounds the sperm conjugates (fig. 27 A���D). Sperm cell components are uncoiled (fig. 26) and surrounded by a small amount of conspicuous electron-dense fibrils, mitochondria are present (fig. 27B). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 27): Acrosomal complex: AV small, cylindrical. AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extend into the nuclear canal. Nucleus: prcN tubelike and elongated (,19.2 Mm) with deep implantation fossa that extends as far as the anterior pole of the nucleus and is filled with a distinct, electron-dense centriolar adjunct (fig. 27C). peN absent (fig. 27E). NC located in the periphery. Axoneme: short (,19.2 Mm); 9+3 microtubular pattern. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 28): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are visible. A small, developing AV is attached to the cell membrane (fig. 28A, inset) and extends toward the anterior pole of nucleus, from which it is separated by a distinct electron-dense plate (fig. 28A). The AF originates from the subacrosomal space. During development of the spermatids the chromatin condenses and appears fibrillar in midspermatids (fig. 28 B���D). The deep implantation fossa of early and midspermatids is filled with numerous microfilaments (fig. 28 C, D) and few electron-dense secretions (fig. 28C, D) that form a distinct centriolar adjunct in late spermatids, which completely covers the proximal centriole (fig. 28 E���G). In the periphery of the developing spermatids numerous looplike constrictions are visible (fig. 28H inset), resulting in a fringed appearance of the latter (fig. 28H, I)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Niarchos scutatus Platnick and Dup��rre��, 2010 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 21): Synspermia comprising four sperm. Information on sperm transfer forms and sperm characteristics refer to sperm obtained from the testis. Within the lumen of the testis large sperm conjugates are visible. Sperm are located in the center of the sperm conjugation, surrounded by an electron-dense vesicular area (fig. 21F) and large quantities of cytoplasm. SPERMATOZOA (fig. 21): For the identification of sperm characters, only material from the testis was available, thus the following sperm characters refer to spermatogenic stages. Acrosomal complex: AV conical (fig. 21B), widened proximally, but narrow subacrosomal space for the most part (fig. 21 B). AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal (fig. 21C, D), ends before the base of the axoneme. Nucleus: prcN compact with small implantation fossa that comprises only the two centrioles (fig. 21D). peN not identifiable. NC located in the periphery of the nucleus (fig. 21C), elongated and bend toward the nucleus (fig. 21D, F). Axoneme: centrioles are arranged in tandem position (fig. 21D), 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 21E, F). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS: Within the testis early and late stages of spermiogenesis are present. Already early spermatids (four) fuse entirely, forming very large, developing synspermia (fig. 21A). The cytoplasm of this syncytium is characterized by large quantities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The AV is sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus (fig. 21B), which is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. Two centrioles migrate toward the posterior pole of nucleus, inducing the formation of a small implantation fossa (fig. 21D). The chromatin condenses heterogeneously (fig. 21C, D). The NC is extremely stretched, resembling a slender band in late spermatids (fig. 21F). The peripheral microtubules of the two centrioles are surrounded by little electron-dense material (fig. 21E). Further development includes the complete condensation of chromatin, resulting in a homogeneously electron-dense nucleus (fig. 21F) and formation of a vesicular area (fig. 21F)., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Neotrops pombero Grismado and Ram��rez, 2013 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 13, 14): Oval-shaped synspermia (,10 Mm), compris- ing four spermatozoa that are densely packed (figs. 13, 14A, B). Small, irregular membrane stacks, as well as mitochondria, are present in the periphery (fig. 14C, D). Whereas the cytoplasm is electron lucent within sperm conjugates of the deferent duct (fig. 14C), it further condenses, finally appearing electron dense in sperm conjugates located in the ejaculatory duct (fig. 14 E���F). Sperm are incompletely coiled (fig. 13). A thick (, 250 nm), homogeneous secretion sheath surrounds the sperm transfer forms (fig. 14E). Spermatozoa (figs. 13, 14): Acrosomal complex: AV conical, long (,9.8 Mm); widened subacrosomal space (fig. 14A), sunken into the prcN (fig. 13). AF originates from the subacrosomal space, extends into the NC, ends clearly before axonemal base. Nucleus: prcN deeply indented at its anterior pole, compact (,11.7 Mm) but irregularly shaped (figs. 13, 14C), chromatin is irregularly condensed (fig. 14C, F). peN small (,5.4 Mm), flattened (fig. 13). NC peripheral (fig. 14C, D). Axoneme: proximal centriole longer than distal centriole. 9+3 microtubular pattern (fig. 14D). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 15): All stages of spermiogenesis are present in the testis. Spermatids of the same developmental stage are arranged in cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by a large AV that is accompanied by a collar of electron-dense secretions and secretion droplets (fig. 15A, A inset, B). Proximal portion of AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus (figs. 15B, C). The AF originates from the subacrosomal space (fig. 15B). The nucleus is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids, although it condenses irregularly (fig. 15B). Late spermatids retain this irregular condensation pattern (fig. 15 C���E). The small implantation fossa is composed of two parts, a spherical portion that contains a small amount of secretions (fig. 15D) and a narrow, tubelike portion where the cen- trioles are located (fig. 15D). The proximal centriole is nearly twice as long as the distal centriole (fig. 15D). A small collar of electron-dense, platelike secretions surrounds the base of the axoneme. At the end of spermiogenesis late spermatids that remained connected via cellular bridges (fig. 15E) start to fuse along their entire length, finally resulting in synspermia., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269, {"references":["Grismado, C. J., and M. J. Ramirez. 2013. The New World goblin spiders of the genus Neotrops (Araneae: Oonopidae), part I. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 383: 1 - 150."]}

