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The aim of this study is to investigate the fluid flow structure and heat transfer from an isothermal cylinder with a curved corner radius ratio (r/R) of 0.5, and attack angle (α) is varied between 0° ≤ α ≤ 45°. The cylinder is subjected to airflow at a Reynolds number (Re) = 180 and Prandtl number (Pr) = 0.7. This study focuses on the effect of α on the fluid forces, Strouhal number, Nusselt number, and flow structure, and wake bubble size. The sensitivity of the time-mean drag and lift forces is investigated to α, and they appear to be minimum at critical α of 5° and 12°, respectively. The increase of α from 0 to 45° results in about 12.9% enhancement in the heat transfer from the cylinder.

Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae) is a perennial bulbous herb, locally utilized for possessing multifaceted pharmacological properties including anticancer, immune-stimulating, analgesic, antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial, and antifungal, in addition to their popularity as an aesthetic plant. Separation of MeOH extract of C. asiaticum leaves yielded three known compounds as cycloneolitsol (1), hippeastrine (2) and β-sitosterol (3). Among these, compounds 1 and 2 were subjected to the cytotoxic assay and found that 1 decreased cell viability to 45% and 8% against HCT116 cells; 15% and 9% against DU145 cells; 63% and 23% against Huh7 cells at 100 µM and 200 µM concentrations, respectively. Similarly, 2 decreased cell viability to 10% and 7% against HCT116 cells; 25% and 15% against DU145 cells; 26% and 18% against Huh7 cells at 100 µM and 200 µM concentrations, respectively. When tested for TRAIL-resistance abrogating activity, 1 (100 µM) along with TRAIL (100 ng/mL) showed moderate activity in AGS cells producing 25% more inhibition than the agent alone. Whereas (20 and 30 µM) in combination with TRAIL (100 ng/mL) exhibited strong activity in abrogating TRAIL-resistance and caused 34 and 36% more inhibition in AGS cells, respectively. The in-silico studies of compounds 1 and 2 revealed high docking hits in the TRAIL and other cancer-associated proteins which indicates a good correlation with the cell-based assay. It is still recommended to conduct further investigations to understand their exact molecular mechanism.

Tropical cyclone (TC) disaster risk has likely increased in Bangladesh since the beginning of the 21st century. It is primarily due to the cumulative impact of rising coastal exposures such as population, insufficient funding to address disaster risks, and ineffective utilization of century-old early warning signals for TC. From 2000 to 2020, the average number of people affected by a Category 1–2 TC (according to Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) was 3.18 million, representing a 28.91% increase from the average reported during 1979–1999. Moreover, the past two decades have witnessed a staggering 69.83% of all TC-induced disasters, and with the exception of Chattogram, all coastal districts have seen a rise in the number of TC disasters. Notably, the frequency of TCs and meteorological trends, which remain relatively constant over time, cannot account for either the size of the affected population or the number of TC-related disasters reported at the sub-national level. During 2000–2013, roughly 67% of the disaster management budget was provided by foreign and humanitarian aid, and a significant funding gap was observed during major TC disasters, such as TC Sidr in 2007. Our findings also suggest that the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) tends to issue higher levels of warnings irrespective of the intensity and potential hazard of a TC, which may have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate in recent years. However, there is a growing concern that this approach may lead to an emerging type of TC disaster risk, where people may start to disregard the warnings due to their perceived lack of credibility.

The current study investigated the motives that underlie support for COVID-19 preventive behaviorsin a large, cross-cultural sample of 12,758 individuals from 34 countries. We hypothesized that the associations of empathic prosocial concern and fear of disease, with support towards preventive COVID-19 behaviors would be moderated by the individual-level and country-level trust in the government. Results suggest that the association between fear of disease and support for COVID-19 preventive behaviors was strongest when trust in the government was weak (both at individual and country-level). Conversely, the association with empathic prosocial concern was strongest when trust was high, but this moderation was only found at individual-level scores of governmental trust. We discuss how both fear and empathy motivations to support preventive COVID-19 behaviors may be shaped by socio-cultural context, and outline how the present findings may contribute to a better understanding of collective action during global crises.

Introduction: In the marginalised countries most neglected health issue is Newborn mortality. A study was undertaken to assess the influence of factors and newborn care practices influencing newborn health in the rural area of Bareilly district. Methodology: The Descriptive cross-sectional study was organized in the rural areas of Bareilly. Study participants were selected based on the mothers who gave birth to a baby during the last six months. The mothers who delivered in that area within six months were included, and using the semi-structured questionnaire, data was collected. Data analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 2021 version for windows. Results: Mothers initiating early breastfeeding were more commonly 78 (52.3%) observed in the younger mothers at 24-29 years, followed by 48(32.3%) at 30-35 years, the difference was statistically significant (p

Pancreatic cancer is a very deadly disease with a 5-year survival rate, making it one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein in pancreatic cancer. FAK, a tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in cancer cells, is crucial for the development of tumors into malignant phenotypes. FAK functions in response to extracellular signals by triggering transmembrane receptor signaling, which enhances focal adhesion turnover, cell adhesion, cell migration, and gene expression. The ligand-based drug design approach was used to identify potential compounds against the target protein, which included molecular docking: ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), toxicity, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA). Following the retrieval of twenty hits, four compounds were selected for further evaluation based on a molecular docking approach. Three newly discovered compounds, including PubChem CID24601203, CID1893370, and CID16355541, with binding scores of −10.4, −10.1, and −9.7 kcal/mol, respectively, may serve as lead compounds for the treatment of pancreatic cancer associated with FAK1. The ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicity analyses demonstrated that the compounds were effective and nontoxic. However, further wet laboratory investigations are required to evaluate the activity of the drugs against the cancer.

