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Background Generally, enlargement of arachnoid cysts (ACs) has been found mostly in cases occurring during early childhood. Therefore, progressively enlarged ACs found to be symptomatic in elderly patients are extremely rare, and the mechanisms have remained unexplored. Case Description Our first patient was a 72-year-old woman with memory disturbance, who had presented with a large cyst beneath the right temporal convexity 9 years previously. The annual follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies had revealed that the cyst had progressively enlarged. In addition, her memory disturbance had become advanced. Endoscopic cyst fenestration was performed between the cyst and lateral ventricle, resulting in a reduction of her symptoms. Our second patient was a 79-year-old woman with unsteadiness, who had presented with a large cyst under the right parietal convexity 6 years previously. The annual follow-up MRI studies had shown that the cyst had gradually enlarged. She subsequently developed left hemiparesis. Because the pyramidal tract was located between the cyst and ventricle, a cyst–ventricle shunt was placed to allow the cystic fluid into the lateral ventricle, with complete resolution of her symptoms. In both cases, MRI showed obliteration of the subdural spaces around the cysts. Endoscopic observations revealed that the arachnoid membrane was lined under the surrounding brain, leading to the diagnosis of an AC. Conclusion The establishment of stable communication between a cyst and the normal cerebrospinal fluid space is important to treat symptomatic ACs characterized by progressive enlargement, even in elderly patients. The 1-way entry of the cerebrospinal fluid into the cyst and the closure of the surrounding subdural space might result in AC enlargement internally.

There is an extreme dearth of empirical studies assessing the neuropsychiatric outcome of non-fatal hanging that indicates little attention to the area has been paid. We aimed to report the memory disturbances of 14 cases after an immediate non-fatal hanging attempt. We conducted the study from August 2020 to June 2021 and collected data from 14 hospitalized patients after an immediate non-fatal hanging attempt. We conducted series of clinical examinations to assess the memory disturbance and recorded it. Among the 14 cases, four (28.8%) were males and the rest ten (71.2%) were females. The mean age of the cases was 25.28 ± 8.19 years ranging from 15-40 years. All the cases had retrograde amnesia while six (42.9%) had both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The current pilot study reported the distribution of memory disturbances among fourteen cases of non-fatal hanging that adds preliminary findings to the under-researched area and warrants further empirical studies to generalize the study results., Non-fatal hanging; Amnesia; Retrograde amnesia; Anterograde amnesia; Suicide in Bangladesh.

The diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases is sometimes difficult when the cytology of cerebrospinal fluid is negative. We report a rare case of leptomeningeal metastases that required differentiation from paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. A 67-year-old man with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer was admitted for a sudden decrease in the level of consciousness. He suffered memory disturbances that began the day before admission. Diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral symmetric areas of hyperintensity in the hippocampus, amygdala, insular cortex, and medial temporal lobe; contrast enhancement was positive. Cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody and herpes simplex virus DNA were not detected in the CSF. Paraneoplastic Limbic encephalitis was suspected due to his symptoms and brain MRI scan. The patient developed generalized seizures after admission. High-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immune globulin were administered, but his condition did not improve. Uncontrollable seizures persisted and he died in the hospital at day 13. Autopsy revealed leptomeningeal metastasis and invasion of cancer cells into the limbic system. Contrast-enhanced MRI should be performed even if limbic encephalitis is suspected, and leptomeningeal metastases should be suspected if the lesions are enhanced.

Highlights 2• Currently, no study that provide clear link of evidence between dementia and COVID-19. 2• Dementia was associated with composite poor outcome from COVID-19 infections. 2• Extra care should be provided to dementia patients to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection., Background The number of positive and death cases from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still increasing until now. One of the most prone individuals, even in normal situations is patients with dementia. Currently, no study provides clear evidence regarding the link between dementia and COVID-19. This study aims to analyze the relationship between dementia and poor outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods We systematically searched the PubMed and Europe PMC database using specific keywords related to our aims until October 25th, 2020. All articles published on COVID-19 and dementia were retrieved. The quality of the study was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool for observational studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager 5.4 software. Results A total of 24 studies with 46,391 dementia patients were included in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis showed that dementia was associated with composite poor outcome [RR 2.67 (95% CI 2.06 – 3.47), p < 0.00001, I2 = 99%, random-effect modelling] and its subgroup which comprised of risk of COVID-19 infection [RR 2.76 (95% CI 1.43 – 5.33), p = 0.003, I2 = 99%, random-effect modelling], severe COVID-19 [RR 2.63 (95% CI 1.41 – 4.90), p = 0.002, I2 = 89%, random-effect modelling], and mortality from COVID-19 infection [RR 2.62 (95% CI 2.04 – 3.36), p < 0.00001, I2 = 96%, random-effect modelling]. Conclusions Extra care and close monitoring should then be provided to patients with dementia to minimize the risk of infections, preventing the development of severe and mortality outcomes.