Opopaea apicalis SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 25): Large sperm transfer forms (.25 Mm), composed of only a chromatin thread that is embedded in an electron-dense matrix and surrounded by a thin (, 70 nm) homogeneous secretion sheath (fig. 25A, B). Spermatozoa (fig. 25): Acrosomal complex: AV absent. AF absent. Nucleus: prcN condensed chromatin thread that is tightly screwed (fig. 25C). peN absent. NC inapplicable (due to missing AF). Axoneme: absent. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 25): The chromatin is highly condensed and appears threadlike (fig. 25 C���E). Moreover, the chromatin thread is helically contorted. Some mitochondria are visible. At the end of spermiogenesis, the manchette of microtubules, which surround the developing nucleus (fig. 25E), disintegrates., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269

Orchestina sp. 1 (Chile) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (figs. 26, 27): Long (.80 Mm), tubelike synspermia (fig. 26), comprising two sperm (fig. 26) that are arranged consecutively to each other (fig. 26). A thick electron-dense secretion sheath (, 800 nm) surrounds the sperm conjugates (fig. 27 A–D). Sperm cell components are uncoiled (fig. 26) and surrounded by a small amount of conspicuous electron-dense fibrils, mitochondria are present (fig. 27B). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 27): Acrosomal complex: AV small, cylindrical. AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extend into the nuclear canal. Nucleus: prcN tubelike and elongated (,19.2 Mm) with deep implantation fossa that extends as far as the anterior pole of the nucleus and is filled with a distinct, electron-dense centriolar adjunct (fig. 27C). peN absent (fig. 27E). NC located in the periphery. Axoneme: short (,19.2 Mm); 9+3 microtubular pattern. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 28): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are visible. A small, developing AV is attached to the cell membrane (fig. 28A, inset) and extends toward the anterior pole of nucleus, from which it is separated by a distinct electron-dense plate (fig. 28A). The AF originates from the subacrosomal space. During development of the spermatids the chromatin condenses and appears fibrillar in midspermatids (fig. 28 B–D). The deep implantation fossa of early and midspermatids is filled with numerous microfilaments (fig. 28 C, D) and few electron-dense secretions (fig. 28C, D) that form a distinct centriolar adjunct in late spermatids, which completely covers the proximal centriole (fig. 28 E–G). In the periphery of the developing spermatids numerous looplike constrictions are visible (fig. 28H inset), resulting in a fringed appearance of the latter (fig. 28H, I).

