54 results on '"Maurizio Carotenuto"'
Search Results
2. Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Innovative Photocatalysts: A Review
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Giusy Lofrano, Francesca Ubaldi, Luisa Albarano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Vincenzo Vaiano, Federica Valeriani, Giovanni Libralato, Gianluca Gianfranceschi, Ilaria Fratoddi, Sureyya Meric, Marco Guida, Vincenzo Romano Spica, Lofrano, G., Ubaldi, F., Albarano, L., Carotenuto, M., Vaiano, V., Valeriani, F., Libralato, G., Gianfranceschi, G., Fratoddi, I., Meric, S., Guida, M., and Romano Spica, V.
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photocatalysts ,General Chemical Engineering ,General Materials Science ,pathogens ,disinfection ,pathogen - Abstract
Waterborne pathogens represent one of the most widespread environmental concerns. Conventional disinfection methods, including chlorination and UV, pose several operational and environmental problems; namely, formation of potentially hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs) and high energy consumption. Therefore, there is high demand for effective, low-cost disinfection treatments. Among advanced oxidation processes, the photocatalytic process, a form of green technology, is becoming increasingly attractive. A systematic review was carried out on the synthesis, characterization, toxicity, and antimicrobial performance of innovative engineered photocatalysts. In recent decades, various engineered photocatalysts have been developed to overcome the limits of conventional photocatalysts using different synthesis methods, and these are discussed together with the main parameters influencing the process behaviors. The potential environmental risks of engineered photocatalysts are also addressed, considering the toxicity effects presented in the literature.
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- 2022
3. Nature-based coagulants for drinking water treatment: An ecotoxicological overview
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Widad El Bouaidi, Giovanni Libralato, Zakaria Tazart, Ghizlane Enaime, Mountasser Douma, Abdelaziz Ounas, Abdelrani Yaacoubi, Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Lorenzo Saviano, Antonietta Siciliano, Vincenzo Romano Spica, Marco Guida, Mohammed Loudiki, El Bouaidi, Widad, Libralato, Giovanni, Tazart, Zakaria, Enaime, Ghizlane, Douma, Mountasser, Ounas, Abdelaziz, Yaacoubi, Abdelrani, Lofrano, Giusy, Carotenuto, Maurizio, Saviano, Lorenzo, Siciliano, Antonietta, Romano Spica, Vincenzo, Guida, Marco, and Loudiki, Mohammed
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ecotoxicology tests ,Animal ,Plant Extracts ,Ecological Modeling ,Drinking Water ,ecotoxicology test ,plant-based coagulant ,Ecotoxicology ,Pollution ,screening study ,coagulation proce ,Plant Extract ,Water Purification ,Daphnia ,coagulation process ,Microcystis aeruginosa ,plant-based coagulants ,Environmental Chemistry ,Animals ,Humans ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Water Science and Technology ,Human - Abstract
The intensive human activities extensively contaminated water sources making its treatment a problem of paramount importance, especially with the increasing of global population and water scarcity. The application of natural coagulants has become a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional ones. This study was aimed at evaluating the efficiency of four plant extracts namely Agave americana, Carpobrotus acinaciformis, Austrocylindropuntia subulate, and Senicio anteuphorbium as natural coagulants to remove Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacterium from water. The effects of pH (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, and 10) and coagulant dose (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg/L) on the coagulation efficiency were investigated. Results showed that plant-based extracts exhibited high coagulant abilities significantly contributing to the removal of M.aeruginosa cells up to 80% on a case-by-case basis. The ecotoxicity (Daphnia magna, Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Sorghum saccharatum) was absent or presented very slight acute toxicity up to 12.5mg/L being S.anteuphorbium the least toxic. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Nature-based plant extracts showed removal rates up to 80%. Lower pH and A.subulate and S.anteuphorbium were the most efficient coagulants Toxicity effects were plant extracts-based and dose function. A.subulate and S.anteuphorbium were the least toxic extracts.
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- 2022
4. Chronic sublethal effects of ZnO nanoparticles on Tigriopus fulvus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
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Alice Rotini, Marco Trifuoggi, Loredana Manfra, Maria Teresa Berducci, Federica Carraturo, Francesca Biandolino, Luciana Migliore, Chiara Maggi, Luigi Paduano, Ermelinda Prato, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giovanni Libralato, Isabella Parlapiano, Prato, E., Parlapiano, I., Biandolino, F., Rotini, A., Manfra, L., Berducci, M. T., Maggi, C., Libralato, G., Paduano, L., Carraturo, F., Trifuoggi, M., Carotenuto, M., and Migliore, L.
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Settore BIO/07 ,Offspring ,ZnSO ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Metal Nanoparticles ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanoparticle ,Zinc ,010501 environmental sciences ,Chronic/acute toxicity ,Copepoda ,Reproductive endpoints ,Tigriopus fulvus ,Zinc oxide nanoparticles ,4 ,and ionic Zn ,01 natural sciences ,ZnSO4 ,Tigriopus fulvu ,Animals ,Nanoparticles ,Zinc Oxide ,ionic Zn ,Metal Nanoparticle ,Reproductive endpoint ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecotoxicology ,Centrifugation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Animal ,Zinc oxide nanoparticle ,General Medicine ,Pollution ,Acute toxicity ,Brood ,chemistry ,Toxicity ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
This study investigated for the first time the effects of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) chronic exposure (28 days) on Tigriopus fulvus. Acute toxicity (48 h) of three Zn chemical forms was assessed as well including the following: (a) ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), (b) Zn2+ from ZnO NP suspension after centrifugation (supernatant) and (c) ZnSO4 H2O. Physical-chemical and electronic microscopies were used to characterize spiked exposure media. Results showed that the dissolution of ZnO NPs was significant, with a complete dissolution at lowest test concentrations, but nano- and micro-aggregates were always present. Acute test evidenced a significant higher toxicity of Zn2+ and ZnSO4 compared to ZnO NPs. The chronic exposure to ZnO NPs caused negative effects on the reproductive traits, i.e. brood duration, brood size and brood number at much lower concentrations (≥ 100 μg/L). The appearance of ovigerous females was delayed at higher concentrations of ZnO NPs, while the time required for offspring release and the percentage of non-viable eggs per female were significantly increased. ZnO NP subchronic exposure evidenced its ability to reduce T. fulvus individual reproductive fitness, suggesting that ZnO NPs use and release must be carefully monitored. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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- 2019
5. Nonylphenol deca-ethoxylate removal from wastewater by UV/H2O2: Degradation kinetics and toxicity effects
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Marco Guida, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Hatice Gürses, Maurizio Carotenuto, Luigi Rizzo, Antonietta Siciliano, Carotenuto, Maurizio, Libralato, Giovanni, Gürses, Hatice, Siciliano, Antonietta, Rizzo, Luigi, Guida, Marco, and Lofrano, Giusy
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Advanced oxidation processes, Ecotoxicology, Nonylphenol ethoxylates, Radical scavengers, Wastewater ,Radical scavengers ,Risk ,Environmental Engineering ,General Chemical Engineering ,Daphnia magna ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Ecotoxicology ,01 natural sciences ,Mineralization (biology) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Raphidocelis subcapitata ,Environmental Chemistry ,Chemical Engineering (all) ,Aliivibrio fischeri ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Advanced oxidation processes ,Nonylphenol ethoxylates ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Nonylphenol ,chemistry ,Reliability and Quality ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity ,Safety - Abstract
Nonylphenol ethoxylated (NPEOs) nonionic surfactants have been increasingly used in different industrial, commercial and domestic applications. Unfortunately, they are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (and also considered as contaminants of emerging concern) having adverse effects on animal and human reproduction. The treatment of nonylphenol-decaethoxylated (NP-10) via H2O2/UV-C process at different reaction times (5, 10, 20, 40, 80 min) and H2O2 concentrations was investigated. After 80 min treatment the removal rates of NP-10 solution (initial concentration 100 mg/L) in deionized water were 88%, 97% and 98% for 10, 20 and 100 mg/L of H2O2 respectively. The same experimental conditions were applied to real wastewater spiked with 100 mg/L of NP-10 showing the following removal rates: 84%, 98% and 99%, respectively. The possible contribution of different radicals to NP-10 degradation by H2O2/UV-C treatment was investigated by evaluating the effect of different radical scavengers (namely NO3−, NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, KH2PO4 and phatalate). Toxicity data (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna) on treated solutions and wastewater highlighted the presence of residual toxicity in all samples evidencing that no complete mineralization occurred.