Peroxisome is an intracellular organelle that functions in essential metabolic pathways including β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and biosynthesis of plasmalogens. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) manifest severe dysfunction in multiple organs including central nervous system (CNS), whilst the pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown. We recently reported that peroxisome-deficient neural cells secrete an increased level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), resulting in the cerebellar malformation. Peroxisomal functions in adulthood brain have been little investigated. To induce the peroxisome deficiency in adulthood brain, we here established tamoxifen-inducible conditional Pex2-knockout mouse. Peroxisome deficiency in the conditional Pex2-knockout adult mouse brain induces the upregulated expression of BDNF and its inactive receptor TrkB-T1 in hippocampus, which notably results in memory disturbance. Our results suggest that peroxisome deficiency gives rise to the dysfunction of hippocampal circuit via the impaired BDNF signaling.

Background: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is induced by common neurosurgical conditions, for example, trauma, stroke, tumors, and surgical interventions in the brain. The aggressiveness of the treatment for NCSE depends on its neurological prognosis. Aphasic status epilepticus (ASE) is a subtype of focal NCSE without consciousness impairment. The impact of ASE on neurological prognosis is poorly documented. We describe a case of postoperative ASE resulting in verbal and memory deficits. Case Description: A 54-year-old, right-handed man with focal impaired awareness seizures underwent partial resection for a left temporal lobe tumor. No neurological deficits were observed immediately after surgery. Three days later, however, a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (FBTCS) occurred, followed by aphasia. Electroencephalography revealed 1.5 Hz left-sided periodic discharges. He was diagnosed with ASE. Multiple anti-seizure drugs were ineffective for the resolution of the patient’s verbal disturbance. Nine days after the FBTCS, deep sedation with intravenous anesthetics was performed and the ASE stopped. Thereafter, his symptoms gradually improved. However, the prolonged ASE resulted in verbal and memory deficits. Automated hippocampal volumetry revealed an approximate decrease of 20% on the diseased side on magnetic resonance imaging 3 months after surgery. Conclusion: Prolonged ASE can induce verbal and memory deficits. Early intervention with intravenous anesthetics is required to obtain a favorable neurological prognosis.

This paper analyses the deja-vu experience in order to deepen the understanding of the complex nature of time-consciousness from a phenomenological point of view. The paper is divided into two sect...

Memory difficulties are commonly associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and cause significant disability. This article reviews the role of altered hippocampal theta oscillations and theta-gamma coupling as potential causes of memory disturbance in temporal lobe epilepsy, dissecting the potential mechanisms underlying these changes in large-scale neuronal synchronization. We discuss development of treatments for cognitive dysfunction directed at restoring theta rhythmicity and future directions for research.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a treatment that steals medical attention and the public. Memory disturbance after ECT is a special consideration for the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) of the United States to classify ECT, whether it belongs to class III (high risk). Psychiatrists or anesthesiologists (who are experienced with ECT) tend to change this classification, while neurologists, psychologists, biostatistics experts, and public representatives agree to maintain ECT status in class III. Contrary to unexpected effects, ECT can induce a transition in severe melancholic patients and suicide to normal functioning humans, after other treatments have failed. With the aim of balancing effectiveness and safety, this paper provides modern evidence of the benefits and risks of ECT.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with memory disturbance and dementia were determined in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients in hospitals before discharge, three and six months after stroke. A prospective cohort study was conducted during January-December 2017 with 401 AIS patients admitted to Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen Hospital and Chum Phae Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. The demographics and clinical characteristics, previous illness and past medical history, and laboratory test results of the patients were collected from the medical records, while depression screening, NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) scoring and mini mental state examination (MMSE) were performed using particular medical record forms. The prevalence of memory disturbance and dementia was 56.6, 41.6 and 38.2% before discharge, three and six months after stroke, respectively. Based on logistic regression analysis, age, education and stroke severity were the risk factors associated with the studied disorders before discharge and three months after stroke. Meanwhile, age and education were the risk factors for six months after stroke. Our findings suggested that the prevalence of memory disturbance and dementia remained high at all study periods.