In this study, a method was established to grade the potato-based on size features using a machine vision technique with image processing and multivariate analysis method. The individual potatoes image was captured using a color camera sensor with white LED lighting conditions in the laboratory. An image processing algorithm was developed for extracting the size (major, minor, and surface area) features from 57 potato images. Using these extracted feature data, the potato was classified using the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithm, and the overall accuracy was achieved at 86%. Finally, it was stated that the PLS-DA classification algorithm with size features could be used for grading the potato in Bangladesh. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2021; 19(4.000): 528-532]

In broiler production, probiotics and synbiotics have been introduced as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoter. The study investigated the effects of selected probiotics and synbiotics on body weight and blood-biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 48, day-old Lohman broiler chicks were reared for 28 days. At day 13, the chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups: A, B, C, and D (n=12 in each group). The group A was considered as non-treated control. Group B was supplemented antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) with water. Group C and D were supplied with probiotics at a dose rate of 1 g/L and synbiotic 1.2 g/L, respectively through drinking water. Synbiotic treated broilers had significantly (p [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2021; 19(4.000): 471-476]

Objective: Duck virus enteritis is a severe viral disease that kills ducks and swans worldwide. The clinical manifestations, gross pathology, molecular detection, and characterization of the duck virus enteritis virus (DVEV) in Australian black swans at a safari park in Bangladesh were described in this case report. Materials and Methods: On a safari park in Bangladesh, an Australian black swan flock exhibited clinical signs of anorexia, greenish watery diarrhea, increased thirst, partial paralysis, and death. Postmortem examinations of deceased swans revealed extensive pathological abnormalities in the trachea, liver, and spleen. To isolate DVEV, a viral inoculum produced from the liver and spleen of dead swans was implanted into 913-day-old embryonated duck eggs via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. DVEV was confirmed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the genetic relationship between the DVEV isolates from Australian black swans, and 16 DVEV isolates previously described in the GenBank. Results: Hemorrhage was noted in the annular ring of the trachea, as well as an enlarged and hemorrhagic liver and spleen. The PCR assay amplified a 446-bp fragment of the DVEV DNA polymerase gene in the liver, spleen, and CAM homogenates. The phylogenetic analysis found that the DVEV isolates from swans were comparable to those from Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, China, Germany, the USA, and Egypt. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the DVEV was the cause of illness and mortality in an Australian black swan flock. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(4.000): 557-562]

This work numerically investigates the effect of FIV on the heat transfer performance of three heated tandem cylinders at different spacing ratios and reduced velocity. The simulation is performed at Reynolds number Re = 100, Prandtl number Pr = 0.7. The three elastically mounted heated cylinders are allowed to oscillate in the transverse direction with reduced velocity Ur = 2–20, mass ratio m* = 2, and zero damping coefficient for maximum oscillation. The spacing ratio between cylinders G* = 2 and 4 are considered to elucidate the effect of FIV on heat transfer in extended body regime (G* = 2) and reattachment regime (G* = 4). The effect of the spacing ratio on FIV and heat transfer is observed through flow structures and quantified through oscillation amplitude, shedding frequency, pressure coefficient, and Nusselt number. The flow around the cylinders and the associated heat transfer depend strongly on the spacing ratio. The present findings can be utilized to develop a strategy for reducing fouling and removing contaminants and wax in piggyback pipes used in nuclear power plants or offshore oil extraction.

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) of the modified tandem-cylinder with a change in corner radii has been investigated in a laminar flow regime with Re = 150 and Pr = 0.7. The corner radius (r: corner radii, R: cylinder characteristic length) r* = 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 are used at a constant angle of attack of 45°. The cylinders are allowed to vibrate in transverse direction while restricted in axial direction with spacing ratio L/D = 4. Computation is carried out with a fixed mass ratio m* = 10 and varying reduced velocity Ur = 2 ∼ 10. Constant heating is provided by keeping boundary at a constant temperature. The two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and energy equation are coupled together. Navier-Stokes equations are used with FIV equation of elastically supported cylinder to have flow solutions. Lock-in phenomenon for most of the configuration is occurring at Ur = 6 where vibrational amplitude for most of the configuration is peaked. At Ur = 6 for square cylinder, pseudo ‘2P’ can be observed in the wake of r* = 0. Vortices at Ur = 6 are not merged properly to form a definite type of vortex shedding, although in further downstream weak 2S vortex shedding can be observed. Heating of cylinder is affected by various parameters such as corner radii and spacing ratio with other factors such as early flow separation, reattachment, and vibrational amplitude. Maximum values of Average Nusselt number Nuavg is at Ur = 6 for circular cylinder, whereas minimum lies at Ur = 2 for square downstream cylinder. Results give a deep insight into heat transfer getting changed by changing different parameters and will make a base for future study of tube bundles in heat exchangers with FIV.