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- 2019
6. Antibiotic contaminated water treated by photo driven advanced oxidation processes: Ultraviolet/H2O2 vs ultraviolet/peracetic acid
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Marta Pazos, Patrizia Iannece, Giusy Lofrano, Carmen Gago, Nataliya Krasnogorskaya, Maurizio Carotenuto, Luigi Rizzo, and Tatiana Bredneva
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Oxidation intermediates ,Strategy and Management ,Radical ,Strategy and Management1409 Tourism ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Chloramphenicol ,Pharmaceutical wastewater ,Photodegradation ,Solar-driven processes ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,2300 ,Strategy and Management1409 Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Peracetic acid ,medicine ,Renewable Energy ,Irradiation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Sustainability and the Environment ,Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Thermal decomposition ,Advanced oxidation process ,Building and Construction ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,020801 environmental engineering ,chemistry ,Degradation (geology) ,Ultraviolet ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The release of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems from the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) is of great concern due to possible chronic toxic effects as well as contribution to antibiotic resistance spread. In the present work, the degradation of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) by ultraviolet (UV)/peracetic acid (PAA) (an advanced oxidation process that has been poorly investigated so far) and UV/H2O2 processes as well as its transformation products were studied under different light sources. UV-C/PAA process was found to be effective in the degradation of CAP (half life time (t1/2) = 20 min, initial CAP concentration 25 mg/L), but not effective when solar radiation was used as light source. It is worthy to note that the presence of H2O2 in the commercial PAA solution significantly affected the removal efficiency of CAP by UV-C/PAA process. When H2O2 was quenched by catalase addition, t1/2 increased to 99 min, meaning that PAA can still produce hydroxyl radicals but at a lower rate compared to H2O2. Moreover, process efficiency further decreased in the presence of both solar simulated and natural solar irradiation, being CAP removal also the result of thermal decomposition. The transformation products detected during CAP degradation by UV-C/PAA were different respect to those produced during UV-C/H2O2 process. In particular, after 120 min most of the compounds detected presented a molecular weight >300 m/z., meaning that UV-C/PAA process needs more time to degrade the transformation products.
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- 2018
7. Photocatalytic ZnO-assisted degradation of spiramycin in urban wastewater: Degradation kinetics and toxicity
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Marco Guida, Maurizio Carotenuto, Federica Carraturo, Giovanni Libralato, Giusy Lofrano, Antonietta Siciliano, Davide Anselmo Luigi Vignati, Vignati, D. A. L., Lofrano, G., Libralato, G., Guida, M., Siciliano, A., Carraturo, F., Carotenuto, M., Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Università degli Studi di Salerno (UNISA), and Cost Action ENTER (ES1205), short term scientific mission 35421
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lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Daphnia magna ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,antibiotics ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Raphidocelis subcapitata ,Photocatalysi ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Zinc oxide ,medicine ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,biology ,Antibiotics ,Photocatalysis ,Chemistry ,Spiramycin ,Antibiotic ,Contamination ,biology.organism_classification ,6. Clean water ,13. Climate action ,Environmental chemistry ,Sewage treatment ,[SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology ,[CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other ,photocatalysis ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains a challenge to promote safe wastewater reuse practices. Macrolides are the most abundant antibiotics detected in untreated wastewater and their concentration in WWTPs effluents is only partially reduced by conventional treatments. Among several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), photocatalysis has demonstrated the capability to effectively remove pharmaceuticals from different aqueous matrices. Recently, ZnO has emerged as an efficient, promising, and less expensive alternative to TiO2, due to its photocatalytic capability and attitude to exploit better the solar spectrum than TiO2. In this study, the behaviors of ZnO photocatalysis were evaluated using a representative macrolide antibiotic, spiramycin (SPY), in aqueous solutions and urban wastewater. After 80 min of photocatalysis, 95–99% removal of SPY was achieved at 1 g L−1 ZnO concentrations in aqueous solutions and wastewater, respectively. After treatment, the effluent toxicity, evaluated using the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, and the crustacean Daphnia magna ranged between slight acute and high acute hazard. Filterable and ultrafilterable Zn concentrations were quantified in treated effluents and shown to be high enough to contribute to the observed toxicity.
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- 2021
8. Health risk and geochemical assessment of trace elements in surface sediment along the hooghly (Ganges) river estuary (India)
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Marco Guida, Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Giovanni Libralato, Marco Trifuoggi, Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Priyanka Mondal, Mondal, P., Lofrano, G., Carotenuto, M., Guida, M., Trifuoggi, M., Libralato, G., and Sarkar, S. K.
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lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Threshold limit value ,Sediment contamination ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Ecological risk ,Hooghly River Estuary ,Human health risk ,Trace elements ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Dry weight ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Health risk ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,geography ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Sediment ,Estuary ,Contamination ,Hazard quotient ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Enrichment factor - Abstract
This study investigated sediment spatial and seasonal distribution of trace elements (TEs) (n = 16) and human health effects along the Hooghly River Estuary (India). The index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), hazard quotient (HQ), modified hazard quotient (mHQ) and toxic risk unit (TRI) were calculated to estimate sediment pollution level, while hazard index (HI) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) were used to assess TEs enrichment vs. human health. The concentrations (µ, g/g dry weight) of TEs were: Cd (0.01&ndash, 1.58), Cr (41.98&ndash, 105.49), Cu (16.41&ndash, 51.09), Ni (28.37&ndash, 63.90), Fe (22075&ndash, 47919), Mn (423&ndash, 630), Co (11.43&ndash, 23.11), Zn (48.82&ndash, 105.81), V (63.92&ndash, 138.92), Pb (25.01&ndash, 43.27) and Ti (0.18&ndash, 3.50), As (2.92&ndash, 16.26), B (59.34&ndash, 98.78), Si (11.52&ndash, 98.78), Be (1.71&ndash, 4.81), Ba (95.23&ndash, 293.72). From Igeo and EF, Cd was the major contaminant, while Ni presented moderate/high contamination (HQ and TRI). Children were more exposed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks compared to adults. For non-carcinogenic substances, no significant risk was found to both children and adults (HIs <, 1). The LCR for Cr (3.924 ×, 10&minus, 4 for children) and As (1.379 ×, 4 for children) was higher than the threshold limit value (TLV, 10&minus, 4 and 10&minus, 6) indicating significant carcinogenic risks to be managed.
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- 2021
9. Disinfection of roof harvested rainwater inoculated with E. coli and Enterococcus and post-treatment bacterial regrowth: Conventional vs solar driven advanced oxidation processes
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Maurizio Carotenuto, Luigi Rizzo, Oriana Motta, Antonio Proto, Raffaele Cucciniello, Antonino Fiorentino, Giusy Lofrano, Fiorentino, A., Lofrano, G., Cucciniello, R., Carotenuto, M., Motta, O., Proto, A., and Rizzo, L.
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Solar photo Fenton ,Environmental Engineering ,Inactivation kinetics ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Wastewater ,Rainwater harvesting ,Water Purification ,UV-C disinfection ,Water reuse ,Chlorine ,Escherichia coli ,Environmental Chemistry ,Chlorination ,Food science ,Chelating agent ,Iminodisuccinic acid - Cu complex ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Incubation ,Effluent ,biology ,Inoculation ,Chemistry ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Disinfection ,Enterococcus ,Sunlight ,Post treatment - Abstract
Solar driven advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (an alternative solar photo Fenton like process (SPF), sunlight/H2O2 (SHP) and sunlight/chlorine (SCL)) and respective dark conditions, were compared for the first time to conventional (chlorination and UV-C radiation) disinfection processes, in the inactivation of E. coli and Entero strains inoculated in real roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW), to evaluate their possible safe use for crop irrigation. In this regard, bacterial regrowth was also evaluated 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after disinfection treatment. The SPF, using iminodisuccinic acid (IDS)-Cu complex as catalyst, was optimized (H2O2/IDS-Cu 55/1 best molar ratio) under mild conditions (spontaneous pH) and sunlight. The faster inactivation kinetics were observed for the SCL process (k = 1.473 min−1, t1/2 = 0.47 min for E. coli and k = 1.193 min−1, t1/2 = 0.57 min for Entero), while the most effective processes in controlling bacterial regrowth were SPF and SCL. Although UV-C radiation (0–1.3 × 104 μW s cm−2 dose range) was the second faster disinfection process (k = 1.242 min−1, t1/2 = 0.55 min for E. coli and k = 1.150 min−1, t1/2 = 0.60 min for Entero), it was the less effective process in controlling bacterial regrowth (>10 CFU 100 mL−1 already after 6 h post-treatment incubation). According to the bacterial inactivation and regrowth tests carried out in this work, SPF and SCL are interesting options for RHRW disinfection, in case of effluent use for crop irrigation.
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- 2021
10. Compost and Sewage Sludge for the Improvement of Soil Chemical and Biological Quality of Mediterranean Agroecosystems
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Giusy Lofrano, Luca Pucci, Daniela Baldantoni, Giovanni Libralato, Maurizio Carotenuto, Enrica Picariello, Picariello, E., Pucci, L., Carotenuto, M., Libralato, G., Lofrano, G., and Baldantoni, D.