Orchestina sp. 2 (Argentina) SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 29): Long, tubelike synspermia (fig. 29A), comprising two spermatozoa. The sheath that surrounds the sperm conjugates (,1 Mm) is formed in the deferent ducts (fig. 29B, C) and further condenses during the passage of the sperm conjugates toward the ejaculatory duct. Early sperm conjugates are oval shaped and further compress and elongate within the long deferent ducts. Fused sperm of a sperm conjugate are not coiled (fig. 29 E). Mitochondria are always present within the cytoplasm of the syncytium (fig. 29E). SPERMATOZOA (fig. 29): Acrosomal complex: AV small, cylindrical (fig. 29E), and provided with a narrow subacrosomal space. AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the NC (fig. 29D). Nucleus: prcN tubelike (fig. 29E) and provided with a very deep implantation fossa that extends as far as the anterior pole of the nucleus. The implantation fossa is filled with a large amount of an electron-dense centriolar adjunct (fig. 29 D–F). peN not developed (fig. 29F). NC located in the periphery of the prcN (fig. 29D). Axoneme: 9+3 microtubular pattern. NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS: Information on spermiogenesis were not obtained due to missing material from the testis.

Gamasomorpha cf. vianai Birab��n, 1954 SPERM TRANSFER FORM (fig. 9): Very large (.30 Mm), cone-shaped synspermia that presumably comprise four sperm, which are loosely arranged (fig. 9A, B). In the periphery of the sperm conjugate irregular tubelike membranes, originating from membrane invaginations, are visible (fig. 9C). The cytoplasm is heterogeneous, numerous electron-dense droplets and lamellae are visible (fig. 9B, C). The nuclei are elongated, cross sections reveal helical contortion, indicated by curls of the nuclei (fig. 9B). Numerous mitochondria are present. A thin, homogeneous secretion sheath (, 80 nm) surrounds the sperm conjugates (fig. 9A, C). The chromatin of mature spermatozoa is irregularly condensed (fig. 9D). SPERMATOZOA (figs. 9): Acrosomal complex: AV cylindrical; narrow subacrosomal space, (fig. 9C). AF originates from the subacrosomal space, extends into NC. Nucleus: prcN elongated (fig. 9A, B), with conspicuous chromatin-condensation pattern (fig. 9A, D). Implantation fossa very small and contains only centrioles. peN not identifiable. NC located in the periphery, empty for the most part. Axoneme: short, indicated by only few cross sections that are visible in the sperm conjugate (fig. 9B); 9+3 axonemal pattern (fig. 9B). NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (fig. 10): The small developing acrosomal vacuole with a narrow subacrosomal space (fig. 10A inset) separated from the nucleus by a distinct electron-dense plate (fig. 10A). At the posterior pole of the nucleus both centrioles migrate toward the latter, initiating the formation of a small implantation fossa (fig. 10B). The nucleus elongates markedly while the chromatin condenses irregularly, resembling an electron-dense thread in midspermatids (fig. 10C). Mature spermatozoa remain the irregularly condensed chromatincondensation pattern (fig. 10D, E). At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse (fig. 10E) to form a very large sperm conjugate. The manchette of microtubules disintegrates during further sperm conjugate differentiation., Published as part of Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter, 2015, Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae), pp. 1-72 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.1206/906.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4612269, {"references":["Biraben, M. 1954. Nuevas Gamasomorphinae de la Argentina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Notas del Museo de la Plata 17: 181 - 212."]}

The male reproductive systems of spiders are highly diverse in structure across all major spider taxa. Little is known about this organ system in basal araneomorph spiders, especially Austrochiloidea; such knowledge is necessary for a more complete understanding of the evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system in spiders. In the present study, we describe the male reproductive system of an austrochilid spider, the enigmatic troglophilic Tasmanian cave spider Hickmania troglodytes, using light and electron microscopic techniques. The male reproductive system consists of tubular testes leading into convoluted deferent ducts, which are fused close to the genital opening to an unpaired ejaculatory duct. Spermatogenesis occurs only in the subadult testes, whereas adult testes showed neither spermatogenic stages nor any generative tissue in all investigated specimens. The testes of adult males are drastically reduced in size compared with those of subadult males, but the deferent ducts are filled with large numbers of mature spermatozoa. Thus, our data suggest that males of H. troglodytes are sperm-limited, but not necessarily spermdepleted as described for certain orb-weaving spiders. Due to the absence of generative tissue, limited sperm production is permanent (PSL) and probably has an influence on the reproductive strategies in this species. As nearly no data are available on the life history of H. troglodytes, and in particular information on the phenology of males is lacking, implications of the evolution of PSL in this species are unclear. Nonetheless, our data on other representatives of Austrochilidae (Austrochilus forsteri, Thaida chepu) and Gradungulidae (Progradungula otwayensis) suggest that PSL evolved within Austrochiliodea only in H. troglodytes and might be an adaptation to its troglophilic lifestyle. Fil: Michalik, Peter. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität; Alemania. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Wirkner, Christian S.. Universität Rostock; Alemania Fil: Lipke, Elisabeth. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität; Alemania