In this study, two-dimensional numerical analysis was done to investigate the influence of surface roughness on the heat transfer and flow characteristics for a circular cylinder subjected to crossflow. Numerical solution of the URANS and energy equation was sought using Ansys Fluent for the transient analysis at Reynolds number of 100. The roughness was induced in the cylinder surface by considering the sand surface roughness model. Four levels of roughness were studied with the roughness coefficient (Ks/D) varying between 0.01 and 0.06. The cylinder was allowed to move in transverse as well as streamwise direction to study the two-degree of freedom motion. The reduced velocity was varied in the range of 1–10, covering the region with maximum amplitude of vibration. The cylinder was heated at 300°C above the freestream fluid temperature. The numerical model was validated with the results from the literature. The analysis was done in terms of vorticity and temperature contours, Nusselt number, Strouhal number, and lift and drag coefficients. The results indicated that the surface roughness affected the flow characteristics and heat transfer in such a way that Strouhal number increased, while the lift and drag coefficients and Nusselt number decreased with the increase in the surface roughness. However, the effect of Nusselt number was much higher in comparison to the effect on the Strouhal number and lift and drag coefficients.

Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is defined as the integration of environmental thinking into supply-chain management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes and procurement. Generally, the sustainable supply chain is built on three dimensions: social, economic, and environmental, while the green supply chain emphasizes on the environmental issue considering an economic result. Although many works of sustainable growth heed attention on the profit margin as a first priority, however, the green supply chain focuses on the environmental issue along with an efficacious process, which is a beneficial to the environment as well. There are over 200 papers about GSCM. But among them, very few papers focus on the Pharmaceutical Industry, specially focusing on the supplier. But this paper focuses on implementing GSCM on Pharmaceutical Industry. Multi-objective Optimization Model has been applied here. Performance of the proposed model is evaluated by the Pycharm Solver of Python.

Multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. poses significant global public health concern by causing food-borne infections. This study aimed to detect MDR Salmonella spp. from healthy and diseased broiler chickens in the Mymensingh and Jamalpur districts of Bangladesh. Total 70 samples comprising feces (n=20), chicken meat (n=30), and visceral organs i.e. liver, lung, and kidney (n=20) were collected. Salmonella were isolated and identified by culture, biochemical tests and PCR. The antibiogram study was performed by the disk diffusion method. By PCR, 30% (21/70; 95% CI: 19.32-40.05%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp., of which significantly (p=0.005) higher occurrence were detected in feces (50%; 95% CI: 29.93-70.07%) compared to chicken meat (10%; 95% CI: 3.46-25.62%) and visceral organs (40%; 95% CI: 21.88-61.34%). By antibiogram, all the Salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, and frequently (90.48-19.05%) resistant to tetracycline, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, colistin, and ciprofloxacin. The significantly higher resistance of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ceftazidime were observed in the internal organs of broilers. Interestingly, 80.95% (17/21; 95% CI: 59.99-92.33%) Salmonella isolates were MDR in nature. The range of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates varied from 0.29 to 0.86. The high occurrence of MDR and MAR Salmonella in broilers detected in our present study could reveal a high risk to public health and these organisms could be transmitted to humans through the food supply. We suggest that effective prevention and control measures should be implemented to reduce their potential contamination and to minimize the emergence of antibiotic resistance. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2021; 4(2.000): 248-255]

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by antiplatelet antibodies and/or CD8 + T cells, resulting in the destruction of platelets and decreased platelet coun...

Poultry meat production has been dramatically increased in the last few decades due to increased population rate. Glucocorticoids decrease the growth of poultry and increase fat accumulation in liver and meat. In the coming days, it is important to consider the quality of meat to fulfill the increasing demand of proteins. The morphological and biometric properties of meat are associated with the quality of meat. The present research aimed to study the adaptations of muscular biology in response to potential glucocorticoid treatment in broiler chicken. This experiment was conducted into three groups of broiler (i.e. control group: homemade ration, group A: commercial broiler ration and group B: a high dose of glucocorticoid -7mg/kg) started from day 7 to or 28 days. Meat and blood samples were collected at day 7, 14, 21, and 28. For gross morphomology, color and weight of meat were consideredmeasured. Histomorphology of meat were was studied under light microscope by Hematoxylin & Eosin stain. The length and width of meat fibers were measured using calibrated stage micrometerThe length and width of meat fibers of meat were performed using calibrated stage micrometer. The blood cholesterol dynamics was measured by spectrophotometer. The color of breast meat was more yellowish and light than thigh meat. The weight of meat was negatively affected by glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoid treatment negatively influenced the number of myofibers in breast meat, while positively influenced the thigh meat. Excess dietary glucocorticoid increased the biometry of breast meat and decreased that of thigh meat in broiler. Glucocorticoid non-significantly increased the serum cholesterol level. These findings advance our knowledge about the action of glucocorticoid in the muscular system and provide basis for novel therapies to prevent glucocorticoid-induced muscular atrophy. Keywords: glucocorticoid; meat; morphology; broilers [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2021; 4(1.000): 1-8]

The overall performance of polymer composites depends on not only the intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix and inorganic filler but also the quality of interfacial adhesion. Although many reported approaches have been focused on the chemical treatment for improving interfacial adhesion, the examination of ultimate mechanical performance and long-term properties of polymer composites has been rarely investigated. Herein, we report carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy composites with improved interfacial adhesion by covalent bonding between CFs and the epoxy matrix. This leads to the improved ultimate mechanical properties and enhanced thermal aging performance. Raman mapping demonstrates the formation of an interphase region derived from the covalent bonding between CFs and the epoxy matrix, which enables the uniform fiber distribution and eliminates phase separation during thermal cycling. The covalent attachment of the CF to the epoxy matrix suppresses its migration during temperature fluctuations, preserving the mechanical performance of resulting composites under the thermal aging process. Furthermore, the finite elemental analysis reveals the effectiveness of the chemical treatment of CFs in improving the interfacial strength and toughness of silane-treated CF/epoxy composites. The insight into the mechanical improvement of CF/epoxy composites suggests the high potential of surface modification of inorganic fillers toward polymer composites with tunable properties for different applications.