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Physico‐chemical and biological soil propertie ,biowaste compost ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Amendment ,TJ807-830 ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,TD194-195 ,01 natural sciences ,complex mixtures ,Renewable energy sources ,mineral and organic fertilization ,physico-chemical and biological soil properties ,Organic matter ,GE1-350 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Environmental effects of industries and plants ,sewage sludge ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Compost ,Soil organic matter ,Environmental engineering ,toxicity ,Edaphic ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Sewage sludge ,Biowaste compost ,Mineral and organic fertilization ,Physico-chemical and biological soil properties ,Toxicity ,Environmental sciences ,chemistry ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Soil fertility ,Sludge - Abstract
Conventional fertilization practices in agroecosystems concern the supply of bioavailable nutrients, such as mineral fertilizers. A consolidated alternative to restoring the long-term fertility of agricultural soils is their amendment with organic fertilizers. Soil amendment with biowaste compost or sewage sludge represents a sustainable strategy to avoid the landfilling of organic matter derived from urban waste and sewage sludge. This study aims at validating the use of quality biowaste compost and sewage sludge from secondary sedimentation (alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers) in a Mediterranean agroecosystem and their effects on soil chemical and biological quality, with a view to verifying the maintenance of soil fertility and functionality. In particular, the dynamics of soil organic matter, pH, potentially toxic elements and microbial community functionality were assessed, in experimental mesocosms, during 6 months of incubation. The research showed that, while soil amendment with biowaste compost induces positive effects on soil organic matter and phosphorous concentrations, as well as on microbial community functionality, the amendment with the selected sewage sludge does not determine any benefit to the microbial community or any danger in relation to soil potentially toxic element concentrations and toxicity. The quantity of sewage sludge employed, chosen according to regional directives, was thus not enough to stimulate the edaphic microflora activity.
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- 2020
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11. Occurrence and potential risks of emerging contaminants in water
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Giovanni Libralato, Vincenzo Vaiano, Giusy Lofrano, Olga Sacco, Süreyya Meriç, Maurizio Carotenuto, Marco Guida, and Vincenzo Venditto
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Sewage sludge ,Life style ,Environmental protection ,Environmental science ,Biota ,Sewage treatment ,Contamination ,Surface water - Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) occur in the environment on a global scale and encompass a huge number of life style compounds, ranging from organic and inorganic compounds to nanoparticles, released into the environment because of human activities with the potential to harm biota and health. Owing to their extensive application, their continuous occurrence and release in wastewaters, sewage sludge, surface water and groundwaters, landfills, and waste have become an emerging issue to consider control measures for them. Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants are one of the main point sources of CECs to the environment as UWWTPs are usually not designed to effectively remove them. Although improvement of analytical techniques allowed the identification of widespread CECs in reduced concentrations (μg to ng/L) and in various environmental compartments, we are still far away from a complete classification of many CECs and their potential harmful effects. Therefore, providing data on occurrence, sources, and fate of CECs is essential for prioritizing and regulating them.
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- 2020
12. Degradation of anionic azo dyes in aqueous solution using a continuous flow photocatalytic packed-bed reactor: Influence of water matrix and toxicity evaluation
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Federica Carraturo, Vincenzo Vaiano, Marco Guida, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Maurizio Carotenuto, Antonietta Siciliano, Olga Sacco, Vaiano, V., Sacco, O., Libralato, G., Lofrano, G., Siciliano, A., Carraturo, F., Guida, M., and Carotenuto, M.
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Powdered activated carbon treatment ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Anionic azo-dyes ,Continuous flow photocatalytic packed-bed reactor ,Toxicity ,Water matrix ,Adsorption ,Tap water ,medicine ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Packed bed ,Aqueous solution ,Chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pollution ,Anionic azo-dye ,Distilled water ,Photocatalysis ,0210 nano-technology ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
A continuous flow photocatalytic packed-bed reactor irradiated by UV-LEDs was employed for the degradation of two toxic anionic azo dyes: Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) and Methyl Orange (MeO). Commercial anatase TiO2 in pellets form was used as packing material for the photoreactor. The experimental tests were carried out using both distilled and tap water as aqueous matrix for the two selected dyes. The influence of the liquid flow rate on the performances of the photocatalytic packed-bed reactor was investigated in the range 0.5–2.1 mL/min. Photocatalytic results showed that, under UV light, the system allows to achieve steady-state dyes concentration values without deactivation phenomena in 510 min irradiation time. Using distilled water, the highest efficiency of the process (EBT and MeO decolorization of about 100 % and 90 %, respectively) was observed with a liquid flow rate of 0.5 mL/min (contact time =6.6 min). In the presence of tap water and using the same contact time, the EBT decolourization was still total whereas MeO degradation was lower and equal to 70 %. For this reason, the photocatalytic reactor was followed by an adsorption unit based on the use of activated carbon. With such configuration, the complete MeO decolourization was achieved. The total removal of toxicity for EBT was achieved with just one packed-bed reactor being the toxicity of potential by-products not relevant. In the case of MeO, the full toxicity removal was obtained only after powdered activated carbon filtration.
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- 2020
13. List of contributors
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Jorge Bedia, Carolina Belver, Giovanni Boccia, Maurizio Carotenuto, Christophe Daniel, Carraturo Federica, Aliberti Francesco, Emilia Galdiero, Edvige Gambino, Renato Gesuele, Almudena Gómez-Avilés, Marco Guida, Raju Kumar Gupta, Giuseppina Iervolino, Prasenjit Kar, Giovanni Libralato, Giusy Lofrano, Sureyya Meric, Virginia Muelas-Ramos, Julie J. Murcia, Wanda Navarra, Manuel Peñas-Garzón, Juan J. Rodriguez, Olga Sacco, Diana Sannino, Govindasamy Sathiyan, Antonietta Siciliano, Vincenzo Vaiano, and Vincenzo Venditto
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- 2020
14. Fabrication, functionalization and performance of doped photocatalysts for dye degradation and mineralization: a review
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Federica Carraturo, Sonam Paliya, Marco Guida, Prittam Goswami, Sunil Kumar, Muhammad Usman, Giovanni Libralato, Mukesh Singh, Maurizio Carotenuto, Ackmez Mudhoo, Giusy Lofrano, Mudhoo, A., Paliya, S., Goswami, P., Singh, M., Lofrano, G., Carotenuto, M., Carraturo, F., Libralato, G., Guida, M., Usman, M., and Kumar, S.
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Materials science ,Fabrication ,Dye ,Sonication ,Composite ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Corrosion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Doping ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecotoxicity ,Reactor design ,Photocatalytic degradation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Composites ,Scalability ,Mineralization (soil science) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,chemistry ,Ionic liquid ,Photocatalysis ,Surface modification ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Textile wastewaters contain refractory dyes that cause pollution and socio-economic issues, thus calling for efficient remediation techniques such as photocatalysis. We review the fabrication, functionalization, performance and limitations of doped catalysts for degrading and mineralizing dyes. We present developments in photocatalyst immobilization and photocatalytic reactor design. Methods such as microwave irradiation, sonication and use of ionic liquids are emerging for the preparation of doped photocatalysts. Whilst single-dye systems have been extensively studied, there is limited knowledge on multiple-dye systems. Immobilization of photocatalysts is gaining popularity for large-scale application, but faces issues of erosion, corrosion, mechanical strength and structure integrity. Ecotoxicological studies are required in real environments to validate the potential applications of nanostructured doped photocatalysts.
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- 2020
15. Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in the Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus)
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Marco Guida, Giusy Lofrano, Antonella Giorgio, Kheyrollah Khosravi-Katuli, Antonietta Siciliano, H. Pak Nezhad, Emilia Galdiero, Francesco Aliberti, Giovanni Libralato, Maurizio Carotenuto, Ehsan Rahimi, Khosravi-Katuli, K., Lofrano, G., Pak Nezhad, H., Giorgio, A., Guida, M., Aliberti, F., Siciliano, A., Carotenuto, M., Galdiero, E., Rahimi, E., and Libralato, G.
