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This paper designs, simulates, and analyzes the S-band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for wireless applications. FR-4 (lossy) and Rogger RT/duroid, whose dielectric permittivity is 4.3 and 2.2, respectively, have been used as substrate materials. Simulation is done by computer simulation technology (CST) suite studio 2019 software. Simulations with FR-4 material showed that the return loss was -20.405 dB, the gain was 2.592 dB, the directivity was 7.47 dBi, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) was 1.221, the bandwidth (BW) was 0.0746 GHz, and the efficiency was 34.69%. Also, Rogers RT/duroid material gives results of a return loss of -12.542 dB, a bandwidth (BW) of 0.0349 GHz, a gain of 8.092 dB, a directivity of 8.587 dBi, and an efficiency of 94.24%. The main goal of this antenna is to have a low return loss while getting as close as possible to a VSWR of 1. This will improve the antenna's gain, directivity, and efficiency compared to other antennas. Copper was used to make the patch and the ground, which were 0.35 mm and 0.0077 mm thick, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed antenna were better than those previously published in various in modern scientific journal and conference papers.

We investigate a discrete-time Chen system. First, we give the topological classifications of the fixed points of this system. Then, we analytically show that the discrete Chen system underlies a Neimark–Sacker (NS) bifurcation and period doubling (PD) under specific parametric circumstances. We confirm the existence of a PD and NS bifurcation via the explicit PD-NS bifurcation criterion and determine the direction of both bifurcations with the help of center manifold theory. We performed numerical simulations to confirm our analytical results. Furthermore, we use the 0-1 chaos test to quantify whether there is chaos in the system or not. At the end, the hybrid control strategy and the OGY (Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke) method are applied to eliminate chaotic trajectories of the system.

Background: One of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus in lower extremity is the diabetic foot ulcer. There are numerous risk factors, among those peripheral neuropathy is the most important risk factor for diabetic foot ulceration. Objectives: To assess the diabetic foot ulcer, probable risk factors and the relationship of diabetic foot ulcer with peripheral Neuropathy. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was done in the department of General Surgery, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh between May, 2015 to November 2015. 50 patients with diabetic foot ulcer were selected by purposive sampling method. Results: In this study, 60% of patients were above 60 years of age. 82% of patients were male and 18% were female. All patients were with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and 80% of patients had blood glucose level between 11-20 mmol/L. HbA1c level found >7 in 68% of patients. 72% patients had history of trauma. 66% of the patients were smoker. None of the patients was alcoholic. Peripheral arterial disease was present in 24% patients. 72% patients had peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion: This study may help to raise the awareness among patients and professionals, ultimately which will help to take initiatives for early diagnosis and treatment of high risk patients. KYAMC Journal Vol. 13, No. 04, January 2023: 214-217

An experiment was conducted during kharif (summer) season 2021 at the substation of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Yield and yield contributing attributes of BINA developed four sesame varieties were observed during the trial. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications was performed. The varieties were V1 = Binatil-1, V2 = Binatil-2, V3 = Binatil-3 and V4 = Binatil-4. Results from the experiment revealed that plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, pod breadth, number of seeds pod-1, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were significantly different among the varieties. The tallest plant (106.00 cm) was found in Binatil-1 while shortest plant (77.33 cm) was observed in Binatil-3. It was observed that Binatil-2 had the foremost branches plant-1 (4.80) while the lowest number of branches plant-1 was found in Binatil-1 (0.33). Moreover, Binatil-3 showed the very best number of pods plant-1 (93.33) while Binatil-1 gave the lowest number of pods plant-1 (47.87). The largest pod was found in Binatil-1 (3.74 cm) while the smallest was found in Binatil-2 (2.42 cm). It had been recorded that Binatil-1 showed the maximum number of seeds pod-1 (76.97) while Binatil-3 gave the minimum number of seeds pod-1 (57.60). The highest number of thousand seed weight was recorded in Binatil-3 (3.12 g) while the lowest thousand seed weight was recorded in Binatil-1 (2.93 g). It had been detected that the variety Binatil-2 showed the highest seed yield (1.35 ha-1) while Binatil-1 gave the lowest seed yield (1.25 ha-1). The remarkable growth and yield performance of sesame from kharif season (summer) trial was observed at Binatil-2. And it will be helpful to select the varieties having high yield potential as well as future breeding materials of sesame in Bangladesh. Vol. 9, No. 3, December 2022: 247-251

The ligand, N,N'-bis(salicylidine)ethylenediamine or salen (L), and its complexes 1-3 with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Mn(II) were synthesized. Various analytical methods such as microanalysis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy has been used to characterize the synthesized compounds. Antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds were tested against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtillus and two Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial screening results indicate that the metal compounds are more biologically active than the free ligand. The variation of metal ions appears to influence their antibacterial activity toward different organisms. The mode of action of the synthesized metal complexes as antibacterial agents have also been explained.

