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In the article version originally published online, Table 2 was switched in the publication process. The correct version of Table 2 is shown below. (Table presented.) Heat map of average correlations for supine-stand and sit-stand transitions, during initial response (0-30 seconds after standing up) and late response (30-175 seconds after standing up) * Significantly different (p

Background: To understand the relationship between blood pressure changes during standing up and clinical outcome, cerebral oxygenation needs to be measured, which may be performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). However, the role of potential determinants of NIRS-derived orthostatic cerebral oxygenation, i.e., age, sex, type of postural change (i.e., standing up from sitting versus supine position), blood pressure (BP) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is still unknown and needed to better interpret findings from studies using orthostatic NIRS measurements. Methods: 34 younger (median age 25 years, inter quartile range (IQR) 22–45) and 31 older adults (median age 77 years, IQR 72–81) underwent BP, BRS and NIRS measurements during standing up from sitting and supine position. Linear regression models were used to assess the potential determinant role of age, sex, type of postural change, BP and BRS in orthostatic cerebral oxygenation drop and recovery. Orthostatic cerebral oxygenation test-retest reliability was assessed using intra class correlations. Results: Younger age, male sex and standing up from supine compared to sitting position were positively associated with cerebral oxygenation drop; older age and standing up from sitting compared to supine position were associated with higher cerebral oxygenation recovery. Test-retest reliability was highest (ICC > 0.83) during standing up from supine position. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, age, sex and type of postural change are significant determinants of NIRS-derived orthostatic cerebral oxygenation and should be taken into account in the interpretation of NIRS measurements. In the design of new studies, standing up from supine position is preferable (higher reliability) over standing up from sitting position.

Additional file 1. The file consists of supplementary files as follows: 1.A Search string for the systematic literature review. 1.B Modelling reach-to-grasp movement in healthy subjects. 1.C Base velocity profiles used. 1.D Mathematical definition of metrics. 1.E Metrics and cited sources. Simulations for asymmetric profile. 1.F Monotonicity analysis for the sub-movement simulation.

Additional file 1. A. Time course of smoothness and upper extremity motor impairment scores, an overview of all time points against each other. B. Overview of data used for statistical analyses: kinematics, clinical scores and patient characteristics. C. Sub-analysis of FM-UE without hand scores: recovery over time and longitudinal association with SPARC.

Additional File 1 An analysis of the effect of missing data on the study results.

Additional file 3. PRISMA checklist for the systematic review filled in accordance with reporting guidelines.

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Material for Is Resting-State EEG Longitudinally Associated With Recovery of Clinical Neurological Impairments Early Poststroke? A Prospective Cohort Study by Mique Saes, Sarah B. Zandvliet, Aukje S. Andringa, Andreas Daffertshofer, Jos W. R. Twisk, Carel G. M. Meskers, Erwin E. H. van Wegen and Gert Kwakkel in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Material for Lack of Knowledge Contrasts the Willingness to Counteract Sarcopenia Among Community-Dwelling Adults by Jeanine M. Van Ancum, Carel G. M. Meskers, Esmee M. Reijnierse, Suey S. Y. Yeung, Nini H. Jonkman, Marijke C. Trappenburg, Mirjam Pijnappels and Andrea B. Maier in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Material for Position-Cortical Coherence as a Marker of Afferent Pathway Integrity Early Poststroke: A Prospective Cohort Study by Sarah B. Zandvliet, Erwin E. H. van Wegen, S. Floor Campfens, Herman van der Kooij, Gert Kwakkel and Carel G. M. Meskers in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Table_A_longitudinal for Early Shortening of Wrist Flexor Muscles Coincides With Poor Recovery After Stroke by Karin L. de Gooijer-van de Groep, Jurriaan H. de Groot, Hanneke van der Krogt, Erwin de Vlugt, J. Hans Arendzen and Carel G. M. Meskers in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