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Gills ,0301 basic medicine ,Environmental Engineering ,ZnO NPs ,Acute and sub-acute concentrations ,Cyprinidae ,Metal Nanoparticles ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Zinc ,010501 environmental sciences ,Kidney ,ZnO NP ,01 natural sciences ,ZnSO4 ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Toxicokinetics ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Fish ,Toxicokinetic ,Biomarkers ,Liver ,Zinc Oxide ,Pollution ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,biology ,Chemistry ,Compartmentalization (fire protection) ,biology.organism_classification ,Acute and sub-acute concentration ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Zno nanoparticles ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity ,Rutilus ,Target organ - Abstract
Most studies investigating the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) focused on the effect of size, whereas exposure concentration and duration remained poorly understood. In this study, the effect of acute and sub-acute exposures of ZnO NPs on Zn compartmentalization and biomarkers' expression were investigated in Rutilus rutilus caspicus (Caspian roach) considering various exposure scenarios: i) the assessment of the concentration-response curves and median lethal concentration (LC50); ii) the assessment of the effects of organisms exposed at LC50 value and one tenth of LC50 value of ZnO NPs suspensions for 4 d and 28 d, respectively; iii) the assessment of 14 d depuration period. The same concentrations of ZnSO4 were investigated. The highest Zn accumulation was detected in gill after sub-acute exposure (4.8 mg/L; 28 d) followed by liver, kidney and muscle. In gill, liver and muscle, Zn from Zn NPs accumulated higher concentrations. Depuration (14 d) decreased Zn content in each organ, but no complete removal occurred except for muscle. Biomarkers' activity was significantly over expressed after treatments, but depuration brought back their values to background levels and most effects were related to acute concentrations (48 mg/L; 4 d) and in presence of ZnSO4. Histopathological analyses showed that the exposure to ZnO NPs increased lesions in gill, liver and kidney, with a direct proportionality between alterations and Zn accumulated in the target organs. After depuration, lesions regressed for both ZnO NPs and ZnSO4, but not in a complete way. These data could contribute to increase the knowledge about ZnO NPs risk assessment in aquatic vertebrates, suggesting that the size of ZnO NPs can influence biomarker and histopathological effects.
- Published
- 2018
16. Biomonitoring of nutrient and toxic element concentrations in the Sarno River through aquatic plants
- Author
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Maurizio Carotenuto, Luca Pucci, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Alessandro Bellino, Daniela Baldantoni, Baldantoni, Daniela, Bellino, Alessandro, Lofrano, Giusy, Libralato, Giovanni, Pucci, Luca, and Carotenuto, Maurizio
- Subjects
Pollution ,Geologic Sediments ,Chemical Phenomena ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Freshwater ,Nutrient ,Rivers ,Passive biomonitoring ,Metals, Heavy ,Accumulator plant ,Aquatic plant ,Potamogeton pectinatus ,Tributary ,Biomonitoring ,Accumulator plants ,Nemerow Pollution Index ,Apium nodiflorum ,Potamogeton ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Pollutant ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Potamogetonaceae ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Trace Elements ,Europe ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Seasons ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Apiaceae ,Environmental Monitoring ,Potamogeton pectinatu - Abstract
The Sarno River is considered the most polluted river in Europe and one of the ten most polluted rivers in the world. So far, its quality has been usually evaluated by water and sediment analyses of either inorganic or organic pollutants. However, a biomonitoring approach would be of paramount importance in the evaluation of river quality, since it integrates pollutant temporal fluctuations, as in the case of discontinuous inputs from urban, industrial and agricultural activities. To this end, a passive biomonitoring study of the Sarno River was carried out, using two native aquatic plants accumulators of inorganic pollutants. The spring area was monitored analysing the roots of the semi-submerged Apium nodiflorum, whereas the whole river course was monitored analysing the shoots of the submerged Potamogeton pectinatus. The information on the four macronutrient (Ca, K, Mg, P), the six micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Ni, Zn) and the four toxic element (Cd, Cr, Pb, V) concentrations were separately combined in the Nemerow Pollution Index. Results evidenced a severe pollution degree of the Sarno River, attributable to toxic elements > micronutrients > macronutrients. In particular, the spring area showed high K concentrations, as well as high concentrations of several micronutrients and toxic elements. A generalized Zn contamination and a progressive macronutrient (above all Ca and P), micronutrient (above all Ni, Cu and Fe) and toxic element (above all Cr and Pb) accumulation toward the mouth was related to pollution from agricultural and urban activities. Industrial sources, especially tanneries along the Solofrana tributary, accounted for high Mn concentrations, whereas the volcanic origin of the substrate accounted for a generalized V contamination.
- Published
- 2018
17. Antibiotic effects on seed germination and root development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, Daniela Baldantoni, Giovanni Libralato, Alessandro Bellino, Maurizio Carotenuto, Bellino, Alessandro, Lofrano, Giusy, Carotenuto, Maurizio, Libralato, Giovanni, and Baldantoni, Daniela
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Spectinomycin ,Cell division ,medicine.drug_class ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Meristem ,Antibiotics ,Germination ,010501 environmental sciences ,Plant Roots ,01 natural sciences ,Chloramphenicol ,Spiramycin ,Vancomycin ,Phytotoxicity ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Botany ,medicine ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,biology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Models, Theoretical ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Manure ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Seeds ,Environmental Pollutants ,Solanum ,Bacteria ,010606 plant biology & botany ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Antibiotics are emerging pollutants released into the environment through wastewater and manure or effluents from livestock plants. Compared to the wide literature on the effects of antibiotics on the development of drugresistant bacteria and on the adverse effects on animals and human beings, the effects on plants are less investigated. Here we evaluated the effects of four antibiotics (cloramphenicol: CAP, spiramycin: SPR, spectinomycin: SPT, vancomycin: VAN) belonging to different chemical groups, on seed germination and root development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. San Marzano). Specifically, seed germination and root elongation kinetics, as well as the number of mithotic figures in root apical meristem, were studied in relation to different concentrations of each antibiotic (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg L−1) for 10 and 7 days, respectively. Results showed that seed germination was not affected, but root development (root elongation kinetics and cell division) was impaired at concentrations from 10 mg L−1 (SPT) and 100 mg L−1 (CAP) to 1000 mg L−1 (SPR and VAN).
- Published
- 2018
18. Thirty contaminants of emerging concern identified in secondary treated hospital wastewater and their removal by solar Fenton (like) and sulphate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, Luca Pucci, Giuseppe Mascolo, Maurizio Carotenuto, Sapia Murgolo, M. Faiella, and Luigi Rizzo
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,EDDS ,Aqueous solution ,Wastewater ,Chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Radical ,Total removal ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Contamination ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Thirty contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were identified and quantified in hospital wastewater (HWW) by LC-MS and their removal by solar photo Fenton (SPF) with ethylenediamine-N,N’-disuccinic acid (EDDS) at spontaneous pH (7.5) was compared to other solar driven advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (namely, sunlight/persoxydisulphate (SPD) and sunlight/H2O2 (SHP)). Almost all the detected CECs (28) are pharmaceuticals and belong to 13 different classes, with concentrations varied between 0.08 µg/L (psychiatric drug) to 38.92 µg/L (antidiabetic). First, the formation of iron-EDDS complexes was characterized by electrochemical methods to compare Fe2+ and Fe3+ behavior. The effect on a carbamazepine (CBZ) aqueous solution of solar driven Fe2+/EDDS and Fe3+/EDDS Fenton processes was comparatively evaluated to select the most effective one for advanced oxidation tests on real HWW and sunlight/Fe2+-EDDS/H2O2 was the most effective one with 48% removal after 12.5 kJ/L-1 (78% total removal, 30% being under dark Fenton condition). SPF process was also more effective than SPD and SHP (60 min sunlight exposure, 5 kJ/L-1). Subsequently, the effect of the solar AOPs (SPF, Fe2+ 0.1 mM, EDDS 0.2 Mm, H2O2 2.7 Mm; SPD, PD 1.48 mM; SHP, H2O2 2.7 Mm; 60 min sunlight exposure) was investigated in the treatment of the HWW and SPF resulted the most effective one, all CECs being removed from 70% to 100%.
- Published
- 2021
19. Emerging Concern from Short-Term Textile Leaching: A Preliminary Ecotoxicological Survey
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Giusy Lofrano, Süreyya Meriç, M. Inglese, Marco Guida, Antonietta Siciliano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giovanni Libralato, Lofrano, G., Libralato, Giovanni, Carotenuto, M., Guida, Marco, Inglese, M., Siciliano, A., and Meriç, S.