Although molecular profiling of DNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor specimens has become more common in recent years, it remains unclear how discrete FFPE processing variables may affect detection of copy number variation (CNV). To better understand such effects, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) profiles of FFPE renal cell carcinoma specimens that experienced different delays to fixation (DTFs; 1, 2, 3, and 12 hours) and times in fixative (TIFs; 6, 12, 23, and 72 hours) were compared to snap-frozen tumor and blood specimens from the same patients. A greater number of regions containing CNVs relative to commercial reference DNA were detected in DNA from FFPE tumor specimens than snap-frozen tumor specimens even though they originated from the same tumor blocks. Extended DTF and TIF affected the number of DNA segments with a copy number status that differed between FFPE and frozen tumor specimens; a DTF ≥3 hours led to more segments, while a TIF of 72 hours led to fewer segments. Importantly, effects were not random as a higher guanine-cytosine (GC) content and/or a higher percentage of repeats were observed among stable regions. While limiting aCGH analysis to FFPE specimens with a DTF3 hours and a TIF72 hours may circumvent some effects, results from FFPE specimens should be validated against fresh or frozen specimens whenever possible.

Variability in storminess, storm surge, and mean sea level (MSL) can substantially alter coastal hazards associated with extreme sea levels (ESL). However, detection and attribution of past changes in tropical cyclone (TC) and related storm surge activity are hampered by inhomogeneous TC records due to changes in observational capabilities. Here we investigate spatiotemporal changes in storm surge levels in Japan from 1980–2019, a period when observational platforms including tide gauges and storm records are highly consistent. The analyses illustrate statistical evidence of increasing surge annual maxima in several places including the bay area of Tokyo since 1980 and this rate of change is comparable to those observed for MSL rise over the same period. These findings contrast the current hypothesis on the flood adaptation plan in which future surge extremes will remain the same. We demonstrate that the change in surge annual maxima reflects the combined effect of a consistent northeastward shifting of TC landfall location, intensifying and widening of TC. The substantial influence of these TC meteorological variables on surge levels coupled with MSL rise over long periods suggests that current coastal planning practices including critical heights for flood defenses, might be inadequate in the future.

Heat dissipation in space applications is very much necessary. For example, a satellite works under an extreme temperature environment depending on the satellite’s position in the orbit. Apart from thermal energy from the sun, the electronic component in the satellite itself generates heat as well. To maintain the temperature of the components within their operational range, a grooved heat pipe (GHP) is one of the best solutions. Within GHP, capillary action plays a major role to transfer the liquid from the condenser side to the evaporator side under a near-zero gravitational environment. This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in GHP for space application. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed using Ansys Fluent software. The omega-shaped axial micro-channelled GHP made from aluminium is considered for this study. The working fluid in the heat pipe is ammonia. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) multiphase model along with the Lee model equation is used to perform the mass transfer prediction. The effects of different heat load for a 25% filling ratio (FR) are studied. This paper mainly focuses on the fluid flow development in the initial 40s of the GHP operation for a specified percentage of FR and heat load. The CFD simulations give much more insights of the heat and mass transfer phenomena, which would not possible to obtain by experimentation. The results like pressure, velocity, temperature, and volume fraction profiles inside the GHP along the length were studied.

Canadian wells are used for heating and cooling in residential buildings, agriculture and industry. They rely on the quasi-stable underground temperature at a certain depth throughout the year. One way to enhance the performance of this type of heat exchangers, is to implement internal Vortex Generators (VGs). The VGs contribute in disrupting the thermal boundary layer, intensifying turbulence and increasing the heat transfer coefficient. Series of numerical simulations, using ANSYS FLUENT, were conducted to mimic the variable seasonal operational conditions of Canadian Wells during the year. One circumferential row of parallelepiped Vortex Generators was implemented in a real U-shaped tube Canadian Well geometry. The yearly ground and underground temperatures were implemented as sinusoidal functions of time and depth. The VGs were placed immediately downstream of the first bend close to the inlet. The Reynolds number was in the range 14975–42785. The ambient conditions were considered for the city of Constantine (Algeria) at an altitude of 600m over the sea level. The VGs yielded an improvement of up to 8% of the heat transfer coefficient for different Reynolds numbers. The bend, upstream of the VGs, and the wake, downstream of them, play a key role in affecting the heat transfer locally.