OBJECTIVES: Older adults with sarcopenia and malnutrition are at risk for co-morbidities, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality. In case of hospitalization, risks may be further increased, especially in case of suboptimal dietary intake. The aim of our study was to assess whether muscle mass, muscle strength, functional performance, and nutritional status at hospital admission were associated with survival and independent living among older patients three months after discharge.DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: The EMPOWER study was an observational, prospective and longitudinal inception cohort of patients older than 70 years admitted to the VU University Medical Centre in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.MEASUREMENTS: Patients were assessed for demographic and clinical characteristics, measurements of muscle mass (by bioelectrical impedance analysis), handgrip strength (by dynamometry), functional performance (self-reported ability to walk), and screened for risk of malnutrition (by SNAQ). Three months after hospital discharge, survival and living situation were assessed by a follow-up telephone interview.RESULTS: The majority of the 378 patients enrolled were living independently at the time of hospitalization (90%) and three months post-discharge (83%). Fifty-two patients died in the period from hospital admission to three months after discharge (survival rate 86%). Higher absolute muscle mass measures and not being malnourished at admission were significantly associated with the likelihood of survival. Handgrip strength and self-reported ability to walk were positively associated with a higher chance of living independently three months after discharge, but not with survival.CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with greater muscle mass and without malnutrition at hospital admission had a higher survival rate, while measures of muscle strength and functional performance were predictive for living independently three months after hospital discharge. Different components of muscle health relate to different relevant outcomes and therefore require investigation of specifically targeted interventions in the hospitalized older population.

Background. Robot technology for poststroke rehabilitation is developing rapidly. A number of new randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of robot-assisted therapy for the paretic upper limb (RT-UL). Objective. To systematically review the effects of poststroke RT-UL on measures of motor control of the paretic arm, muscle strength and tone, upper limb capacity, and basic activities of daily living (ADL) in comparison with nonrobotic treatment. Methods. Relevant RCTs were identified in electronic searches. Meta-analyses were performed for measures of motor control (eg, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the arm; FMA arm), muscle strength and tone, upper limb capacity, and basic ADL. Subgroup analyses were applied for the number of joints involved, robot type, timing poststroke, and treatment contrast. Results. Forty-four RCTs (N = 1362) were included. No serious adverse events were reported. Meta-analyses of 38 trials (N = 1206) showed significant but small improvements in motor control (∼2 points FMA arm) and muscle strength of the paretic arm and a negative effect on muscle tone. No effects were found for upper limb capacity and basic ADL. Shoulder/elbow robotics showed small but significant effects on motor control and muscle strength, while elbow/wrist robotics had small but significant effects on motor control. Conclusions. RT-UL allows patients to increase the number of repetitions and hence intensity of practice poststroke, and appears to be a safe therapy. Effects on motor control are small and specific to the joints targeted by RT-UL, whereas no generalization is found to improvements in upper limb capacity. The impact of RT-UL started in the first weeks poststroke remains unclear. These limited findings could mainly be related to poor understanding of robot-induced motor learning as well as inadequate designing of RT-UL trials, by not applying an appropriate selection of stroke patients with a potential to recovery at baseline as well as the lack of fixed timing of baseline assessments and using an insufficient treatment contrast early poststroke.

Introduction: Loss of selective muscle activation after stroke contributes to poor arm function but is difficult to quantify. The objective of this study was to quantify selective activity of flexor and extensor wrist muscles in post-stroke patients. Methods: 31 Patients in the chronic phase after stroke and 14 matched healthy controls exerted a flexion and extension torque onto a haptic wrist manipulator. EMG of the flexor and the extensor carpi radialis muscles was stratified for equal flexion and extension torques. The Activation Ratio per muscle was determined, i.e. ratio of the difference of EMG activity during flexion and extension over summed EMG activity. A ratio close to one indicates selective activation while a ratio close to zero indicates indifferent activation. Results: Control subjects could exert higher (p

First paragraph: Current demographic trends indicate that by the year 2020, almost one in five of the European population will be aged 65 years or over. Although life expectancy is increasing by 2 years per decade, the period of life spent in good health is not keeping pace and most Europeans spend their last decade in poor health. Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand how lifestyle factors can influence age-related changes from gene to society level and how they may be integrated into a net effect of healthy ageing. It is also crucial to develop and validate interventions and health policies to ensure that more of our older adults have a healthy and active later life. This is an urgent and cross-cutting research priority in Europe, and to achieve this, it is vital to increase research capacity in this area to push forward the frontiers of scientific understanding. The Horizon 2020 funded Marie Curie Sklodowska Innovative Training Network—PANINI is addressing this capacity issue by focusing on research and training in two major interacting lifestyle factors with impact at multiple levels, namely, physical activity and nutrition.