Due to lower latency, greater transmission speed, wider bandwidth, and the possibility to connect with greater multiple devices, fifth-generation (5G) networks are far better than 4G. In this study, a microstrip patch antenna operating at 28 GHz is investigated and modeled for future 5G communication technologies. The substrate used in this work for the antenna is Rogers RT/Duroid5880. Dielectric of the substrate is 2.2 and thickness is 0.3451 mm. CST software is used to simulate the antenna as it is convenient to use. From the simulation, the return loss, gain, radiation efficiency, side-lobe level was found to be -38.348 dB, 8.198dB, 77%, and -18.3 dB respectively. The result found from this simulation is better than the works took place in the past. As a result, it can be utilized as a capable candidate for 5G wireless technology. The results of this proposed antenna are superior to those of existing antennas published in recent scientific journals. As a result, it's likely that this antenna will meet the needs of 5G wireless communication systems.

The internet of things (IoT) is the trendiest technology in the computing, Embedded and modern control systems industries. An efficient IoT-enabled home automation technique that allows users to remotely control home appliances and observe sensor data from a long distance via internet connectivity. This study identifies a smart approach to assisting any user, particularly elderly individuals, to control home appliances and monitor home weather conditions using an Android application and voice command using speech recognition. Multiple specialized microcontrollers, especially NodeMCU and other components like sensors, networks, relays, fans, lights and android devices are used to implement this proposed system. This IoT platform device is configured to recognize the instructions from the Android application to control appliances as well as compute real-time weather data from sensor and upload the sensor data stream to the IoT web server. The dedicated IoT web server, that is accessible by the Android application for further IoT operations. On the other hand, the Google Speech to Text (STS) service enables a facility to control home appliances through voice command. Mobility issues plague the elderly, complicating even the simplest tasks. From observation of this research, they can control this proposed system without ever touching any physical switches.

Substantial amounts of phenolic aldehydes, represented by the structures of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, are emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning. The oxidative transformation of phenolic aldehydes during atmospheric transport has the potential to modify the physicochemical properties of particulates, which play a vital role in Earth's climate and human health. Herein, thin solid films made of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are oxidized in contact with O

Tall buildings are now preferred due to the scarcity of available land in cities and the rapid development of the urban population. People are now rising upward to avoid ongoing urban sprawl and to protect vital agricultural productivity. As the building's height increases, the lateral resisting system becomes just as important as the gravity supporting system. Diagrid has recently acquired favor for tall structures among the numerous lateral stability of tall buildings due to its structural efficiency and aesthetic possibilities given by the system's unusual geometric layout. Because of its triangulated construction, the diagonal components of the diagrid system can support both gravity and lateral loads. For this study, two structural models of 24-story buildings are used: one with a rigid frame structure and one with a diagrid structure. ETABS is used for modeling and analysis of buildings. The analytical findings are compared in terms of story drift and story displacement subjected to lateral loading. When compared to rigid framed structures, diagrid systems are far more effective at reducing drift and displacement. Because of the axial action of the diagonal parts, diagonal configurations carry shear. Shear is carried by rigid-framed constructions due to the bending of vertical columns.

Thoracic spine pain (TSP) is defined as pain perceived anywhere in the region bounded superiorly by a transverse line through the tip of the spinous process of T1, inferiorly by a transverse line through the tip of the spinous process of T12, and laterally by vertical lines tangential to the most lateral margins of the erector spine muscles. One year prevalence of TSP ranged from 8.3-38.1% in different Asian countries. A longitudinal observational study was conducted to observe the clinical feature, demographic profile and clinical course of patients, with TSP attending at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital (ShSMCH). Among the 100 study patients mean age ±SD was 34.76±13.26. Highest number of the patients (45%) belong to 16-30 years age group and male-female vatioo was 3:1. Highest frequency in the level of education 28% belonged to higher secondary or diploma. Twenty six percent (26%) patients were housewife, manual labor 20%, students 19%, sedentary worker 15%, manufacturing and industrial worker 8%, health professional 4%, driver 3% and 5% were in others group. Most of them (71%) belong to 6-12 weeks) 16% and chronic (>12 weeks) 38%. Upper TSP was found among 51% of the patients. Onset of pain among the patients 66% was gradual. Mild intensity of pain was reported in 54% patients, moderate 44% and severe in only 2% patients and 64% patients had no radiation. Aggravating factors were found in patients with prolong sitting in 42%. More than one third (36%) patients relieving factor were lying, 24% rest, activity 16% and no relieving factors in 24% patients. Morning stiffness and depression was found 20% and 25% patients respectively. Associated conditions were found as diabetes mellitus (DM) 25%, sleep disturbance 16%, dyspepsia 10%, hypertension (HTN) were in 7% patients and 42% patients had no associated condition. Large number of the patients’ was occupational 46%; rest of the factors were MFPS 16%, degenerative 14% (dorsal spondylosis 5%, cervical spondylosis 6% and lumbar spondylosis 3%, Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) 7% and traumatic were 6%. Pott‘s disease 4% and 7% patients’ cause were others. According to Numeric Rating Scale in the first visit mild causes were in 54% patients, 44% moderate and 2% severe. In the last visit 69% patients were found mild and rest had no pain (p value=0.001). Assessment of joint tenderness in first visit; 56% patients were in grade 1, 20% grade 2 and 3% in grade 3, 21% patients had no tenderness. In the last visit it was found that only 21% patients in grade 1 and rest 79% had no tenderness (p value=0.001). According to Pain Disability Index in the first visit mild disability was found in 67% patients, moderate 31% and 2% had no disability. In the last visit mild were 74% and 26% had no disability (p value=0.001). Teenager, young adults and adults were the most commonly affected patients with TSP with M:F=1.5:1. Most of the patient of upper TSP presented before 6 weeks; common presenting features were gradual onset, pain was constant in nature, mild to moderate in intensity without radiation, aggravated by prolong sitting and leaning forward, relieved by lying and rest, with no depression and significant morning stiffness. Most of the factors were occupational and MFPS. Occupations were commonly housewife and manual labor. They were improved significantly (p value=0.001) with conventional treatment. Bangladesh Med J. 2021 Sept; 50(3): 26-35