Given the extreme hot and humid ambient conditions of UAE, it comes no surprise that the demand for air conditioning would increase rapidly. In the UAE, roughly 90% of the electricity is consumed by the building sector. In that sector, air conditioners (A/Cs) consume about 80% of the total annual house electricity. The fact that performance of A/Cs decreases as the ambient temperature increases. Additional challenge to optimize energy consumption is that in hot and humid regions A/C units are simultaneously required to control the temperature and humidity. Thus, oversized A/C units are usually used which increases the energy consumption and affect indoor thermal comfort. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the ASHRAE standard in a residence in Dubai. Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) program is selected to study a detailed analysis of a residential building implementing ASHRAE building standards. The goal is to reach to an indoor temperature of 22.5°C and a 50% relative humidity according to ASHRAE standards. The values obtained from running the simulation over all the zones can now be used in order to size the A/C system. The maximum required load for all zones is 59.6 kW, however after applying the optimization method it was reduced by 4,5% to reach 56.9kW.

Piper betle L. is widely distributed and commonly used medicinally important herb. It can also be used as a medication for type 2 diabetes patients. In this study, compounds of P. betle were screened to investigate the inhibitory action of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase against type 2 diabetes through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analysis. The molecule apigenin-7-O-glucoside showed the highest binding affinity among 123 (one hundred twenty-three) tested compounds. This compound simultaneously bound with the two-target proteins alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, with high molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) values (ΔG Bind = −45.02 kcal mol−1 for alpha-amylase and −38.288 for alpha-glucosidase) compared with control inhibitor acarbose, which had binding affinities of −36.796 kcal mol−1 for alpha-amylase and −29.622 kcal mol−1 for alpha-glucosidase. The apigenin-7-O-glucoside was revealed to be the most stable molecule with the highest binding free energy through molecular dynamics simulation, indicating that it could compete with the inhibitors’ native ligand. Based on ADMET analysis, this phytochemical exhibited a wide range of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-like qualities and had no significant side effects, making them prospective drug candidates for type 2 diabetes. Additional in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations are needed to determine the precise efficacy of drugs.

Low Reynolds number flow (Re = 100) over a slitted 2D cylinder was examined to analyze the flow characteristics within the slit and the role it plays on the shedding frequency. The goal of this work is to explore the enhancement of the lift and reduction of the drag for energy harvesting purposes. One way of achieving this goal is by controlling the separation of the incompressible laminar boundary layer through blowing and suction. However, in this work it is passively controlled by the cylinder slit. Different slit orientation (azimuth angles: 0, π/12, π/6, π/4, 5π/12, and π/2) at 10% slit-to-diameter ratio was considered. The work was carried out numerically by seeking solution to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. Validation was done experimentally utilizing the 2D vertical soap film tunnel available in our laboratory at Khalifa University. The visualization in soap film tunnel exploits the optical properties of soap film and relies on the wake formation patterns and the frequency at which vortices shed using well developed imaging techniques. These flow visualizations of the vortex shedding behind the cylinder with and without slit were recorded and analyzed to infer its Strouhal number (St = f.D/U). From the common Roshko’s graph (Re vs St) the Reynolds number was determined, and the film property was evaluated. Using common flow as baseline the technique can be used to validate numerous 2D-flow simulations, airfoils, bluff bodies, and even the oscillating flow around them. The details of the soap-film technique and parameters for successful experimentation are provided and demonstrated on slitted cylinder. The results are validated using numerical technique and the results from the literature.

Topic An international, expert-led consensus initiative organized by the Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS), along with the International Ocular Inflammation Society and the International Uveitis Study Group, systematically developed evidence- and experience-based recommendations for the treatment of tubercular choroiditis. Clinical relevance The diagnosis and management of tubercular uveitis (TBU) pose a significant challenge. Current guidelines and literature are insufficient to guide physicians regarding the initiation of antitubercular therapy (ATT) in patients with TBU. Methods An international expert steering subcommittee of the COTS group identified clinical questions and conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the use of ATT for tubercular choroiditis. Using an interactive online questionnaire, guided by background knowledge from published literature, 81 global experts (including ophthalmologists, pulmonologists, and infectious disease physicians) generated preliminary consensus statements for initiating ATT in tubercular choroiditis, using Oxford levels of medical evidence. In total, 162 statements were identified regarding when to initiate ATT in patients with tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis, tuberculoma, and tubercular focal or multifocal choroiditis. The COTS group members met in November 2018 to refine these statements by a 2-step modified Delphi process. Results Seventy consensus statements addressed the initiation of ATT in the 3 subtypes of tubercular choroiditis, and in addition, 10 consensus statements were developed regarding the use of adjunctive therapy in tubercular choroiditis. Experts agreed on initiating ATT in tubercular choroiditis in the presence of positive results for any 1 of the positive immunologic tests along with radiologic features suggestive of tuberculosis. For tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis and tuberculoma, positive results from even 1 positive immunologic test were considered sufficient to recommend ATT, even if there were no radiologic features suggestive of tuberculosis. Discussion Consensus guidelines were developed to guide the initiation of ATT in patients with tubercular choroiditis, based on the published literature, expert opinion, and practical experience, to bridge the gap between clinical need and available medical evidence.