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Textile industry ,Time Factors ,Textile ,Toxicity Evaluation ,Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Cotton ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Ecotoxicology ,Toxicology ,01 natural sciences ,Lepidium sativum ,Developing-Countries ,Degradation ,Chlorophyta ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Water Pollutants ,Leachate ,Waste-Water ,Coloring Agents ,Dyes ,media_common ,biology ,General Medicine ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Health ,Textile Industry ,Biodegradation ,Dye ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Daphnia magna ,Chemical ,Environmental ,Tap water ,Industry ,Animals ,Waste Water ,Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Cotton Fiber ,Ecotoxicity ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Daphnia ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,business.industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Effluent ,Environmental science ,Auxiliaries ,business - Abstract
Textile dyes and their residues gained growing attention worldwide. Textile industry is a strong water consumer potentially releasing xenobiotics from washing and rinsing procedures during finishing processes. On a decentralised basis, also final consumers generate textile waste streams. Thus, a procedure simulating home washing with tap water screened cotton textiles leachates (n = 28) considering physico-chemical (COD, BOD5, and UV absorbance) and ecotoxicological data (Daphnia magna, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Lepidium sativum). Results evidenced that: (i) leachates presented low biodegradability levels; (ii) toxicity in more than half leachates presented slight acute or acute effects; (iii) the remaining leachates presented “no effect” suggesting the use of green dyes/additives, and/or well established finishing processes; (iv) no specific correlations were found between traditional physico-chemical and ecotoxicological data. Further investigations will be necessary to identify textile residues, and their potential interactions with simulated human sweat in order to evidence potential adverse effects on human health.
- Published
- 2016
20. Removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac and trimethoprim by solar driven advanced oxidation processes in a compound triangular collector based reactor: A comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous processes
- Author
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Olga Sacco, Katarzyna Kowalska, Vincenzo Vaiano, Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Luigi Rizzo, and G. Maniakova
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Environmental Engineering ,Diclofenac ,Nitrogen ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Chemical ,Portable water purification ,Contaminants of emerging concern ,N-doped TiO ,2 ,Pharmaceuticals ,Sunlight/H ,O ,Wastewater reuse ,Carbamazepine ,Kinetics ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Titanium ,Trimethoprim ,Waste Water ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Water Purification ,Photolysis ,Sunlight ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental Chemistry ,Water Pollutants ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Aqueous solution ,Chemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Environmental chemistry ,Photocatalysis ,Degradation (geology) - Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (including pharmaceuticals) are not effectively removed by municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), so particular concern is related to agricultural wastewater reuse due to their possible uptake in crops irrigated with WWTPs effluents. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and solar AOPs have been demonstrated to effectively remove pharmaceuticals from different aqueous matrices. In this study, an heterogeneous photocatalytic process using powdered nitrogen-doped TiO2 immobilized on polystyrene spheres (sunlight/N–TiO2) was compared to the benchmark homogenous AOP sunlight/H2O2 in a compound triangular collector reactor, to evaluate the degradation of three pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF), trimethoprim (TMP)) in water. The degradation of the contaminants by sunlight and sunlight-AOPs well fit the pseudo-first order kinetic model (but for TMP under sunlight). High removal efficiency by solar photolysis was observed for DCF (up to 100%, half-life sunlight cumulative energy QS,1/2 = 2 kJ L−1, half-life time t1/2 = 32 min), while CBZ (32%, QS,1/2 = 28 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 385 min) and TMP (5% removal after 300 min) removal was poor. The degradation rate of CBZ, TMP and DCF was found to be slower during sunlight/H2O2 (QS,1/2 = 5 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 77 min; QS,1/2 = 20 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 128 min; QS,1/2 = 4 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 27 min, respectively) compared to sunlight/N–TiO2 (QS,1/2 = 4 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 55 min; QS,1/2 = 3 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 42 min; QS,1/2 = 2 kJ L−1, t1/2 = 25 min, respectively). These results are promising in terms of solar technology upscale because the faster degradation kinetics observed for sunlight/N–TiO2 process would result in smaller treatment volume, thus possibly perspective compensating the cost of the photocatalyst.
- Published
- 2019
21. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Antibiotics Removal: A Review
- Author
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Roberta Pedrazzani, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Lofrano, Giusy, Roberta, Pedrazzani, Libralato, Giovanni, and Maurizio, Carotenuto
- Subjects
medicine.drug_class ,Chemistry ,Antibiotics ,Organic Chemistry ,advanced oxidation processes ,toxicity ,by-products ,02 engineering and technology ,Antibiotics, advanced oxidation processes, toxicity, by-products ,010501 environmental sciences ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Advanced oxidation processes ,By-products ,Toxicity ,Environmental chemistry ,medicine ,0210 nano-technology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Year-by-year, the amount of antibiotics for human and veterinary use increases. Their presence in both treated and untreated wastewater was highlighted in several studies, suggesting that traditional activated sludge processes are unsuitable for their efficient removal. In this review paper, we summarized the role of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in antibiotics removal evidencing their pros, cons and limitations. In most cases, they are still applied at laboratory or pilot scale, with just few examples of full-scale applications. Main constraints are related to energy cost, catalyst management and potential residual toxicity in treated effluents. The main advantages are related to the full mineralization of target compounds or the ability to increase their relative biodegradability. Future challenges include nano-based green synthetized catalysts maximizing the use of solar radiation for energy saving. Generally, AOPs application is part of a more structured wastewater treatment process including operating units at various technological contents.
- Published
- 2017
22. Simulating the fate of indigenous antibiotic resistant bacteria in a mild slope wastewater polluted stream
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, Giacomo Viccione, Antonino Fiorentino, Giuliana De Luca, Maurizio Carotenuto, and Luigi Rizzo
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,Wastewater ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Rivers ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Environmental Chemistry ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Sunlight ,Bacteria ,Biofilm ,Sediment ,General Medicine ,020801 environmental engineering ,Light intensity ,Environmental chemistry ,Biofilms ,Sewage treatment ,Water Microbiology ,Enterococcus - Abstract
The fate of indigenous surface-water and wastewater antibiotic resistant bacteria in a mild slope stream simulated through a hydraulic channel was investigated in outdoor experiments. The effect of (i) natural (dark) decay, (ii) sunlight, (iii) cloudy cover, (iv) adsorption to the sediment, (v) hydraulic conditions, (vi) discharge of urban wastewater treatment plant (UWTP) effluent and (vii) bacterial species (presumptive Escherichia coli and enterococci) was evaluated. Half-life time ( T 1/2 ) of E. coli under sunlight was in the range 6.48–27.7 min (initial bacterial concentration of 10 5 CFU/mL) depending on hydraulic and sunlight conditions. E. coli inactivation was quite similar in sunny and cloudy day experiments in the early 2 hr, despite of the light intensity gradient was in the range of 15–59 W/m 2 ; but subsequently the inactivation rate decreased in the cloudy day experiment ( T 1/2 = 23.0 min) compared to sunny day ( T 1/2 = 17.4 min). The adsorption of bacterial cells to the sediment (biofilm) increased in the first hour and then was quite stable for the remaining experimental time. Finally, when the discharge of an UWTP effluent in the stream was simulated, the proportion of indigenous antibiotic resistant E. coli and enterococci was found to increase as the exposure time increased, thus showing a higher resistance to solar inactivation compared to the respective total populations.
- Published
- 2018
23. Crystal violet and toxicity removal by adsorption and simultaneous photocatalysis in a continuous flow micro-reactor
- Author
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Marco Guida, Olga Sacco, Vincenzo Vaiano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giovanni Libralato, Mariantonietta Matarangolo, Giusy Lofrano, Sacco, Olga, Matarangolo, Mariantonietta, Vaiano, Vincenzo, Libralato, Giovanni, Guida, Marco, Lofrano, Giusy, and Carotenuto, Maurizio
- Subjects
Materials science ,Environmental Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Crystal violet ,Photocatalysis/adsorption ,Photocatalytic micro-reactor ,Toxicity ,Zeolite ,ZnO ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Pollution ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Mass transfer ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Photocatalysis ,Steady state (chemistry) ,0210 nano-technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
A continuous flow micro-reactor irradiated by UV-LEDs was employed to treat coloured wastewater by adsorption and simultaneous photocatalysis. Zinc oxide (ZnO) immobilized on commercial zeolites pellets in spherical shape (ZEO) was used as catalytic material in a micro-reactor maximizing the photocatalyst exposition to light sources, irradiating uniformly the entire solution volume and improving the mass transfer phenomena. Experimental tests were carried out on crystal violet dye (CV) as one of the main dying agent present in textile wastewater. The comparison between adsorption and adsorption/photocatalytic tests showed that UV irradiation can achieve a steady state CV concentration value corresponding to an equilibrium condition between adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation. The higher removal efficiency (i.e. 93%) was observed with a liquid flow rate of 1.1 mL/min (contact time = 4.7 min; CV = 10 mg/L) under UV light irradiation. In the steady state, CV removal remained constant for the overall testing time. Bioassays evidenced that toxicity was not completely removed (i.e. final effluent ranked as “slight acute toxic”) from wastewater suggesting its suitability for sewage collection discharge. A Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm model was applied for studying the adsorption behaviour of ZnO/ZEO sample. CV adsorption constants were evaluated from experimental data carried out in dark conditions in a batch system. Kinetic expression of CV removal and the D-R adsorption were incorporated in the CV mass balance estimating the kinetic parameter. The model was validated comparing the calculated CV conversion with the experimental tests collected at different CV inlet concentration.