Language capability stands for a learner’s competence to use a language spontaneously and subconsciously in different situations. Skill on spoken English is extensively significant for any type of communication and correspondence. The need of spoken English is indefinable in the fields of refined education process both at home and abroad, better career opening, smart business, global communication, information and technology and better survival. It’s a deliberate process to steep capableness of English language into learners since their pre-primary tutoring to undergraduate echelon. It’s apparent in the course and syllabus of Intermediate stratum in Bangladesh that the sole emphasis has been put only on reading and writing whilst listening and speaking proficiency are remaining dark, whereas speaking skill is indispensible for transnational communication, advanced study at home and abroad, professional and business purpose, operating information and communication technology, pursuing better career etc. In this regard, lack of provocation to learn and exercise, unconstructive tutoring outfit, testing strategy excepting spoken predicated outgrowths along with marks distribution and paucity of experienced instructors in English and so on are the crucial deficits behind this problem. It’s a study targeting at assessing the spoken capability of the 12 class pupils in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. This qualitative inquest work took place in the month of April 2022 and June 2022. The 100 informants were selected right away. Out of 100 interviewees, 50 were from urban and 50 were from rural intermediate standing institutions of 8 Districts in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. A Spoken Test on free speech for the pupils was carried out by the author. Their speaking perfection was tested through content analysis to evoke data. The result focused that the replier made desultory errors in great number on fluency, vocabulary, information, sequence of tenses, sub-verb agreement, applicability and treatment of words, use of preposition, intonation and pronunciation. As per data compilation, it was noticed that deficits made in the process were almost on part of the rural participants. In addition, phobia in speaking English and irrelevancy were two peculiar limitations among the pupils hailing from rural background institutions.

Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at increased risk for postanesthesia complications. There is minimal data regarding how long that elevated complication risk persists beyond initial SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.We investigated postanesthesia complications in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection within 90 days of diagnosis.We completed a single-center, retrospective, case-control study of pediatric patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 90 days undergoing anesthesia between January 3-October 7, 2020. Each SARS-CoV-2 positive patient was matched 1:2 by age and type of procedure with a non-SARS-CoV-2 cohort. The primary outcome was the rate of all postanesthesia complications within 30 days of the procedure, defined as unplanned escalations of care within 48 h, cardiac, respiratory, thrombotic, and hemorrhagic events within 30 days. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality and hospital length of stay.Of the 341 patients included, 114 patients were SARS-CoV-2 positive and 227 were SARS-CoV-2 negative. Patients with a positive test 0-7 days prior to anesthesia had an increased risk difference in all postanesthesia complications within 30 days (19.9, 95% CI [4.7, 35.1], p = .001) and increased risk difference in length of hospital stay (7.8, 95% CI [1.2, 14.4], p .001). Patients who underwent anesthesia greater than 42 days from SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis had an increased risk difference in cardiac complications within 30 days (4.3, 95% CI [0.9, 10.0], p = .029). There was no increased hospital length of stay among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients diagnosed greater than 8 days before anesthetic. There were no deaths within 30 days of anesthetic.Postanesthesia complications are higher in children who undergo anesthesia within 7 days of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Additional cardiac risk may persist beyond the immediate period of initial diagnosis. Larger samples are needed to further evaluate the risk of delayed postanesthesia complications and guide optimal timing of surgery.

Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Cucurbita maxima indicated the presence of reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, steroid and glycosides whereas Euphorbia royleana indicated the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and tannin. The possible analgesic and anti-oxidant activities of Cucurbita maxima and Euphorbia royleana were investigated. Cucurbita maxima exhibited inhibition of writhing reflex 16.13% and 41.94% respectively (P

Background: Labor analgesia has evolved from 18th century with the use of ether to present day practice of regional techniques. Labor analgesia has evolved from 18th century with the use of ether to present day practice of regional techniques. Variety of regional techniques, non-pharmacological methods and systemic analgesia had remodeled pain management in parturient resulting in better satisfaction. Objectives: To assess the Programmed Labour Analgesia and Epidural Labour Analgesia in Controlling Labour Pain. Methods: This randomized interventional clinical trial was conducted in the department of Anaesthesia at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh from January to June 2022. A total of 72 parturients in active labour were allocated into two equal groups by using random allocation software. Group (G1) was given epidural injection of 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.2% with 2mcg/ml fentanyl. Top up was given with same dose regimen in graded manner. Group (G2) was given programmed labour analgesia with Inj. Pentazocine 6mg IV+Inj. Diazepam 2mg IV+Inj. Tramadol 1mg/kg deep i.m and thereafter Inj. Drotaverine 40mg IV half hourly (maximum of 3 doses). Inj. Ketamine 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IV was given as resque analgesia. Quality of pain relief was assessed with VAS score. Results: Labour analgesia was better in epidural group (G1) with VAS decreased significantly at 5 min (p 3 and they required resque analgesia with ketamine. There were no significant changes in hemodynamics. Side effects were mild without needing any intervention. There was no effect on ambulation in group (G1). Local anaesthetics were needed for episiotomy in all cases in group (G2). No adverse effects were seen on neonate in either group. Conclusion: Epidural labour analgesia is a better option than programmed labour analgesia for pain relief in labour. In programmed labour satisfactory pain relief was not achieved and duration of analgesia was for shorter period. It does not affect ......

This study aimed to estimate arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) content in tubewell water (n = 58) in primary educational institutions and subsequently assess the health risks to school-going children. Results described that the As concentration ranged between 0.002 and 0.994 mg L−1 with an average value of 0.044 mg L−1; which exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional guideline value of 0.01 mg L−1. Similarly, the Fe content varied from 0.05 to 10 mg L−1 averaging to 2.84 mg L−1. Samples of 55.17% contained a greater As concentration than 0.01 mg L−1 and 18.97% greater than Bangladesh drinking water quality (BDWQ) standard of 0.05 mg L−1, respectively. Meanwhile, 75.86% of samples contained a higher Fe concentration than the maximum Bangladesh permissible limit of 1 mg L−1. Health risk assessment indicated that girls are more vulnerable than boys are. The average hazard quotients (HQs) for As intake through drinking water were 6.01 ± 17.85 and 7.41 ± 22.03 for boys and girls, respectively, implying non-carcinogenic health risks to both genders. The HQs for Fe intake were less than threshold value of 1 indicating no health issues may arise from Fe intake alone. However, consumption of As and Fe may trigger health risks to students as indicated by the hazard index (HI), which was higher than 1. The average cancer risk (CR) values for both boys (0.0027 ± 0.008) and girls (0.0033 ± 0.0099) exceeded the threshold limit of 10–6–10–4, suggesting a possibility of lifetime cancer risks to the school-going children. Consequently, school authorities should find alternative ways to ensure safe drinking water for school-going children to avoid possible cancer and non-cancer health risks through consumption of As-poisoning water.

This paper designs, simulates, and analyzes the S-band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for wireless applications. FR-4 (lossy) and Rogger RT/duroid, whose dielectric permittivity is 4.3 and 2.2, respectively, have been used as substrate materials. Simulation is done by computer simulation technology (CST) suite studio 2019 software. Simulations with FR-4 material showed that the return loss was -20.405 dB, the gain was 2.592 dB, the directivity was 7.47 dBi, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) was 1.221, the bandwidth (BW) was 0.0746 GHz, and the efficiency was 34.69%. Also, Rogers RT/duroid material gives results of a return loss of -12.542 dB, a bandwidth (BW) of 0.0349 GHz, a gain of 8.092 dB, a directivity of 8.587 dBi, and an efficiency of 94.24%. The main goal of this antenna is to have a low return loss while getting as close as possible to a VSWR of 1. This will improve the antenna's gain, directivity, and efficiency compared to other antennas. Copper was used to make the patch and the ground, which were 0.35 mm and 0.0077 mm thick, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed antenna were better than those previously published in various in modern scientific journal and conference papers.