Prevalence of pre‐hypertension is higher among young adults and may increase the risk for hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Music therapy has been investigated to reduce the blood pressure in the hypertensive population; however, its efficacy on blood pressure in pre‐hypertensive young adults is not known. Thirty pre‐hypertensive (systolic blood pressure [SBP] = 120‐139 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure [DBP] = 80‐89 mmHg) young adults were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups. Music group (N = 15) received music therapy by passive listening to music for 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks, along with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan (a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, low‐fat dairy or unsaturated fat) and limit the daily sodium intake less than 100 mmol/day. The control group (N = 15) practiced only DASH eating plan and sodium restriction. The SBP, DBP, and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after 4 weeks of intervention. There was a significant reduction in SBP (8.73 mmHg, p

The fertility and productivity of cultivable land has been declining day by day due to imbalance use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted at the shade house of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from February, 2018 to March, 2019 in order to evaluate the influence of bioslurry on growth, yield and nutritional status of Indian spinach. The two-factor experiment comprised two varieties of Indian spinach viz., BARI Puishak-1 and BARI Puishak-2 and five levels of bioslurry namely no bioslurry and no fertilizer (control), 10, 15, 20 ton/ha bioslurry and recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Results showed that BARI Puishak-2 performed superior in respect of growth, yield contributing traits and nutritional constituents as compared to BARI Puishak-1. In case of treatments, the highest value of vine length, leaf number, branches per plant, leaf area, dry mater, yield and nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and sodium) were achieved from the recommended inorganic fertilizers while those parameters were the lowest in control plants. The combination of BARI Puishak-2 with recommended inorganic fertilizers showed the highest vine length, leaf number, number of branch per plant, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mater, yield and nutritional status, while those parameters were lowest in BARI Puishak-1 with control treatment. However, the results of the study revealed that bioslurry 20 ton/ha showed nearly similar performance as recommended inorganic fertilizers. Since, bioslurry contains sufficient amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous, therefore, it could be the effective alternative sources of nutrients instead of chemical fertilizers for sustainable and eco-friendly production of Indian spinach. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2020; 18(2.000): 379-387]

Purpose: Silicon established as a beneficial nutrient element especially for cereals, however it’s suitable source and optimum rate of application as a chemical fertilizer still not recommended. The purpose of the study was to identify the suitable source and optimum rate of silicon for growing rice at Ganges delta coastal zone soils. Methodology: Two similar succeeding field experiments: one at early monsoon season with T. Aus rice and another at monsoon season with T. Aman rice in 2021 were carried out using a two factor split plot design having replicated thrice. The first factor was three different sources of silicon (silicic acid, sodium meta silicate and calcium silicate) and second factor was seven rates of silicon (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg Si ha-1). Results: Using a quadratic model the optimum rate of silicic acid, sodium meta silicate and calcium silicate were 32.2, 25.7 and 23.6 kg Si ha-1 for T. Aus rice, and 42.9, 25.8 and 24.5 kg Si ha-1 for T. Aman rice, respectively. Calcium silicate was the best source of silicon as it shows best response with smaller rates of silicon. Sodium meta silicate had the second and silicic acid had the lowest performance. Increasing Si rates progressively increases the Si content, Si uptake and chlorophyll content of rice. Conclusion: Calcium silicate with 24 kg Si ha-1 is recommended for rice at Ganges delta coastal zone soils.

This work introduces the CoarseAIR™, a novel system utilizing a three-phase fluidized bed and a system of inclined channels to facilitate coarse particle flotation and internal size classification. Internal classification in the CoarseAIR™ was investigated in a series of continuous steady-state experiments at different inclined channel spacings. For each experimental series, a low-grade chalcopyrite ore was milled to a top size of 0.53 mm and methodically prepared to generate a consistent feed. The air rate to the system was adjusted to determine the impact of the gas flux on coarse particle flotation and overall system performance, with a focus on maximizing both copper recovery and coarse gangue rejection. A new feed preparation protocol led to low variability in the state of the feed, and in turn strong closure in the material balance. Hence, clear conclusions were drawn due to the high-quality datasets. Inclined channel spacings of z = 6 and z = 9 mm were used. The z = 9 mm spacing produced more favourable copper recovery and gangue rejection. Higher gas fluxes of 0.30 to 0.45 cm/s had a measurable, adverse effect on the recovery of the coarser hydrophobic particles, while the gas flux of 0.15 cm/s delivered the best performance. Here, the cumulative recovery was 90%, and mass rejection was 60% at 0.50 mm, while the +0.090 mm recovery was 83% with a gangue rejection of 85%. The system displayed robust performance across all conditions investigated.

Ab initio calculations were carried out to understand the effect of electron donating groups (EDG) and electron withdrawing groups (EWG) at the C5 position of cytosine (Cyt) and saturated cytosine (H2Cyt) of the deamination reaction. Geometries of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level in the gas phase as this level of theory has been found to agree very well with G3 theories. Activation energies, enthalpies, and Gibbs energies of activation along with the thermodynamic properties (ΔE, ΔH, and ΔG) of each reaction were calculated. A plot of the Gibbs energies of activation (ΔG‡) for C5 substituted Cyt and H2Cyt against the Hammett σ-constants reveal a good linear relationship. In general, both EDG and EWG substituents at the C5 position in Cyt results in higher ΔG‡ and lower σ values compared to those of H2Cyt deamination reactions. C5 alkyl substituents (−H, −CH3, −CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH3) increase ΔG‡ values for Cyt, while the same substituents decrease ΔG‡ values for H2Cyt which is likely due to steric effects. However, the Hammett σ-constants were found to decrease for both the Cyt and H2Cyt. Both ΔG‡ and σ values decrease for the substituents Cl and Br in the reaction Cyt, while ΔG‡ values increase and σ decrease in the reaction H2Cyt. This may be due to high polarizability of bromine which results in a greater stabilization of the transition state in the case of bromine compared to chlorine. Regardless of the substituent at C5, the positive charge on C4 is greater in the TS compared to the reactant complex for both the Cyt and H2Cyt. Moreover, as the charges on C4 in the TS increase compared to reactant, ΔG‡ also increase for the C5 alkyl substituents (-H, −CH3, −CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH3) in Cyt, while ΔG‡ decrease in H2Cyt. In addition, analysis of the frontier MO energies for the transition state structures shows that there is a correlation between the energy of the HOMO‒LUMO gap and activation energies.