- Published
- 2018
24. Toxicity assessment within the application of in situ contaminated sediment remediation technologies: A review
- Author
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Michele Notarnicola, Barbara Conte, Marco Guida, Francesco Aliberti, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Diego Minetto, Libralato, Giovanni, Minetto, Diego, Lofrano, Giusy, Guida, Marco, Carotenuto, Maurizio, Aliberti, Francesco, Conte, Barbara, and Notarnicola, Michele
- Subjects
In situ ,Environmental Engineering ,Capping ,Environmental remediation ,Activated carbon ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Amendment ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Dredging ,Sediment contamination ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,In situ remediation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Zerovalent iron ,Waste management ,Toxicity ,fungi ,Environmental engineering ,Sediment ,Contamination ,Pollution ,Sediment, In situ remediation, Amendment, Toxicity, Capping, Activated carbon ,Environmental science - Abstract
Polluted sediment represents a great problem for aquantic environments with potential direct acute and chronic effects for the biota and can be tackled with both in situ and ex situ treatments. Once dredging activities are not compulsory, sediment can be kept in place and managed with techniques involving the use of amendment and/or capping. Before their application, the assessment of their potential impact to the target environment cannot ignore the safe-by-design approach. The role of toxicity in in situ sediment remediation was reviewed discussing about how it can be used for the selection of amendments and the monitoring of treatment technologies. Results evidenced that capping technology coupled to activated carbon (AC) is the most frequently applied approach with effects varying according to the rate of contamination in treated sediment, the amount of AC used (% v/v), and target biological models considered. Little data are available for zerovalent iron as well as other minor amending agents such as hematite, natural zeolite, biopolymers and organoclays. Current (eco-)toxicological information for in situ sediment remediation technologies is fragmentary and incomplete or entirely missing, making also the interpretation of existing data quite challenging. In situ sediment remediation represents an interesting potentially effective approach for polluted sediment recovering. As its application in some lab-based and field studies reported to induce negative effects for target organisms, amendments and capping agents must be attentively evaluated for short- and long-term environmental effects, also in the perspective of the remediated site monitoring and maintenance.
- Published
- 2017
25. Understanding and Optimizing Peracetic Acid Disinfection Processes Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Case Study of Nocera (Italy) Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, R. De Rosa, A. Giuliani, R. Maffettone, Siva Sarathy, S. Luise, Giuseppe Raspa, Domenico Santoro, Maurizio Carotenuto, Ferdinando Crapulli, Luigi Rizzo, S. Guadagnuolo, and Luca Pucci
- Subjects
Computational fluid dynamics, Peracetic acid, Wastewater disinfection ,business.industry ,Inactivation kinetics ,Disinfectant ,Environmental engineering ,Computational fluid dynamics ,Peracetic acid ,Microbial inactivation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater disinfection ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,business - Abstract
In this paper, a modeling study focused on optimizing the PAA disinfection performance in a full-scale contact tank currently operated at the Nocera (Italy) Wastewater Treatment Plant is presented. The disinfection process was monitored for over 2 weeks by collecting full-scale data on plant variability in flow, disinfectant demand/decay and microbial concentrations. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the contact tank describing the PAA disinfection process was developed. Four disinfection scenarios were analysed using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach: (a) PAA disinfection under the existing conditions; (b) PAA disinfection with PAA pre-mixed prior to the contact tank; (c) PAA disinfection with PAA dosed with 8 injection points distributed over the entire length of the inlet weir; (d) PAA disinfection in an optimized plug-flow contact tank. All these scenarios were analysed for the same operating conditions, i.e. fixed flow, PAA demand/decay and inactivation kinetics. The model-based analysis clearly revealed that the optimized contact tank (scenario d) was able to achieve a much higher contact and extended between microorganisms and disinfectant thus resulting into a five-fold increase in microbial inactivation.
- Published
- 2017
26. Analysis and optimization of energy consumption in relation to ghg management: The case study of medio sarno wastewater treatment plant
- Author
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F. Fatone, Giovanni Libralato, Luca Pucci, B. M. d’Antoni, Alessandro Falcone, S. Guadagnuolo, A. Giuliani, Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, R. De Rosa, Falcone, A., Pucci, L., Guadagnuolo, S., De Rosa, R., Giuliani, A., D'Antoni, B. M., Lofrano, G., Libralato, G., Fatone, F., and Carotenuto, M.
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Engineering ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Environmental engineering ,Energy consumption ,Benchmarking ,Wastewater treatment ,Energy efficiency ,Greenhouse gas ,Sewage treatment ,Greenhouse gase ,Electricity ,business ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
A multistep methodology for the evaluation of the energetic behaviour of a wastewater treatment plant has been carried out, in according to Horizon2020 Enerwater methodology. The study took into account each phase of the process scheme, in order to obtain specific electricity consumption values for all the electro-mechanic devices. Data from both tele-control system and direct measurements in field have been acquired in order to perform a critical analysis for improving energy efficiency.
- Published
- 2017
27. Nano Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Sanjay K. Sharma, Giovanni Libralato, Lofrano, Giusy, Libralato, Giovanni, Sharma, Sanjay K., and Carotenuto, Maurizio
- Subjects
Waste management ,Chemistry (all) ,Advanced oxidation process ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biodegradation ,Nanomaterial ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Emerging contaminant ,Nanoparticle ,Engineering (all) ,Light source ,Wastewater ,Nano ,Photocatalysis ,Environmental science ,Catalyst ,Materials Science (all) ,0210 nano-technology ,Treatment costs ,Photocatalytic degradation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater is urgently required and even more necessary for wastewater reuse. Since conventional WWTPs are not designed to treat water polluted with pharmaceuticals present at trace levels, the applied treatments are mostly ineffective in their removal. Therefore the use of more efficient processes for removing or improving the biodegradability of these compounds has become necessary. Among several advanced oxidation process, nano based photocatalytic processes represent a challenging alternative for pharmaceuticals removal due to its capacity to utilize the solar radiation as the light source, thus reducing significantly electric power required and therefore saving treatment costs and to operate without pH adjustment. This chapter is aimed at describing the state of the art in the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals using different nano particles (NPs).
- Published
- 2017
28. Water Collection and Distribution Systems in the Palermo Plain during the Middle Ages
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, Ioannis K. Kalavrouziotis, Pietro Todaro, Maurizio Carotenuto, Roberta Maffettone, and Silvia Sammataro
- Subjects
Irrigation ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Distribution (economics) ,Aquatic Science ,Structural basin ,Biochemistry ,Palermo ,Scarcity ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,saje ,qanāt ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,Hydrology ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,business.industry ,gebbia ,Baroque architecture ,Archaeology ,Cultural heritage ,Geography ,history ,ingruttati ,senia ,business ,Surface water ,Groundwater - Abstract
It has been said that Palermo is short of available water. However, nothing could be more wrong. Well-documented Arab sources and narrative chronicles reported an abundance of groundwater resources in Palermo Plain since the Middle Ages. The scarcity of sources and surface water in the Palermo Plain, compared to the groundwater abundance, led the inhabitants to use groundwater both for irrigation and domestic usage through a complex and sustainable hydraulic system. Vertical and horizontal (qanāts) wells, conveyed water towards gardens and public fountains making the Arabic Bal’harm (Palermo) a flourishing town. When visitors walk through the streets of Palermo’s historical center, among Arab ruins and Baroque architecture, they hardly imagine that there is a wide and varied cultural heritage of underground cavities hidden in the basements where water flows in intricate networks fed from a numerous springs. Only in recent years was a part of this system brought to light. Moreover, the city still has a wide and fascinating water distribution system consisting of irrigation basin (gebbie), ingenious hydraulic machines named senie, and distribution chessboard of irrigation (saje) and drinking water (catusi) canals. The medieval water collection and distribution systems and their various components in the Palermo Plain are reviewed together with the influence of the Arab water management on environment.