In this paper we introduce an efficient variant of the RSA cryptosystem which will need lesser memory for key storage which is lessen the computational cost. Introduction of the RSA cryptosystem by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman in 1978 was a revolutionary step in cryptography. The regular RSA system needs huge cost for decryption due to large size of the private decryption key. The proposed variant will be a solution to this conundrum. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 70(2): 15-17, 2022 (July)

This article examines the state of democracy in the comparative contexts of Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, and Pakistan. Employing Larry Diamond’s regime categorization, the article identifies specific characteristics of the systems of governance in these countries and investigates their democratic conditions. This article makes two arguments using data from Freedom House and World Justice Project (WJP) and triangulating them with scholarly studies on relevant contexts. First, all four countries have suffered from a democracy deficit for an extended period and continue to face the same predicament. Second, there has been a disturbing trend of erosion in their democratic qualities during the 2010–2020 period. The article concludes that none of these countries is a politically closed authoritarian system. Nor is any of them a liberal democracy. Instead, all these countries bear the hallmarks of hybrid regimes, except Indonesia that turned out to be an electoral democracy.

To explore patient-reported outcome measures of pediatric paradoxical vocal fold motion through a multi-institutional study of geographically diverse United States medical facilities to assess long-term management and outcomes.Eligible participants8 years of age diagnosed with PVFM over a 10-year period from 7 tertiary pediatric hospitals were invited to complete a survey addressing study objectives.65 participants completed the survey, of whom 80% were female, 75% reported a 3.5 grade point average or better, and 75% identified as competitive athletes or extremely athletic individuals. Participants rated their perceived efficacy of 13 specific treatments. Only five treatments were considered effective by a majority of the participants who tried them. The treatments that participants tried most often were breathing exercises (89.2%), bronchodilator treatments (45%), and allergy medications (35.4%). 78.8% of participants reported receiving more than one treatment and 25% reported receiving a combination of bronchodilators, anticholinergics, and steroids. At the time of PVFM diagnosis, 38% of participants had no idea when their symptoms would completely resolve. 23.3% of participants did not experience symptom resolution until greater than 1 year after diagnosis.Traditional management tools such as breathing exercises and biofeedback treatments may not provide the long-term benefit that providers anticipate. In addition to these commonly used management strategies, highly efficacious techniques such as counseling and lifestyle management should be incorporated into the long-term management of patients whose symptoms are refractory to traditional care.4 Laryngoscope, 2022.

For growing cities, solid waste management is a serious concern, focusing on household waste because it accounts for a significant portion of municipal solid waste. An accurate estimation of the quantity and characteristics of solid waste mixtures from diverse income levels is required for effective city-wide solid waste management planning. The purpose of this study is to assess the production and characteristics of domestic solid waste produced by different socio-economic groups in three wards (no. 17, 23 and 24) of Khulna city. Moreover, various factors that influence the pace of waste production have been critically investigated. The finding suggests that, household waste generation rate ranges from 0.421 to 5.81 kg/day, average of 1.917 kg/day and 0.476 kg/capita/day. The waste composition analysis depicts that kitchen garbage is the most prevalent component. The waste generation rate has a positive relationship with income level and household size. Nonetheless, the findings and proposed essential steps of this study would be beneficial in assisting policymakers in refining plans for controlling the municipal waste effectively.

Background: Carcinoma of the breast is the most common female cancer and its incidence is rapidly increasing over the last few decades. In Bangladesh, breast cancer is an issue of gaining concern. Receptor status and histological grade are two important prognostic factors of carcinoma breast. Aim of the study: To assess the relation and distribution of receptor status and tumor grade among pre and postmenopausal patients of carcinoma breast. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the Department of General Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Dhaka over a period of one year, a total of 59 admitted female patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the breast were divided into two groups included in this study. The premenopausal age group was considered as a group I (n=31) and the postmenopausal age group was considered as group II (n=28). Data regarding the tumor histopathological type, grading, and receptor status along with other variables were included in a pre-designed data collection sheet. After compiling data, Statistical analyses of the data were done with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS- 22). Results: Sociodemographic variables and personal histories leading to a risk of breast cancer have no significant difference between pre and postmenopausal groups. Invasive ductal carcinoma (grade-II) was predominant in both groups. Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative tumors were more frequent in premenopausal patients and estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive tumors were more frequent in a postmenopausal patient, but no statistically significant difference between the two groups. More than eighty percent of tumors were human epidermal growth factor-2 negative in both groups. The frequency of estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity gradually reduce from grade I to III in both groups and the frequency of estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity gradually increase from grade

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are still a major problem in surgical practice. Despite the preventive strategies such as antibiotic prophylaxis and anti-septic skin cleansing, the SSI rate remains above 15 % after general abdominal surgery. This complication is also common after open choledocholithotomy. Several studies have shown that wound drainage is beneficial for reducing infection; however, there is a paucity of data regarding its benefit in open choledocholithotomy. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of placing a drain in the subcutaneous plane in order to reduce superficial SSI after open choledocholithotomy. Methods: Following convenience sampling, a total of 44 patients who underwent open choledocholithotomy from March 2019 to July 2021 were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups. A subcutaneous closed suction drain was inserted in 19 patients (group I) and no subcutaneous drain was placed in 25 patients (group II). Daily drain collection was recorded in the case group. All the patients were examined and evaluated postoperatively for detection of wound seromas, superficial SSIs, and wound dehiscence. Data analysis and presentation made by statistical software SPSS 22 windows version 10. Results: It was observed that 10.5% of patients had SSI in group I and 60.0% in group II. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.001) between the two groups. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 11.58±2.91 days in group I and 15.04±5.78 days in group II. The difference in length of postoperative hospital stay was statistically significant between the two groups. Organisms isolated from bile culture and wound swab culture both are dominated by Escherichia coli. Conclusion: The placement of a drain in the wound in open choledocholithotomy showed a positive impact on the prevention of superficial surgical site infection. It also significantly reduces the length of hospital stay and SSSI rate.