Background:Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccines have been licensed for usage and have been delivered over the globe in various regions. There is a lack of public awareness and understanding of COVID-19 vaccinations, however. As a result, researchers conducted a survey to see what Bangladeshis had to say about COVID-19 vaccinations. Methods:This cross-sectional study, conducted among the general population of Bangladesh, asked a series of questions about the KAP of the population with regard to COVID-19 vaccination, and the demographic characteristics of participants and the source of information with regard to the COVID-19 vaccine were recorded and analyzed. Results:A total of 386 complete surveys were included in the final analysis. 35.2% of people, who took part in it, said that everyone in Bangladesh should get the COVID-19 vaccine, while 64.8% said no to this idea. As a result of our survey, 73.6% of respondents believed that the new COVID-19 vaccination, which is now used in Bangladesh, may cause negative effects. Although a large number of the population was illiterate (44.6%), our study indicated that those with higher levels of education had a better understanding of the COVID-19 vaccination. This research indicated that those who had previously received a vaccination had a better understanding of the COVID-19 vaccine. For this to be successful, people must have had positive vaccination experiences in the past. There is a far greater awareness about COVID-19 vaccinations in urban areas compared to rural places. However, when multiple regressions were used, this association did not hold up. Conclusion:In Bangladesh, many are unfamiliar with the COVID-19 vaccination, but they have a positive attitude toward it. Before mass vaccines are planned in the near future, health education campaigns must begin immediately to assist people in better understanding their health.

Substantial quantities of pesticides are routinely applied to enhance agricultural crop production. Pesticides used in this way continuously accumulate in the environment and in foods. Harvested crops contain pesticide residues at various concentrations, with potential harmful impacts on human health. Hence, it is of value to identify techniques for the effective decontamination of tainted foods. However, cleaning with water or household agents, e.g., acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, are recognized treatments for the efficient degradation of pesticides from vegetables and fruits. There is an apparent void of information about the decontamination treatments for raw fishes using household agents that are affordable for all classes of consumers. Hence, the present study was performed to determine the most efficient household technique for reducing pesticide residue levels from precooked raw fish to ensure the utmost food safety. Fish muscles of four species of fishes, viz., Clarias gariepinus, Channa striatus, Anabas testudineus and Trichogaster trichopterus, were treated with six treatments: washing with running tap water (T1), dipping in normal water (T2), dipping in 2% salt solution (T3), dipping in 2% vinegar (T4), dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution (T5) as well as dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice (T6), as fish muscle is the major consumable portion of fish. The current study demonstrated that the removal percentage of lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, methoxychlor and cypermethrin residues against the treated household treatments, in downward order, were soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice solution (T6) > soaking in 2% vinegar (T4) solution > soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate (T5) solution > soaking in 2% salt (T3) solution > washing with running tap water (T1) > soaking in stable normal water (T2). The treatment of raw fish muscle samples by soaking them in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice was found to be the most efficient household treatment, performing significant reductions (%) in pesticide concentration: 72–80% (p < 0.05) in Channa striata, 71–79% (p < 0.05) in Clarias gariepinus, 74–80% (p < 0.05) in Anabas testudineus as well as 78–81% (p < 0.05) in Trichogaster trichopterus before cooking.

Objective: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus is the main infectious cause of goat mortality in Bangladesh, and co-infection may make diseases more severe. This study aimed to detect PPR and co-infecting diseases in goats. Materials and Methods: One hundred goats suspected to be infected with the PPR virus were collected from various areas of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. A systemic post-mortem examination was carried out on PPR-suspected goats. Lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes (pre-scapular) were used for ribonucleic acid extraction, whereas lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes were used for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction. Seven-pair primer sets were used for molecular detection of pathogens specific for PPR, goat pox, contagious ecthyma (Orf), foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus, Klebsiella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to find the exact cause. Results: Out of 100 PPR-suspected goats examined, 55 goats were confirmed as PPR-detected by RT-PCR. Among the 55 PPR-positive goats, 2 were co-infected with goat pox, 2 with tuberculosis, 10 with Klebsiella sp. infection, and 6 with FMD as detected by PCR and RT-PCR. Moreover, 12 goats were co-infected with PPRV and fascioliasis. Conclusion: About 58% of PPR virus-infected goats were co-infected with other organisms. There is a need to design technology to detect the state of co-infectivity at its early onset and future preventive and therapeutic strategies for co-infecting diseases. This is the first study in Bangladesh to describe co-infecting diseases of goats along with PPR.