- Published
- 2013
29. Photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic chloramphenicol and effluent toxi-city effects
- Author
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Patrizia Iannece, Marco Guida, Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini, Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Giugni, Roberta Adinolfi, Antonietta Siciliano, Giovanni Libralato, Maurizio Carotenuto, Lofrano, Giusy, Libralato, Giovanni, Adinolfi, Roberta, Siciliano, Antonietta, Iannece, Patrizia, Guida, Marco, Giugni, Maurizio, Volpi Ghirardini, Annamaria, and Carotenuto, Maurizio
- Subjects
Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Lepidium sativum ,Chlorophyta ,Toxicity Tests, Chronic ,Titanium ,Sewage ,biology ,TiO(2) photocatalysi ,General Medicine ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Aliivibrio fischeri ,Pollution ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Toxicity removal ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Degradation by-product ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity ,TiO(2) photocatalysis ,Sewage treatment ,Antibiotic chloramphenicol ,0210 nano-technology ,medicine.drug ,Advanced oxidation processe ,Settore BIO/07 - Ecologia ,Antibiotic chloramphenicol TiO2 photocatalysis Degradation by-products Toxicityremoval Advancedoxidationprocesses ,Catalysis ,Advanced oxidation processes, Antibiotic chloramphenicol, Degradation by-products, TiO(2) photocatalysis, Toxicity removal ,Toxicity Tests, Acute ,medicine ,Animals ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chromatography ,Degradation by-products ,Chloramphenicol ,Advanced oxidation processes ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,biology.organism_classification ,Activated sludge ,Daphnia ,Degradation (geology) ,Ecotoxicity ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Bacteria - Abstract
Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (CAP, C15H15Cl2N2 Na2O8) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as other groups of microorganisms only partially removed by conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. Thus, CAP and its metabolites can be found in effluents. The present work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of CAP using TiO2 as photocatalyst. We investigated the optimization of reaction contact time and concentration of TiO2 considering CAP and its by-products removal as well as effluent ecotoxicity elimination. Considering a CAP real concentration of 25mgL(-1), kinetic degradation curves were determined at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2gL(-1) TiO2 after 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120min reaction time. Treated samples were checked for the presence of by-products and residual toxicity (V. fischeri, P. subcapitata, L. sativum and D. magna). Results evidenced that the best combination for CAP and its by-products removal could be set at 1.6gL(-1) of TiO2 for 120min with an average residual toxicity of approximately 10%, that is the threshold set for negative controls in most toxicity tests for blank and general toxicity test acceptability.
- Published
- 2016
30. Polymer functionalized nanocomposites for metals removal from water and wastewater: An overview
- Author
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Ravindra Kumar Gautam, Luciana Dini, Süreyya Meriç, Marco Rossi, Daniela Baldantoni, Sanjay K. Sharma, Arjen Markus, Giusy Lofrano, Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Rute F. Domingos, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giovanni Libralato, Maurizio Giugni, Lofrano, Giusy, Carotenuto, M., Libralato, Giovanni, Domingos, R. F., Markus, A. A., Dini, L., Kumar, G. R., Baldantoni, D., Rossi, Marco, Sharma, S. K, Chattopadhyaya, M. C., Giugni, Maurizio, and Meric, S.
- Subjects
Pollution ,Metalloid ,Environmental Engineering ,Polymers ,Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Nanocomposites ,Water Purification ,Metal ,Adsorption ,Nanoparticle ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common ,Water Science and Technology ,Pollutant ,Nanocomposite ,Polymer functionalized nano-composite ,Toxicity ,Chemistry ,Nanoparticles ,Polymer functionalized nano-composites ,Removal efficiency ,Ecological Modeling ,Water ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Characterization (materials science) ,Metals ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,0210 nano-technology ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Pollution by metal and metalloid ions is one of the most widespread environmental concerns. They are non-biodegradable, and, generally, present high water solubility facilitating their environmental mobilisation interacting with abiotic and biotic components such as adsorption onto natural colloids or even accumulation by living organisms, thus, threatening human health and ecosystems. Therefore, there is a high demand for effective removal treatments of heavy metals, making the application of adsorption materials such as polymer-functionalized nanocomposites (PFNCs), increasingly attractive. PFNCs retain the inherent remarkable surface properties of nanoparticles, while the polymeric support materials provide high stability and processability. These nanoparticle-matrix materials are of great interest for metals and metalloids removal thanks to the functional groups of the polymeric matrixes that provide specific bindings to target pollutants. This review discusses PFNCs synthesis, characterization and performance in adsorption processes as well as the potential environmental risks and perspectives.
- Published
- 2016
31. Metals and tributyltin sediment contamination along the Southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea coast
- Author
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Aniello Alfieri, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Lofrano, Giusy, Libralato, Giovanni, Alfieri, Aniello, and Carotenuto, Maurizio
- Subjects
Geologic Sediments ,Environmental Engineering ,Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata ,Coastal environment ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Sediment quality ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Marine Strategy Framework Directive ,Port ,Metals, Heavy ,Environmental monitoring ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,TBT ,Ecosystem ,14. Life underwater ,Risk assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Metals ,Environmental Monitoring ,Italy ,Seasons ,Trialkyltin Compounds ,Chemistry (all) ,Coastal environment Port Sediment quality Metals TBT Risk assessment ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Sediment ,Heavy ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Contamination ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Coastal environment, Port Sediment quality, Metals, TBT, Risk assessment ,Pollution ,Oceanography ,Water Framework Directive ,13. Climate action ,Environmental science ,Bay - Abstract
Anthropogenic pressures can adversely affect the quality of coastal sediment posing at risk human health and the ecosystem. The Southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea (STS) coast (Italy) is still largely unexplored under this point of view. This study investigated for the first time in the area the seasonal variation and potential impact of selected metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) and tributyltin (TBT) from sediment samples collected along the STS coast (Casalvelino Marina, Casalvelino Bay, Acciaroli Marina and Acciaroli Bay) in the perspective of Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Data were compared to the contamination background levels of Punta Licosa reference site considering elemental enrichment factors (EFs) and single substance- and mixture-based risk characterisation ratios. Further, data were discussed considering the review of Southern Tyrrhenian Sea sediment quality. Results evidenced an increase of contamination levels from March to October showing that marinas are more impacted than bays. Sediment EFs highlighted that contamination levels were always greater than the reference site like risk characterisation ratios, suggesting the presence of potential threats. The sediment quality database generated after literature review revealed a similar situation for the whole Southern Tyrrhenian Sea.
- Published
- 2016
32. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in urban wastewater by sunlight/PAA and sunlight/H2O2 processes
- Author
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Fabio Formisano, Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Luca Pucci, Antonino Fiorentino, Luigi Rizzo, Maurizio Giugni, Formisano, Fabio, Fiorentino, Antonino, Rizzo, Luigi, Carotenuto, Maurizio, Pucci, Luca, Giugni, Maurizio, and Lofrano, Giusy
- Subjects
Risk ,Environmental Engineering ,General Chemical Engineering ,Initial dose ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Lab scale ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater disinfection ,Peracetic acid ,Advanced Oxidation Processes ,Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC) ,Hydrogen peroxide ,Peracetic acid PAA) ,Solar-driven processes ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Chemical Engineering (all) ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Escherichia coli ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Sunlight ,Environmental engineering ,Pilot scale ,Peracetic acid (PAA) ,020801 environmental engineering ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Reliability and Quality ,Solar simulator ,Safety ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Two solar driven Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), namely sunlight/H2O2 and sunlight/peracetic acid (PAA), were investigated for the inactivation of two bacterial families (Escherichia coli and Enterococci) in real urban wastewater. Preliminary lab scale experiments were performed by using a solar simulator in order to evaluate the proper initial dose of H2O2 and PAA, respectively. According to the results achieved, 50 and 100âEUR...mgâEUR...Lâ^'1 of H2O2 and 4 and 8âEUR...mgâEUR...Lâ^'1 of PAA were chosen for the subsequent pilot scale experiments in a Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC) based reactor. The sunlight/PAA process resulted in a higher inactivation rate (3.52 log units of E. coli and 4.50 log units of Enterococci with an initial dose of 8âEUR...mg PAA Lâ^'1) compared to sunlight/H2O2 process (3.13 log units of E. coli and 2.45 log units of Enterococci with an initial dose of 100âEUR...mg H2O2 Lâ^'1) after 120âEUR...min of solar irradiation (7.42âEUR...kJâEUR...Lâ^'1 cumulative energy per unit of volume). It is noteworthy that significantly lower initial doses of PAA allowed to achieve a higher inactivation rate compared to H2O2, which makes sunlight/PAA an attractive option for wastewater disinfection in small communities.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Fluorescence of Syndiotactic Polystyrene/Trimethylbenzene Clathrate and Intercalate Co-Crystals
- Author
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Gaetano Guerra, Vincenzo Venditto, Marco Scoponi, Anna De Girolamo Del Mauro, Vittorio Petraccone, and Maurizio Carotenuto
- Subjects
Materials science ,Nanoporous ,General Chemical Engineering ,host-guest complexation ,polystyrene ,Clathrate hydrate ,General Chemistry ,Chromophore ,Photochemistry ,Fluorescence ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Phase (matter) ,Tacticity ,Materials Chemistry ,Molecule ,Polystyrene - Abstract
The self-assembling of fluorescent guest molecules, with the δ nanoporous host crystalline phase of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) films, reduces chromophore diffusivity. Moreover, the chromophore...