Background: Mastalgia and fibroadenomas are common among the women in reproductive age group. Thyroid dysfunction has been implicated as the etiology. Objective: To identify the relationship of Hypothyroidism in the causation of developing Mastalgia. Methods: This case-control study was carried out in the Department of General Surgery, BSMMU, Dhaka, between January 2019 to June 2019. A total of 90 patients with mastalgia due to nonadherence to antithyroid therapy, out of which 60 patients with Hypothyroidism were considered as a group I and 30 without Hypothyroidism were considered as group II. For statistical analyses of the results generation, using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-23). Results: The majority 96.7% of patients were married in group I and 85.0% in group II. Nearly three fourth 73.3% of patients had not a history of oral contraceptives in group I and 15.0% in group II. The mean TSH was 9.23±8.84 mlu/l in group I and 3.25±1.15 mlu/l in group II. The mean FT3 was 1.96±0.68 (pg/ml) in group I and 3.10±1.1(pg/ml) in group II. More than half 53.3% of patients had mastalgia occurring within a year in group I. Mastalgia only found 55.3% and 30.0% in group I and group II respectively. More than half 52.2% of patients had taken fatty food, fast food, red meat daily in group I and 15.0% in group II. Physical exercise performed frequently found 8.3% and 50.0% in group I and group II respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p

To identify social, demographic, and clinical barriers for implantation with Osseointegrated Bone Conduction Devices (OBCD) in pediatric candidates.Retrospective cohort study of 94 children who met standard OBCD implantation criteria.Tertiary stand-alone children's hospital.Retrospective chart review comparing demographic (age, race, state of residence, and insurance) and clinical (severity and etiology of hearing loss, medical comorbidities, and early intervention) factors impacting implantation. Members of the existing cohort were then contacted to obtain a better understanding of qualitative factors impacting surgical decision.Of the identified 94 surgical candidates, 47 (50%) underwent OBCD implantation. State of residence significantly impacted implantation rates, with children from the District of Columbia and Virginia being less likely to receive an implant than those from Maryland. Private insurance, race, and ethnicity did not impact rate of implantation (OR 2.8 [95% CI 0.78-10]; 1.34 [95% CI 0.44-3.68]; and 1.0 [95% CI 0.42-2.43], respectively). Children with anotia or microtia and children younger than 10 years old were less likely to have an implant (OR 10.6 (95% CI 1.74-65). Thirty-nine children participated in the qualitative portion. Themes that emerged as reasons to forgo implantation included a child's young age, planned reconstruction for microtia or atresia, and overall device functionality and usage. Thirtyseven children (39%) of the cohort declined surgery and currently wear a nonsurgical bone conduction aid regularly.Despite known benefits of implantation, only one-half of children who were candidates underwent OBCD. Unlike cochlear implantation, where insurance status is a major risk factor for implantation delay and underperformance, for OBCD, implantation barriers appear to be more multifactorial and include medical, demographic, and social factors.

This study examines discrete-time T system. We begin by listing the topological divisions of the system's fixed points. Then, we analytically demonstrate that a discrete T system sits at the foundation of a Neimark Sacker(NS) bifurcation under specific parametric circumstances. With the use of the explicit Flip-NS bifurcation criterion, we establish the flip-NS bifurcation's reality. Center manifold theory is then used to establish the direction of both bifurcations. We do numerical simulations to validate our theoretical findings. Additionally, we employ the $0-1$ test for chaos to demonstrate whether or not chaos exists in the system. In order to stop the system's chaotic trajectory, we ultimately employ a hybrid control method.

