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The deformation of the free surface of a paramagnetic liquid subjected to a non-uniform magnetic field has been studied. A transient deformation of the surface caused by the interplay of gravity, magnetic field and surface tension is observed when a permanent magnet is moved vertically downwards to the free surface of the liquid. Different concentrations of rare-earth metal salt (DyCl 3 ) were used and different magnet velocities were studied. The deformation of the interface was followed optically by means of a microscope and recorded with a high-speed camera. The experimental results are compared and discussed with complementary numerical simulations. Detailed results are given for the static shape of the deformed surface and the temporal evolution of the surface deformation below the center of the magnet. The frequency of the surface oscillations is found to depend on the concentration of the salt and is compared with analytical findings. Finally, a potential application of the effects observed is presented.

Survival of glioblastoma patients has been linked to the completeness of surgical resection. Available data, however, were generated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Data confirming that extensive cytoreduction remains beneficial to patients treated with the current standard, concomitant temozolomide radiochemotherapy, are limited. We therefore analyzed the efficacy of radiochemotherapy for patients with little or no residual tumor after surgery. In this prospective, non-interventional multicenter cohort study, entry criteria were histological diagnosis of glioblastoma, small enhancing or no residual tumor on post-operative MRI, and intended temozolomide radiochemotherapy. The primary study objective was progression-free survival; secondary study objectives were survival and toxicity. Furthermore, the prognostic value of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation was investigated in a subgroup of patients. One-hundred and eighty patients were enrolled. Fourteen were excluded by patient request or failure to initiate radiochemotherapy. Twenty-three patients had non-evaluable post-operative imaging. Thus, 143 patients qualified for analysis, with 107 patients having residual tumor diameters ≤1.5 cm. Median follow-up was 24.0 months. Median survival or patients without residual enhancing tumor exceeded the follow-up period. Median survival was 16.9 months for 32 patients with residual tumor diameters >0 to ≤1.5 cm (95% CI: 13.3–20.5, p = 0.039), and 13.9 months (10.3–17.5, overall p 1.5 cm. Patient age at diagnosis and extent of resection were independently associated with survival. Patients with MGMT promoter methylated tumors and complete resection made the best prognosis. Completeness of resection acts synergistically with concomitant and adjuvant radiochemotherapy, especially in patients with MGMT promoter methylation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11060-012-0798-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective: Survival of glioblastoma patients has been linked to the completeness of surgical resection. Available data, however, were generated with radiotherapy as adjuvant therapy. Little data is available to confirm that cytoreductive therapy remains beneficial in patients treated according the present[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 62. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Polnischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgen (PNCH)

Based on the SYSTERS protein family database, we present taxon-related protein family frequencies and distributions. A set of taxon-related protein families is a subset of the whole family set with respect to one taxon, where taxon is not restricted to the species level but may be any rank in the taxonomy. We examine eight ranks in the lineages of seven organisms. A strong linear correlation is observed between the total number of different families and the number of sequences in the data set under consideration. We fitted the generalised power-law function to protein family distributions in a least-squares sense excluding singleton frequencies. Taxon-related family distributions tend to have the same shape and a negative slope being not larger than -2.1 for large data sets. For smaller data sets, the slope is decreasing down to -3.7. Slopes of family distributions are found to be slowly increasing towards higher taxonomic ranks. Our observations lead to a new estimation of single sequence cluster frequencies. Data sets of various species are studied with respect to being complete or incomplete.

The manipulation of magnetic fluids by external magnetic field is contactless and free of Joule heating. The paramagnetic liquid offers possibly of manipulation and has a potential application in rare earth element separation. Yet, unlike super-paramagnetic liquid, e.g. ferrofluid, such dynamics is lack of investigation. To observe the combined effect of gravity and magnetic field on paramagnetic solution, the permanent magnet was moved vertically above the free surface of DyCl3 and MnSO4 solution. The change of interface was followed optically by shadowgraph. The focus of the work is the interfacial height difference. Moreover, the morphology of the free interface was observed. The objective one is investigated by changing the concentrations as well as the speed of applying and removing of the magnet. The speed of the moving magnet falls into two categories. One relates to quasi-static magnetization and demagnetization and the second represents jump-like magnetization and demagnetization, i.e. 0.5 mm/s and 20 mm/s respectively. It was found, that the level of liquid is oscillating with specific frequency defined by concentration of solution and is independent of the magnet velocity.