Introduction We recently reported cases of scrap recycling workers intoxicated with organotin, who showed severe encephalopathy with symptoms of memory disturbance. The study showed higher ratio of urinary trimethyltin to urinary dimethyltin in the workers than that in the previous cases exposed to only dimethyltin, suggesting co-exposure to dimethyltin and trimethyltin in the present cases. The present study subsequently investigated blood dimethyltin and trimethyltin to understand the relationship of urinary and blood dimethlytin/trimethyltin for evaluation of validity of them as exposure markers for organotin. Methods Urinary and blood dimethyltin and trimethyltin at different time points in three workers were measured with HPLC-ICP/MS. Regression analyses were conducted with independent values of blood dimethyltin and trimethyltin and dependent values of urinary dimethyltin and trimethyltin respectively. Multiple regression analysis with dummy variable of individual was also conducted for adjustment of individual factors. Result Regression analysis showed significantly positive relation of urinary trimethyltin to blood trimethyltin, but did not show significant relation of urinary dimethyltin to blood dimethyltin. Multiple regression analysis with individual factor also showed significantly positive relation of urinary trimethyltin to blood dimethyltin. Discussion The study shows that urinary trimethyltin reflects blood trimethyltin. In co-exposure to trimethytin and dimethyltin, urinary trimethyltin can be an internal exposure marker of trimethyltin, which is considered to be not only derived from external exposure to trimethyltin but also the trimethyl tin converted from dimethyltin, in human body.

We present a 37-year-old male case of cystic suprasellar huge craniopharyngioma, who presented with significant memory disturbance due to obstructive hydrocephalus. Combined interhemispheric and pterional approach was chosen to resect huge suprasellar tumor. Interhemispheric trans-lamina terminalis approach was quite effective to resect third ventricular tumor, while pterional approach was useful to dissect tumor out of basilar perforators and stalk.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/BoYIPa96kdo.

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is very difficult. The main characteristic of neuro-image in AD is the atrophy of hippocampus and the main symptoms of AD is memory disturbance. However, we speculate these two sticks cause overdiagnosis or underdiagnoses of AD because the atrophy of hippocampus is not specific to AD and memory disturbance is not the first symptom in AD. As for memory disturbance, this symptom is not only unspecific to AD but also not the first symptom in AD. Moreover, we speculate that there two situations when the pathological symptoms occur at MCI in AD.On situation is when patients with AD at the MCI stage relax, at which time these patients show apathy. The other situation is when they are more stressed than usual. In this situation, these patients will be upset or panic. Therefore, the most important is hearing family of caregiver whether the patient shows apathy when he or she is relax (e.g., when they watch television, they fall asleep) and whether he or she is confused or panic when he or she is more stressed than usual.

Background: Some studies have demonstrated high cognitive deficits in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considering the limited available information about this issue, we decided to assess the cognitive deficits and memory disturbances in these patients.Materials and Methods: The present study is a case control research conducted on 50 patients with post-traumatic stress disorder who were admitted to Ibn-e-Sina psychiatric hospital in Mashhad, in north-eastern part of Iran in 2008. The control group included 50 people of first degree relatives of these patients who met the inclusion criteria of the study. Case and control groups were selected by simple sampling method; and for all of them, a questionnaire of demographic information, Wechsler memory scale, and mini mental status examination (MMSE) were completed. The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS 14th edition by chi square, t-test, and analyze of variance.Results: The mean score of Wechsler memory scale in patients with PTSD (80.78±18.39) was significantly higher than control group (67.92±7.38) (p=0.001). The mean score of MMSE was significantly lower in patients with PTSD compared to control group (p=0.001). The determined disability level assessed by Iranian veterans’ organization and also comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders with PTSD did not have a significant relationship with cognitive deficits, but the duration of PTSD and age of patients were significantly related to the level of cognitive deficits.Conclusion: Cognitive deficits and memory disturbances are higher in patients with PTSD than general population.

The deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is a consistent pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Therefore, inhibition of Aβ aggregation in the brain is an attractive therapeutic and preventive strategy in the development of disease-modifying drugs for AD. An in vitro study demonstrated that yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese medicine, inhibited Aβ aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. An in vivo study demonstrated that YKS and Uncaria hook (UH), a constituent of YKS, prevented the accumulation of cerebral Aβ. YKS also improved the memory disturbance and abnormal social interaction such as increased aggressive behavior and decreased social behavior in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. These results suggest that YKS is likely to be a potent and novel therapeutic agent to prevent and/or treat AD, and that this may be attributed to UH.

Retrograde memory loss where many years disappear suddenly from memory is a known but rare form of memory disturbance among young and old subjects. For those whose brain is affected by a known organic damage such as head trauma the time lost from memory is usually not counted in years, but typically hours or sometimes days or weeks. We review in this article current knowledge on retrograde memory loss as we describe the experience of a 31 year old woman who experienced an unusually long form of retrograde amnesia. She developed the memory loss in the wake of disappointment and a life event. At the time she had major depression. Having described the case and presented the results of neuropsychological testing, we associate her story with the state of knowledge on retrograde memory loss.

Posttraumatic amnesia is a common symptom after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and it may be related to hippocampal dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying the secondary or delayed cell death in the hippocampus after TBI have been poorly understood. In this article, we review the clinical and experimental evidence of hippocampal damage after TBI. Recent data suggesting that TBI may be both an inflammatory and/or a neurodegenerative disease are also presented. Further investigations are, therefore, necessary to better understand hippocampal damage and delineate the best practice strategies needed to improve the patient outcomes after TBI.

A Japanese patient with a 4-year history of slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia is described. From 1985 on, this 61-yr-old right-handed dentist showed insidiously progressive deterioration in his speech and auditory comprehension, but has no memory disturbance, disorientation of space, time or persons, acalculia or other impairments in his behavior. His personality changes are unremarkable. He still treats patients at his clinic. General physical and neurological examinations were normal. CT and MRI (1.5T) scans showed widening of the left sylvian fissure and lateral ventricle without any vascular lesions. A PET scan demonstrated focal hypometabolism restricted to the left temporal lobe. The clinical course and picture of our patient corresponds, well to those of slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia, described by Mesulam.

Higher cortical dysfunction is one of the most important aspects to be considered in pediatric acquired brain injury(ABI)rehabilitation. Recently, higher cortical dysfunction has attracted attention in the medical community and consequently many trials have been carried out, but most of these were only for adults. This review relates the introduction of pediatric ABI rehabilitation therapy in our rehabilitation center. Higher cortical dysfunction treatments in children seem to show better recovery results than treatments in adults because a child's brain has more plasticity. The main etiology of ABI in children is traumatic brain injury(TBI)and acute encephalitis/encephalopathy. The characteristic symptoms are memory disturbance and attention deficit in TBI, and visual problems in acute encephalitis/encephalopathy. It is important for children with higher cortical dysfunction to be enrolled in special education programs and to be cared for under the cooperation of their respective rehabilitation centers, schools and homes.

Rona Munro has been successfully writing for theatre, television and film for almost 25 years, and yet her work appears to have received very little scholarly attention. This article is a preliminary attempt to address this gap, offering a general overview of her work to date, and examining two of her stage plays in more detail.

A 43-year-old man presented with a neurocytoma manifesting as severe headache and disturbance of consciousness. Computed tomography revealed intraventricular hemorrhage, and a small mass lesion with calcification on the wall of the left lateral ventricle. The lesion appeared as mixed intensity regions on both T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and heterogeneous enhancement with gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. Angiography showed the pooling sign near the calcification in the late venous phase. Neurologically, amnestic syndrome was demonstrated in the subacute phase. Gross total removal of the lesion was performed through a transcallosal approach. His transient memory disturbance resolved. The histological diagnosis was neurocytoma. Intraventricular hemorrhage is rare as the initial presentation of neurocytoma. Surgery should avoid fornix injury and the risk of permanent memory disturbance.