Natural cellulose, a sustainable bioresource, is highly abundant in nature. Cellulosic materials, particularly those that explore and employ such materials for industrial use, have recently attracted significant global attention in the field of material science because of the unique properties of cellulose. The hydroxyl groups enable the formation of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding and the arrangement of cellulose chains in a highly ordered crystalline zone, with the remaining disordered structure referred to as an amorphous region. The crystalline areas of cellulose are well-known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In the present study, we extracted CNCs from pure cellulose isolated from waste jute fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis, followed by characterization. Pure cellulose was isolated from jute fibers by treating with sodium hydroxide (20% w/w) and anthraquinone (0.5%) solution at 170 °C for 2 h, followed by bleaching with chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide solution. CNCs were isolated from pure cellulose by treating with different concentrations (58% to 62%) of sulfuric acid at different time intervals (20 min to 45 min). The FTIR study of the CNCs reveals no peak at 1738 cm−1, which confirms the absence of hemicellulose in the samples. The CNCs obtained after 45 min of acid hydrolysis are rod-shaped, having an average length of 800 ± 100 nm and width of 55 ± 10 nm, with a high crystallinity index (90%). Zeta potential significantly increased due to the attachment of SO42− ions on the surface of CNC from −1.0 mV to about −30 mV, with the increment of the reaction time from 20 min to 45 min, which proved the higher stability of CNC suspension. Crystallinity increased from 80% to 90% when the reaction time was increased from 20 to 45 min, respectively, while a crystallite size from 2.705 to 4.56 nm was obtained with an increment of the acid concentration. Acid hydrolysis enhanced crystallinity but attenuated the temperature corresponding to major decomposition (Tmax) at 260 °C and the beginning of degradation (Ti) at 200 °C due to the attachment of SO42− ions on the surface, which decreased the thermal stability of CNC. The second degradation at 360 °C indicated the stable crystal structure of CNC. The endothermic peak at 255 °C in the DTA study provided evidence of sulfated nanocrystal decomposition and the recrystallization of cellulose I to cellulose II, the most stable structure among the other four celluloses. The proposed easy-to-reproduce method can successfully and efficiently produce CNCs from waste jute fibers in a straightforward way.

PURPOSE: This pilot study assesses the feasibility of using PedBotHome to promote adherenceto a home exercise program, the ability of the device to withstand frequent use, and changes in participant ankle mobility. PedBotHome is a robotic ankle device with integrated video game software designed to improve ankle mobility in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: 8 participants enrolled in a 28-day trial of PedBotHome. Ankle strength, range of motion, and plantarflexor spasticity were measured pre- and post-trial. Performance was monitored remotely, and game settings were modified weekly by physical therapists. RESULTS: Four participants met the study goal of 20 days of use. There were statistically significant improvements in ankle strength, spasticity, and range of motion. CONCLUSIONS: PedBotHome is a feasible device to engage children with static neurological injuries in ankle home exercise. This pilot study expands the paradigm for future innovative home-based robotic rehabilitation.

Introduction: Hospital-acquired infection is a major global issue for patient safety. Understanding the potential risk factors is important to appreciate the local context. At least 1.2 million people are affected globally by nosocomial infections at any time, the vast majority of these occurring in low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and contributing factors of hospital-acquired infections among surgical patients in a selected secondary level hospital. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study carried out in a selected secondary level hospital; from October 2019 to December 2019 among 137 respondents. The purposive sampling technique was followed to select the study participants; the interview was taken by using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program version 23. The level of significance was taken 95% and standard error 5%. Results: Out of all the patients 83.2% were admitted to Out Patient Department and 16.8% to emergency. Among them, 0.7% of the respondents were found to develop hospital-acquired infection. About 44.5% having infection before admission and more than three visitors visit a patient per day 65.7%. The scanty number of patients had used blood transfusion, urinary catheter for their treatment. The provisional and final diagnosis was almost the same. Conclusion: Hospital-acquired infections usually only receive public attention when there are epidemics. Although hidden from public attention, HAIs are a very real endemic and on-going problem. Maintaining a safe and hygienic work environment prevents the spread of HAIs.

Cyber-Security in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a major concern for information exploitation which hinder the growth of information system. To address security levels and issues, security risk assessment is considered an effective tool for system security, products, process, and readiness. Effective system vulnerabilities guidance is involved in the prioritization of security risk assessment. At present, the differential equation provides a significant tool for risk assessment. However, for second-order derivatives, the error rate is higher which impacts on overall risk assessment model. To overcome those limitations, this paper presented Decision Support Light Weight Risk Assessment Model (DSLiRAM). The proposed DSLiRAM is the domain-specific framework for security assessment. The proposed DSLiRAM is adopted in four stages for the specification of practices applied for cybersecurity and organizational characteristics. The proposed DSLiRAM includes a fuzzy differential equation with a second-order derivative. To minimize error rate Taylor series expansion is integrated with Fredholm for risk assessment. The proposed DSLiRAM is examined in three scenarios, RT server, BPCS, and HMI. Analysis of results stated that the proposed DSLiRAM significantly predicts risk and prevents the attack.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are widely adopted in almost all research fields due to their significant advantages like minimal energy consumption and compact size. In MANET major challenges are optimal coverage, a lifetime of nodes, and throughput. This paper proposed a hybrid ant colony-flower pollination (HAC - FP) algorithm for throughput maximization and minimal energy consumption in a sensor network. To enhance the performance of the MANET network this research adopts the meta-heuristic technique. The meta-heuristic approach utilized for the MANET network is the ant colony and flower pollination algorithm. The planned HAC-FP makes use of neighborhood distance to determine the best position for each node. With hypersphere localization, the Levy struggle in flower pollination is used for optimal energy location. The placement of sensor nodes is identified in the first step using a hypersphere. Sensor network node energy consumption is lowered based on neighborhood distance. The results showed that the suggested HAC-FP algorithm, rather than existing methodologies, enhances the MANET network's coverage area. Further proposed HAC-FP algorithm minimizes the energy consumption level of the MANET than the conventional genetic approach.