Milling is one of the basic methods of machining where material is removed interrupted cut. A characteristic feature of this operation is that the removed material hasn´t a constant section, the chip thickness is observed. It is a variable. Therefore, medium chip thickness hm was determined. The experiment was realized by climb milling where the chip during the machining of a lot to say. Uncoated cutting tool was made of speed steel and the cutting speed was changed at three levels. The entire experiment was concentrated at monitoring the formation and shaping of chip at low speeds, as part of other experiments to be carried out at lower speeds. Three kinds of materials were machined, where the machinability has been evaluated on the basis of the chip shaping and it was compared with machinability according to the content of chemical elements in the material. From Groups of chips produced in the milling of the materials were selected representative samples, which were noted of the radius of these chips at 50 times magnification. The inaccuracy of this method mustn´t is forgotten, because the chip thickness is not constant and there is some distortion. At the selecting the reference material was assumed that material STN 12 050 is optimal machinability and was chosen as the reference material. All three materials as well cultivated by the shape of chips were appeared at cutting speed 4m.min-1. When gradually increasing the cutting speed changes occurred first and STN 14 220 material exhibited better machinability than material STN 17 241. Machinability according of chip shaping was also confirmed by machinability content of chemical elements in the material. According to the carbon content could be said that the STN 14 220 has better machinability, but the chromium content makes the material tougher and so makes worse its kinetic and dynamic machinability. Corrosion resistant steel STN 17 241 has the largest chromium content, it is tough, therefore kinetically and dynamically machinability is worse than previous materials. If the goal was to get a good surface quality material STN 17 241 would be in the first place thanks to the highest manganese content. Machining was recorded using high-speed camera Phantom. For the record it was observed the chip formation and their removal from the cutting zone. Chips were twisted into the radius but in machining stainless steel by higher cutting speeds were recorded the highest values of the chip radius of curvature. Observed of chip formation is more widespread in turning than milling operations. However, it is important to follow the features of various technological operations, because each is different and brings a deeper understanding of patterns of technological processes. Príspevok sa zaoberá tvorením a tvarovaním triesky pri frézovaní nízkymi reznými rýchlosťami. Frézovanie bolo realizované použitím krátkej drážkovacej frézy určenej na výrobu drážok pier o priemere 6 mm. Tvorba triesky bola sledovaná pri konštantnej hĺbke rezu a konštantnom posuve. Rezná rýchlosť bola menená na troch úrovniach. Dané podmienky rezného procesu boli aplikované pri frézovaní uhlíkovej ocele, mangano-chrómovej ocele a chróm-niklovej ocele, čiže korózii odolnej. Následne bola sledovaná tvorba triesky pomocou vysokorýchlostnej kamery.

For application of new cutting tools into the praxis or for determination of their further development it is necessary to know their cutting properties. They are also important from the view of their economical handling. Beside that these properties serve as good and complex indicator in system of quality and reliability of cutting tools. Paper describes problems of tool wear and verification of tool lifespan. It is focused to testing of HSS grooving mills. At the beginning it brings theoretical knowledge from the field of HSS and describes advantages and disadvantages of long-term experiment. In practical part it describes the test that was used for HSS grooving cutters. Tests were realized as long-term experiments which are more accurate but more time demanding with higher consumption of material. During measuring of tool wear the cutting needs to be interrupted so we could cut in discrete intervals. Three types of HSS grooving mills were used with two jags and diameter of 6 mm. One type was coatless and two other types with coating AlTiN and AlTiSiN. As machined material there was steel STN 17 241, EN X5CRNi 18-10, that is austenitic chromium-nickel steel with very good corrosion resistance, cold plasticity and weldability. Experiment was realized on CNC machining center HAAS VF- 1B, that is located in laboratory of Cracow Polytechnics. Published graphs show that after use of coatless HSS steels labeled as „A“ the lowest lifespan was reached, as the mills lasted in action for shortest time. After use of mills with coating AlTiN S labeled as „B“ the influence of coating was observed in achieving of double lifespan. Longest action and thus best lifespan, what can be seen on graph C, was reached after use of HSS mills with coating AlTiSiN labeled as „C“, with threefold time period in comparison to coatless „A“ mills. Príspevok sa zaoberá overovaním životnosti frézovacích nástrojov. V experimente boli použité tri druhy HSS drážkovacích fréz s dvoma zubmi, s priemerom 6 mm. Jeden druh bol bez povlaku a ďalšie dva druhy boli povlakované špeciálnymi povlakmi. Experiment bol vykonávaný formou dlhodobých skúšok trvanlivosti, ktoré boli štatisticky spracované a následne vyhodnotené.

