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The general consensus among sport and exercise genetics researchers is that genetic tests have no role to play in talent identification or the individualised prescription of training to maximise performance. Despite the lack of evidence, recent years have witnessed the rise of an emerging market of direct-to-consumer marketing (DTC) tests that claim to be able to identify children's athletic talents. Targeted consumers include mainly coaches and parents. There is concern among the scientific community that the current level of knowledge is being misrepresented for commercial purposes. There remains a lack of universally accepted guidelines and legislation for DTC testing in relation to all forms of genetic testing and not just for talent identification. There is concern over the lack of clarity of information over which specific genes or variants are being tested and the almost universal lack of appropriate genetic counselling for the interpretation of the genetic data to consumers. Furthermore independent studies have identified issues relating to quality control by DTC laboratories with different results being reported from samples from the same individual. Consequently, in the current state of knowledge, no child or young athlete should be exposed to DTC genetic testing to define or alter training or for talent identification aimed at selecting gifted children or adolescents. Large scale collaborative projects, may help to develop a stronger scientific foundation on these issues in the future.

Recent discussions among lawyers, philosophers, policy researchers and athletes have focused on the potential threat to privacy posed by the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA) whereabouts requirements. These requirements demand, among other things, that all elite athletes file their whereabouts information for the subsequent quarter on a quarterly basis and comprise data for one hour of each day when the athlete will be available and accessible for no advance notice testing at a specified location of their choosing. Failure to file one’s whereabouts, or the non-availability for testing at said location on three occasions within any 18-month period constitutes an anti-doping rule violation that is equivalent to testing positive to a banned substance, and may lead to a suspension of the athlete for a time period of between one and two years. We critically explore the extent to which WADA’s whereabouts requirements are in tension with existing legislation on privacy, with respect to UK athletes, who are simultaneously protected by UK domestic and EU law. Both UK domestic and EU law are subject to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Article 8, which establishes a right to “respect for private and family life, home and correspondence”. We critically discuss the centrality of the whereabouts requirements in relation to WADA’s aims, and the adoption and implementation of its whereabouts rules. We conclude that as WADA’s whereabouts requirements appear to be in breach of an elite athlete’s rights under European workers’ rights, health & safety and data protection law they are also, therefore, in conflict with Article 8 of the ECHR and the UK Human Rights Act 1998. We call for specific amendments that cater for the exceptional case of elite sports labour if the WADA requirements are to be considered legitimate.

Olympism, though a timeless ideal, was given shape in the late 19th century, by Baron Pierre de Coubertin and retains its sense of relevance in the 21st century, not least in the form of educational syllabi. This paper aims to critically present ideas and practices in the implementation of "Olympic Education" that were attempted for the first time at the Department of Education at the University of Cyprus during the academic year 2008-2009. The course was designed to assist students to increase their awareness of sport as a means not only to develop into top level athletes, but also to become good citizens and women and men of peace. Consistent with the aim of Olympic Education programmes to promote the cultivation of the body in parallel with the exercise and expansion of mental activities and capabilities, this paper argues that there is a demonstrable need to design and develop such courses as can be implemented for diverse groups. We conclude that efforts to implement "Olympic Education" programmes at a tertiary level may be beneficial in the dissemination of Olympic ideals and the harmonious, balanced and all-round development of students. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR 48 1 76 89

In his latest edition of Ethics in Sport (Morgan, 2017) W. J. Morgan has included R. L. Simon's, J. S. Rusell's and his own articles on the topic of Normativity in Sport, giving a significant space to this essential debate for the Ethics of Sport. On one hand, there is R. L.Simon's “critically reflective” (Simon, 2000, 14) conception of “broad internalism” (ibid, 6) as a “basis for a critical evaluation of sporting practice” and “for an ethic of an athletic competition” (ibid, 15). Simon is relying upon rationally extracted internal values of sport, general principles of the nature and purpose of sport such as striving for excellence, as a guidance in hard normative cases and dilemmas in sport. On the other hand, W. J. Morgan in his "historicistic conventionalism" critique is pointing out that the rational base of the broad internalism is too general and abstract, and not situated in social context and conventions developed in the history of the sporting practice. Moreover, Morgan is showing how striving for excellence is perceived completely differently in amateur, professional and scientific sport. Thus, Morgan is proposing socializing and historizing every rationalization of the purpose and the essence of the sport. In his paper, firstly, the author is questioning in which ways does historicistic conventionalism affect broad internalism? Secondly, which are the convergent points between the two? And thirdly, is it scientifically possible and by which methods to extract, and unequivocally and unambiguously explain the essence of a sport without bringing into account social conventions and history?

The relationship between sport and technology is close and can be both fruitful and destructive. Technology has a constitutive function in sport as it makes the activity possible and it can enhance performance as well as the sporting experience. The use of football boots is clearly more comfortable and effective than playing in bare feet in a game of football. However, sport challenges its athletes by demanding the employment of less efficient means rather than more efficient means in pursuit of sport specific goals. Therefore technology can potentially subtract from the sporting experience and even threaten the internal logic of sport. If as an example very efficient hail cartridges were allowed for use in double trap shooting it would reduce the skills required to excel at that discipline reducing its value for participants and spectators alike. The use of forbidden performance enhancing substances has long been a heated topic and with gene technology waiting around the corner the relationship between sport and technology has become strained and is more and more often viewed as problematic rather than benign. In this chapter we follow up on this trend by exposing what we consider a tendency towards an overly pessimistic outlook on especially future scenarios.

The issue of doping in sport was once of interest only to aficionados of elite sports. Nowadays, it is a matter of intense public scrutiny thatspans the worlds of health, medicine, sports, politics, technology, andbeyond. In keeping with this territorial expansion, the aim of this book is toillustrate how the issue of doping has evolved beyond the world of elite sport into an arena of public health. In so doing, the book drawsupon multi-disciplinary perspectives from applied and professionalethics, biomedical science, history, philosophy, policy studies, andsociology. The essays, written by a group of leading international experts, is theproduct of a colloquium of the International Network of HumanisticDoping Research held at Aarhus University in Denmark. Their scoperanges from conceptual analysis, case studies to policy critique. Eachof these disciplinary perspectives, it is argued, is necessary to understand the problem of doping “in the round”. Topics explored in the book include the ethics of genetictechnologies; the justification of dope-testing regimes as opposed toeducational or harm minimization strategies, the relations betweensports doping and the recreational use of drugs for body shape and image enhancement; and the formation and critique of policies thatreflect the diversity of social issues in doping. The book should be of interest to scholars in health sciences, sports studies, and to sports administrators and policy makers.