We examined 33 patients with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms (AcomA ANs) treated in Keio University Hospital between May 1997 and October 2000 and analyzed memory disturbance, resumption of work and factors affecting 23 patients from the 33 who had either made a good recovery (GR, n=16) or remained moderately disabled (MD, n=7). The 16 GR patients comprised 7 businessmen, 2 cooks, 1 doctor, 1 part-time worker, 4 housewives and 1 male retiree. Two GR patients (12%) demonstrated memory disturbance due to vasospasm and primary brain damage, respectively. Except for 4 housewives and 1 retiree, 2 of the remaining 11 GR patients (18%) could not return to their previous job positions. One of the cooks suffered from mild memory disturbance at discharge, and he quit his previous job but continued to run the restaurant with the support of his family. The young part-time worker resigned from her job although her condition had returned to normal. The 7 MD patients comprised 2 businessmen, 2 administrative staffers, 1 novelist and 2 retirees. Five of the 7 showed memory disturbance, which in 2 patients was due to the primary brain damage, and in another 2 to surgical complications and a vasospasm, respectively. Only 1 of these 5 patients was able to return to his previous job, which was writing as a novelist, although he suffered vasospasm-related weakness in the lower extremities.In conclusion, the rate of resumption of work was satisfactory in GR patients, but was not so in MD patients, and memory disturbance caused by primary brain damage, surgical complications and vasospasm was the leading factor. Although it can be expected that patients with a ruptured AcomA AN may well show a high incidence of memory disturbance because of the damage to the basal forebrain perfused by the AcomA, this was probably not a factor in the memory disturbance or resumption of work in this series.

Objective To report a case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method Case report. Results We report the time course of AD following mild TBI with evidence of AD pathology. A patient complained of minor memory disturbance 6 months after TBI and was diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment 1.5 years after TBI, and she was finally diagnosed as probable AD 4 years after TBI. Amyloid PET revealed brain accumulation of beta-amyloid at a pathological AD level. Conclusion Our case well illustrated how TBI can accelerate the AD process. Clinicians should carefully follow up patients with persistent cognitive impairment after TBI.

頭部MRIにて可逆性のT1低、T2、FLAIR高信号域を呈した56歳のてんかん患者を報告する。本例はてんかん発作初発の半年後より、右眼瞼、口角、上下肢の瞬時の痙攣、脱力、発語停止など焦点発作、意識減損発作が目立つようになった。発作頻度の増加に平行して記銘力障害が悪化、MRIにて左側海馬萎縮、同側側頭葉前部の異常信号域が認められた。脳波では左蝶型骨誘導に限局した棘波を認めた。抗てんかん薬投与後、発作はほぼ消失、異常信号域も消退した。一方、記銘力障害、海馬萎縮は持続した。複雑部分発作重積後に頭部MRIで限局性異常信号域をみることが報告されている。本症例から、重積でなく短い発作の反復によっても異常信号域を生じ得ると考えられた。

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and problems of the embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with diluted cyanoacrylate adhesives. Twelve consecutive AVM cases were treated with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glues between January 1997 and July 1998. The mean age of the patients was 37 years old. Intracerebral hemorrhage was the presenting symptom in seven cases, seizure in three, headache in one and mental deterioration in one. According to the classification of Spetzler and Martin, seven were Grade 11, five were Grade III. We used a mixture of NBCA (normally 25% Histoacryl, 75% Ethidol) for embolization. Microcatheter was navigated into the nidus and the tip of the catheter was set in a wedged position. Then the glue was injected using complete column technique. Nineteen sessions of embolization were performed in 12 patients. The mean volume of each nidus was reduced from 22.5 ml to 3.4 ml (85%) after embolization. Four cases were cured by embolization alone. Surgical resection was performed after embolization without any residual nidus in three cases. Five were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery following embolization. One was completely cured in 18 months after and the other four have been decreasing their sizes of nidus. One case was suffered from delayed intracerebral hemorrhage three days after embolization, and resulted in mild hemiparesis and memory disturbance. The others had no complications and were clinically improved or unchanged after embolization. It is possible to embolize the nidus of AVMs more accurately and safely with diluted mixture of NBCA, compared with the method using relatively higher concentration of NBCA glues. This technique is useful and effective method for the treatment of AVMs.