Vegetables are major source of vitamins and fibers but presence of pathogens in salad vegetables can cause outbreak of diseases. Several studies have been conducted on commonly consumed vegetables so far to detect the level of microbial contamination. However, few of them compare the microbial quality of local and super shop vegetables. The present study was conducted for microbiological assessment and comparing four types of vegetables collected from two different market conditions. In this study, Green chili (Capsicum frutescens L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and Lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) were analyzed to determine Total Viable Bacterial (TVB) Counts, Total Fungal (TF) Counts, Total Coliform Counts (TCC), Total Fecal Coliform (TFC) Counts and occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Listeria spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp. Among these microorganisms, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were significantly present in coriander of both local market and super shop. All pathogenic bacteria and fungi were found in huge amounts in the vegetable samples of the local market. Although some pathogenic bacteria and fungi were also found in the same samples of the super shop, relatively lower than the local market’s vegetables. In conclusion, contamination in collected vegetable samples were not acceptable but comparatively higher load in local market samples indicated that the hygienic condition in these markets is not sufficiently maintained. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.11 (1) 2021: 24-27

Internet of Things (IoT) offers interconnection among several wireless communication devices for the provision of device accessibility and in-built capacity. IoT provides device interaction and provision of advantages capability for networking and socialization with consideration of intermediate devices. Through innovation in technology IoT devices convert cyber environments with hyper-connectivity. IoT communication contains several smart devices such as body sensors, smartphones, tags, electronic gadgets, and so on. IoT communication is involved in the provision of heterogeneous connectivity among devices for the provision of interface and connectivity for enhancing service quality. The data sending among IoT devices is affected by several threats that have an impact on the network’s performance. To overcome the limitation related to IoT communication, it is necessary to develop an appropriate technique for enhancing IoT network communication performance. In this research developed a multi-channel routing approach is adopted in IoT communication. The developed approach utilizes a meta-heuristics approach with probability-based characteristics. For the meta-heuristics approach this research utilizes whale optimization technique combined with probability characteristics for improving the IoT communication performance of the network. The proposed approach utilizes initially constructs the IoT communication path for information sharing and gathering. This path information is identified through the objective function of a meta-heuristic approach. Based on the objective function hoping between the devices is minimized through which data are transmitted in the network. Simulation is performed as a unique proposed approach with a coverage area of 100 meters. For identification of the optimal path in the network, WOA identifies the path of communication through probability function. Comparative analysis of research exhibited that WOA provides significant performance with the identification of optimal value at the range of 1.0746e-78. Further, the proposed probability-based WOA approach significantly improves the performance of the IoT network.

Public support is one of the major challenges for maintaining a sustainable nuclear power program for any country. Although Bangladesh’s decision to build its maiden nuclear power plant (NPP) has received significant scholarly attention, the study regarding public perception is largely ignored. To fill this gap, this study investigated how Bangladeshis view the government’s decision to build NPPs. The study evaluated Bangladeshi youth’s knowledge, belief, and attitude toward the development of nuclear power. Applying the survey research technique, we found that 49% of the 450 respondents were positive toward NPPs, while 12% had no idea about NPPs. Women, in comparison to men, were found to have less knowledge of nuclear energy. Additionally, 41% of the respondents believed that the decision for establishing the country’s first NPP at Rooppur was right. However, 54% of the respondents expressed concerns over the safety, security, and sustainability of NPPs. Most importantly, a significant distrust among the respondents was observed in the capability of the regulator and operator for maintaining the NPP in a safe, secured, and sustainable manner. The study concludes that more policy actions are necessary to increase public support for nuclear power.

Advances in deep neural networks have led to significant improvement of object detection accuracy. However, object detection in crowded scenarios is a challenging task for neural networks since extremely overlapped objects provide fewer visible cues for a model to learn from. Further complicating the detection of overlapping objects is the fact that most object detectors produce multiple redundant detections for single objects, which are indistinguishable from detections of separate overlapped objects. Most existing works use some variant of non-maximum suppression to prune duplicate candidate bounding boxes based on their confidence scores and the amount of overlap between predicted bounding boxes. These methods are unaware of how much overlap there actually is between the objects in the image, and are therefore inclined to merge detections for highly overlapped objects. In this paper, we propose an overlap aware box selection solution that uses a predicted overlap map to help it decide which highly overlapping bounding boxes are associated with actual overlapping objects and should not be pruned. We show our solution outperforms the state-of-the-art set-NMS bounding box selection algorithm for both the crowdHuman dataset and a sports dataset.

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