Pimoa specimens studied Vouchers of the spermatozoal study are deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH, New York, USA). Additional specimens of the study species (females and males), often from the same locality, are deposited at the California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco) and the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge). Pimoa altioculata USA: Washington: Klickitat Co., 1 km NE B Z Corner, Gilmer Creek. N45 �� 51 9 56.1 0: W121 �� 29 9 54.2 0, elev. 490 m, small, shaded stream in forest, 15 August 2008. G. Hormiga, F. ��lvarez Padilla, A. Carmichael, D. Dimitrov, C. Griswold, and A. Saucedo collectors; subadult male, molted 28 August 2008. Phylogenie der Chelicerata. II, Cladogramme und Entfaltung der Chelicerata. Zeitschrift f��r Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 17: 117���177.. Wunderlich, J. 1986. Spinnenfauna gestern und heute. Fossile Spinnen in Bernstein und ihre heute lebenden Verwandten. Wiesbaden: Erich Bauer, 283 pp. Pimoa curvata USA: Washington: Klickitat Co., 2.69 km NNW Husum. N45 �� 48 9 49.6 0: W121 �� 30 9 43.1 0, elev. 52 m, forest with open understory, 15 August 2008. G. Hormiga, F. ��lvarez Padilla, A. Carmichael, D. Dimitrov, C. Griswold, and A. Saucedo collectors; 2 subadult males, molted 12 and 13 September 2008. Pimoa edenticulata USA: California: Contra Costa Co., Charles Lee Tilden Regional Park. N37 �� 54 9 41.65 0: W122 �� 16 9 4.93 0, elev. 158 m., 22 August 2008, G. Hormiga and D. Dimitrov; subadult male, molted 24 September 2008. Pimoa laurae USA: California: Placer Co., Lake Tahoe, Bear Creek nr. Interstc. of Alpine Meadows Rd. and Rt. 89. N39 �� 10 9 43.3 0: W120 �� 13 9 49.0 0, elev. 2155 m., open mixed conifer forest, 21 August 2008, G. Hormiga, F. ��lvarez Padilla, and D. Dimitrov; subadult male, molted 21 September 2008., Published as part of Michalik, Peter & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2010, Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa in the Spider Genus Pimoa: New Evidence for the Monophyly of Pimoidae plus Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae), pp. 1-17 in American Museum Novitates 3682 on page 17, DOI: 10.1206/680.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5358714

M20 M23

Partial trisomy 12q and monosomy 12p lead to multiple malformation syndromes. Instead of trisomy 12q that has been reported as a clinically identifiable syndrome, monosomy 12p is characterized by a wide phenotypic spectrum. We report two cousins suffering from severe mental retardation, seizures, and dysmorphic features related to a trisomy 12q24.3-->qter and a monosomy 12p13-->pter resulting from a familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 12. In an attempt to improve the clinical delineation of these two syndromes, we compared our two patients with previous reports of these aneusomies. This review emphasizes the high frequency of familial translocations, including a breakpoint at 12q24 involved in trisomy 12q whereas monosomy 12p occurs most frequently de novo. Despite the poor specificity of the signs, this comparison allowed us to determine the clinical features present in more than 20% of patients with trisomy 12q or monosomy 12p. We particularly emphasize some consistent leading features of monosomy 12p, including microcephaly, dental, cardio-vascular, extremity, and sensorial abnormalities, initially not reported as recurrent in this syndrome.

The article deals with differences the programming of production of thin-walled parts using CAM applications for industrial production. Were compared by the amount of time and the number of clicks buttons during which the G codes generated and longitudinal roughness of surfaces. The first side parts has been produced by the program generated by CAD applications WorkNC G3 21.06 and the second side part using Autodesk Inventor Professional HSM PRO 2016. Using generated G codes for Fanuc control system in the various CAM application was made component on CNC vertical machining center Pinnacle VMC 650 S.