This study examined the relation between complaints of memory disturbance and measures of mood and memory functioning in 55 patients with serological evidence of late-stage Lyme Borreliosis (LB). Patients completed the Self-Ratings of Memory Questionnaire (SRMQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory. Memory functioning was assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test. Depressed patients exhibited more frequent complaints of memory disturbance on the SRMQ, although their pattern of responses did not differ from nondepressed patients. There was a significant correlation between subjective memory ratings and self-reported depression (Spearman rho = -.57, p.001). No relation was observed between subjective memory ratings and objective memory performance. The results indicate subjective complaints of more severe memory disturbance in patients with LB and depression. Particular attention should be paid to the assessment of depression and subjective symptoms of memory disturbance when administering neuropsychological tests of memory functioning in patients with LB.

While proper brain function requires the complex interaction of chemicals perpetually occupied in purposeful biochemistry, it is well established that certain toxic substances have the potential to disrupt normal brain physiology and to impair neurological homeostasis. As well as headache, cognitive dysfunction, memory disturbance, and other neurological signs and symptoms, disruption of brain function may also manifest as subtle or overt alteration in thoughts, moods, or behaviors. Over the last four decades, there has been the unprecedented development and release of a swelling repertoire of potentially toxic chemicals which have the capability to inflict brain compromise. Although the ability of xenobiotics to induce clinical illness is well established, the expanding public health problem of widespread toxicant exposure in the general population is a relatively new phenomenon that has spawned escalating concern. The emerging area of clinical care involving the assessment and management of accrued toxic substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, plasticizers and other endocrine disrupting or neurotoxic compounds has not been fully appreciated by the medical community and has yet to be incorporated into the clinical practice of many consultants or primary care practitioners.

Memory disturbance is a frequent cognitive complaint by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent dementia research suggests a beneficial role for vitamin D in long-term memory functioning. While data suggest ameliorative effects of vitamin D for the physical impairments of MS, it is unknown whether vitamin D can benefit the cognitive sequelae. We examined the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D and performance on verbal and nonverbal tests of long-term memory in patients with MS.A sample of 35 adults with relapsing-remitting MS completed cognitive testing and a vitamin D serum (25[OH]D) assay. Memory assessment used clinically established neuropsychological tests with multiple testing formats to determine whether vitamin D level was associated with memory during conditions of varying retrieval demands. Intellectual functioning and mood were also assessed to control for potential confounds.Vitamin D level was positively associated with performance on immediate and delayed recall trials of the Rey Complex Figure Test, effects that held after controlling for intelligence and disease duration. Vitamin D level was not associated with mood, intelligence, or verbal memory performance on the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition.Higher vitamin D level was associated with better nonverbal long-term memory performance in MS, particularly in conditions when no aid was given to help retrieval. These results supplement the literature on the neuroprotective effects of vitamin D and suggest that vitamin D is a worthwhile adjunct treatment for MS.

We report the case of a 64-year old man who presented memory disturbance, low-grade fever, weight loss, and bilateral hand tremors for three months. He was diagnosed with non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis (NHALE). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed new lesions after symptomatic improvement following steroid pulse therapy. This may indicate that there is a time lag between the disturbance or recovery of neurons and astrocytes. Thus, other lesions might occasionally appear during convalescence in patients with NHALE, even if only minimal lesions were found on the initial MRI.

The Squire and Zola-Morgan parallel organization model of the memory and the Tulving hierarchical model were developed mainly through the study of amnesic patients. The predictions of these two models are different, the first being more open to double dissociations and less restrictive than the second. Alzheimer's Disease is characterized by a differential impairment of the memory systems and by an interindividual variability which may take the form of dissociations between preserved and disturbed abilities in some patients. The objective of this study was to use the memory dysfunctions of patients with AD to test the validity of the two models. Analysis of the group data provided an average profile of memory disturbance consistent both with much of the data given in AD literature and with the two models. Using a multiple single-case strategy, we demonstrated several simple dissociations which are for the greater part compatible with the two models. Two of the dissociations underline the limits of the Tulving model, which otherwise accounts for a lot of results. The study supports the relevance of AD for the understanding of the cognitive architecture of the human memory.