Objective: To study the impact of early metabolic profiling and intervention measures in the peri¬parturient period on the occurrence of postparturient metabolic diseases in cows. Materials and Methods: Using a cohort of dairy cows from two selected areas of Bangladesh, we routinely tested the serum calcium level and ketone bodies in the urine at periparturient periods. In addition, milk samples were tested for the presence of mastitis at different stages of lactation. Animals showing reduced serum calcium levels, high ketone bodies in the urine or the presence of clinical and subclinical mastitis received appropriate therapeutic intervention immediately after detection. After the intervention, the number of animals that got sick with diseases or conditions like milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, and dystocia, which are caused by metabolic problems, was recorded. Results: In the periparturient period, most of the animals had lower serum calcium levels (8.13 ± 1.2 mg/dl), which were significantly increased by the following intervention (10.05 ± 1.4 mg/dl). On the other hand, there was a higher number of ketosis-affected animals (33.9%, 20/59) during the periparturient period, which decreased (18.6%, 11/59) during the postparturient period. Similarly, the number of mastitis-affected cows was also decreased in postparturient cows (30.9%, 13/42) than in periparturient cows (59.5%, 25/42), following improved hygienic measures. After early intervention, the number of study animals with metabolic diseases decreased from 51.7% before intervention to 15.3% after intervention. Conclusions: Early metabolic profiling significantly reduced the occurrence of metabolic diseases in cows. Therefore, we recommend regular metabolic profiling of dairy cows and receiving early intervention measures to reduce the occurrence of metabolic diseases on the farm.

Objective: This study assessed the bacteriological quality and prevalence of foodborne bacteria in raw broiler meat sold in Mymensingh City. Materials and Methods: Thigh and breast meat samples (n = 80) from broiler chickens were randomly collected from four live bird markets (LBM) in Mymensingh city for bacteriological analysis. To determine the bacteriological quality, a 10-fold serial dilution of the thigh and breast homogenate was made. Then, total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Staphylococci, and Salmonella spp. counts were determined using plate count agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Gram stain, biochemical testing, PCR assays, and cultural properties were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Results: The TVC in the broiler meat sample ranged between log10 8.30 ± 0.54 colony forming unit (CFU)/gm and log10 9.04 ± 0.26 CFU/gm. TCC was found between log10 5.53 ± 0.38 CFU/gm and log10 6.66 ± 0.80 CFU/gm. The mean Staphylococcal count was recorded between log10 4.64 ± 0.61 CFU/gm and log10 6.42 ± 0.53 CFU/gm, and the total Salmonella count ranged between log10 4.75 ± 0.08 CFU/gm and log10 5.69 ± 0.58 CFU/gm. The prevalence of Escherichia coli was the highest (43.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%) and Salmonella spp. (20%), respectively. Conclusions: Data from this study indicated that the TVC and TCC of raw broiler meat sold at LBM exceed the permissible limits and are contaminated with foodborne bacteria, which might cause public health hazards.

Simple Summary This review highlights the scope of available treatment options for neurological diseases, especially stem cell transplantation therapy, which provides new hope. The health sector continues to grow effectively, developing new ideas for saving lives and making complex processes more accessible, such as stem cell transplantation therapy. The treatment of individual neurological disorders is associated with different pathophysiological conditions, so transplantation therapy must be performed under optimal conditions with minimal risk. The promise of stem cell transplantation increases every day, with excellent animal models and small-scale observations in human trials. Stem cell therapy provides satisfactory data that support rational therapeutic purposes. Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases are a global health issue with inadequate therapeutic options and an inability to restore the damaged nervous system. With advances in technology, health scientists continue to identify new approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Lost or injured neurons and glial cells can lead to the development of several neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. In recent years, neurons and glial cells have successfully been generated from stem cells in the laboratory utilizing cell culture technologies, fueling efforts to develop stem cell-based transplantation therapies for human patients. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or differentiate into a germ cell with specialized characteristics, such as muscle cells, red blood cells, or brain cells. Although several obstacles remain before stem cells can be used for clinical applications, including some potential disadvantages that must be overcome, this cellular development represents a potential pathway through which patients may eventually achieve the ability to live more normal lives. In this review, we summarize the stem cell-based therapies that have been explored for various neurological disorders, discuss the potential advantages and drawbacks of these therapies, and examine future directions for this field.

Global trends focus on a balanced intake of foods and beverages to maintain health. Drinking water (MIU; hardness = 88) produced from deep sea water (DSW) collected offshore of Muroto, Japan, is considered healthy. We previously reported that the DSW-based drinking water (RDSW; hardness = 1000) improved human gut health. The aim of this randomized double-blind controlled trial was to assess the effects of MIU on human health. Volunteers were assigned to MIU (n = 41) or mineral water (control) groups (n = 41). Participants consumed 1 L of either water type daily for 12 weeks. A self-administered questionnaire was administered, and stool and urine samples were collected throughout the intervention. We measured the fecal biomarkers of nine short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), as well as urinary isoflavones. In the MIU group, concentrations of three major SCFAs and sIgA increased postintervention. MIU intake significantly affected one SCFA (butyric acid). The metabolic efficiency of daidzein-to-equol conversion was significantly higher in the MIU group than in the control group throughout the intervention. MIU intake reflected the intestinal environment through increased production of three major SCFAs and sIgA, and accelerated daidzein-to-equol metabolic conversion, suggesting the beneficial health effects of MIU.