The memory center at Molndal Hospital was opened in 1993 to meet the need for outpatient evaluation, information, and treatment of patients with cognitive disturbances of various degrees. As memory disturbance is a key symptom in dementia, memory complaints in elderly people may be the first symptom of a slow or rapid development of dementia, but in many cases they only reflect a decline in short-time memory that is considered normal in aging. During the period January 1993 to June 1994, 406 patients with subjective memory complaints were received at the center. About one-fourth of these patients were found to be demented and 35% to have mild cognitive dysfunction. The latter group is the most important target group for therapeutic measures. Although dementia, with few exceptions, is not reversible today, certain pharmacologic treatments are believed to slow down its progress. About 40% of the patients had no measurable cognitive disturbance, but depressive and neurotic symptoms were relatively common amo...

浜松方式高次脳機能スケール（以下 HHBFS と略す）を用いて，頭部外傷後の記憶と認知機能との急性期回復過程の評価を行った。対象はび漫性軸索損傷（以下 DAI）4例，び漫性脳損傷（以下 DBI）3例，脳震盪症４例である。 HHBFS は初回検査を外傷後健忘消失後７日以内に行い，その後１ヵ月後まで7～10日おき，さらにその後は約３ヵ月まで施行した。全例即時記憶は初回検査時から正常範囲であった。 DAI と DBI 群では，中間期記憶が初回検査時高度障害,２～３週後軽度障害，２～３ヵ月後ほぼ正常の経過をとった。 DBI にともなった前頭葉の小病巣は，中間期記憶が正常化しても前頭前野機能と関連する項目の障害をもたらした。頭部外傷急性期の記憶障害の回復は，外傷後健忘の消失時期には即時記憶が正常範囲の成績であり，その後に中間期記憶の回復が観察された。前頭前野機能と関連する認知障害は，大脳局所の病巣と関連が深く，記憶の回復より遅延す

Deep seated cavernous angioma (CA) is a very rare entity, those occurring in the hypothalamus are still less common. We present a case of a 52-year-old man who presented with behavior and memory disturbance attacks. He had a CA of the hypothalamus as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We will discuss the role and importance of imaging in such scenario and also the differential diagnoses of this rare entity.

The study explored differential patterns of deficits in different memory components as a function of dementia severity. Three groups of 58 subjects each were used: (1) highly functioning elderly who are free of neurological or psychiatric symptoms; (2) individuals with early signs of memory disturbance, whose MMSE scores were > or = 24; and (3) individuals with MMSE scores below 24, who meet criteria for DAT. Performance on the tests that assess different memory components was compared for the three groups. Results suggest pronounced change in acquisition component of memory at the onset of dementia, whereas retrieval from remote memory discriminates well between the mild and the more advanced phases of the disease. Retrieval from recent memory deteriorates more gradually. Based on these results, efficiency of different memory mechanisms was discussed.

In this paper, a new FA method was proposed and successfully used in the OTP (one time programmable) memory disturbance failure. The traditional FA method PVC (positive voltage contrast) is employed to detect the failed location, but it failed to find it. The more sensitive method, AFP biased current image was also failed to locate the failed location. The new method uses the light to stimulus the sample, and use AFP to scan and measure the induced current. The abnormal contrast was observed. The EFA was performed to probe the failed location to breakdown. The result show the breakdown voltage is lower than good unit. Further PFA was performed to find the Silicon-related defects, which also confirm the success of this method.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well known clinical entity characterized by anterograde memory disturbance of sudden onset that lasts 1 to 24 hours. Orientation in space and time is impaired while consciousness remains undisturbed1,2 . TGA may refer to a single expression of several physiopathological phenomena. Conceptually, cerebral ischemia, epileptic discharge, and migraine constitute the main pathogenic hypothesis3 […] Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in transient global amnesia

The confrontation between theory and clinical practice contributes to improve our knowledge of emotions. In the present paper, theoretical models both cognitive and biological are briefly reviewed in the first part. Interactions between research and clinical practice are examined across two separate approaches in the second part. The first, neuropsychological approach considers Alzheimer’s disease to further explore relationships between emotions and memory disturbance. The second considers panic disorder to explore cognitive and behaviour theories of fear. Finally, we address therapeutic applications for each approach which come directly from the theory.