- Published
- 2007
34. Which lesson can be learnt from a historical contamination analysis of the most polluted river in Europe?
- Author
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Luca Pucci, Floriana Giuseppina Acanfora, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Lofrano, Giusy, Libralato, Giovanni, Acanfora, Floriana Giuseppina, Pucci, Luca, and Carotenuto, Maurizio
- Subjects
Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata ,DPSIR model ,Historical contamination ,Sarno River ,Water management ,Water quality ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Wastewater ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Soil ,Rivers ,Environmental degradation ,Effluent ,business.industry ,Water Pollution ,Environmental engineering ,Land-use planning ,Livelihood ,Europe ,Water Framework Directive ,Sewage treatment ,business ,Water resource management ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The Sarno River trend analysis during the last 60 years was traced focusing on the socio-economic and environmental issues. The river, originally worshiped as a god by Romans, is affected by an extreme level of environmental degradation, being sadly reputed as the most polluted river in Europe. This is the “not to be followed” example of the worst way a European river can be managed. Data about water, sediment, soil, biota and air contamination were collected from scientific papers, monitoring surveys, and technical reports depicting a sick river. Originally, the river was reputed as a source of livelihood, now it is considered a direct threat for human health. Wastewater can still flow through the river partially or completely untreated, waste production associated with the manufacture of metal products and leather tanning continues to suffer from the historical inadequacy of regional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), associated with the partial or no reuse of effluents. All efforts should be devoted to solving the lack of wastewater and waste management, the gap in land planning, improving the capacity of existing WWTPs also via the construction of new sewer sections, restoring Sarno River minimum vital-flow, keeping to a minimum uncontrolled discharges as well as supporting river contracts. The 2015 goal stated by the Water Framework Directive ( 2000/60/EC ) is still far to be reached. The lesson has not been learnt yet.
- Published
- 2014
35. CHAPTER 12. Heavy Metals in Tannery Wastewater and Sludge: Environmental Concerns and Future Challenges
- Author
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Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Maurizio Carotenuto, Giusy Lofrano, and Ravindra Kumar Gautam
- Subjects
Cadmium ,Human health ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Waste management ,Crop production ,Amendment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Heavy metals ,Effluent ,Sludge - Abstract
Tannery wastewater is considered to be one of the most polluting effluents due to it containing a large variety of toxic heavy metals that range from chromium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, selenium to arsenic. As consequence of most tannery wastewater treatments, the tannery sludge that is produced contains considerable amounts of heavy metals, which are harmful to the environment and human health. Hence, tannery wastewater and sludge treatments have become a serious environmental issue. At present, the conventional options for sewage sludge disposal, such as fertilizers and soil amendment materials for the land and landfill, are widely applied. However, heavy metals in the tannery sludge often outweigh the soil's heavy metal content, and the application of sludge can indeed increase the concentration of heavy metals in the agricultural soil and affect the crop production owing to uptake of the metals. Research on devising appropriate treatment technologies for tannery wastewaters has gone through various phases of development over the past decades following developments in processes related to the leather manufacturing industry. This chapter attempts to revise environmental concerns and future challenges related to the management of tannery wastewater and sludge.
- Published
- 2014
36. Genetically biodiverse potato cultivars grown on a suitable agricultural soil under compost amendment or mineral fertilization: yield, quality, genetic and epigenetic variations, soil properties
- Author
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Stefano Castiglione, Paola Iovieno, Italia De Feis, Daniela Baldantoni, Maurizio Carotenuto, Anna Alfani, and Angela Cicatelli
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Soil test ,genetic structures ,Amendment ,Biology ,engineering.material ,complex mixtures ,Soil quality ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,Soil ,Human fertilization ,Soil pH ,Environmental Chemistry ,Cultivar ,Fertilizers ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Solanum tuberosum ,Compost ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Agriculture ,Pollution ,Refuse Disposal ,Panel training ,Agronomy ,Italy ,Soil water ,engineering ,Genetic biodiversity ,Chemical fertilizer ,Potato - Abstract
The use of compost for soil amendment is a promising agricultural practice environmentally and economically viable. In the framework of a wide research project designed to evaluate the effects of soil amendment with municipal solid waste compost in comparison with traditional mineral fertilization practices, 54 different cultivars (Cvs) of potatoes were AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) molecularly fingerprinted. The seven most genetically biodiverse potato Cvs were used to establish an experimental field in southern Italy. The field area was divided into two portions fertilized with compost (20 Mg ha(-1)) or with ammonium sulphate (200 kg ha(-1)). No significant differences in productivity, organoleptic characteristics and element concentrations were observed between the potato tubers obtained with both kinds of soil fertilization, while the tubers grown on compost amended soil showed, on average, higher K concentrations with respect to those grown on mineral fertilised soil. cDNA-AFLP (complementary DNA-AFLP) and MSAP (methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism) analyses were carried out on both leaves and tubers of one selected Cv to estimate if any transcriptome alterations or epigenetic modifications were induced by the two kinds of fertilization, however no variations were detected. Chemical and biological soil qualities (i.e., microbial respiration, FDA hydrolysis, alkaline and acid phosphatase) were assessed on soil samples at the start of the experiment and at the end of potato crop cycle. No significant differences in soil pH and limited ones, in the available fraction of some trace elements, were observed; while conductivity was much higher for the compost amended portion of the experimental field. Microbial respiration, FDA hydrolysis and acid phosphatase activities were significantly increased by compost amendment, in comparison with mineral fertilization. Finally, a sensory panel of potato Cvs detected no significant differences among qualitative descriptors and among potatoes coming from the two differently fertilized soils.
- Published
- 2014
37. CHAPTER 5. Arsenic Contamination: An Overview
- Author
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Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, and Sanjay K. Sharma
- Subjects
Arsenic contamination of groundwater ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biogeochemical cycle ,chemistry ,Waste management ,Aquatic plant ,Environmental chemistry ,Arsenate ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Contamination ,Arsenic ,Groundwater ,Arsenite - Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination, especially in groundwater, has been receiving increasing attention in recent years due to its adverse effects on human health and the environment. Its biogeochemical cycle involves several physico-chemical processes as well as biological mechanisms, in which microorganisms play a key role. The inorganic compounds arsenite [As(iii)] and arsenate [As(v)] are the most toxic and abundant species of arsenic in water. Depending on the environmental physico-chemical condition these compounds have a relatively high solubility and are readily transported through aqueous routes into the environment, transferred from soils to crops and accumulated in various food crops and aquatic plants, threating human health. According to recent studies rice may be the primary source of inorganic arsenic for human exposure. In this chapter sources, pathways and levels of arsenic are presented to address the problem of its contamination of the environment. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art treatment of arsenic-contaminated waters, including a variety of treatment technologies based on oxidation, coprecipitation, adsorption, ion exchange and membrane and bio-processes are reported. The efficiency and applicability/appropriateness of the technologies have been evaluated, with regard to influent arsenic concentration, differences in source water composition, production of toxic sludge, economical aspects and social acceptance.
- Published
- 2014
38. Strong overcrowding in dimethyl 2-(dimethylamino)terephthalate
- Author
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Sandra Fusco, Angela Tuzi, Maurizio Carotenuto, Roberto Centore, Andrea Peluso, Centore, Roberto, Fusco, Sandra, A., Peluso, M., Carotenuto, and Tuzi, Angela
- Subjects
Steric effects ,Crystallography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Atom ,Ab initio ,Molecule ,Amine gas treating ,General Medicine ,Crystal structure ,Ring (chemistry) ,Dimethylamine ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
The molecular structure of the title compound, C(12)H(15)NO(4), has several features related to steric hindrance due to the ester and dimethylamine groups being located ortho with respect to one another. In particular, the carbonyl group of the ester is not coplanar with the ring, the amine N atom is in a pyramidal arrangement [the N atom is 0.2161 (12) A from the three C atoms to which it is bonded] and the C atom of the adjacent ester group lies 0.3784 (14) A out of the plane of the aromatic ring. The deformations found in the X-ray structure have been confirmed by ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.
- Published
- 2008
39. Determination of Perchlorate in Bottled Water from Italy
- Author
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Rossella Tedesco, Patrizia Iannece, Antonio Proto, Oriana Motta, and Maurizio Carotenuto
- Subjects
Detection limit ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Selected reaction monitoring ,drinking water ,Isotopes of chlorine ,Aquatic Science ,Bottled water ,perchlorate ,LC-ESI–MS/MS ,multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,Biochemistry ,Perchlorate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,perchlorate, drinking water, LC-ESI–MS/MS, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ,chemistry ,Endocrine disruptor ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Environmental chemistry ,Iodide transport ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Perchlorate is regarded as an emerging persistent inorganic contaminant. It is widely known that perchlorate is an endocrine disruptor as it competitively inhibits iodide transport in the thyroid gland. As drinking water is the major source of human exposure to perchlorate, its occurrence in commercially available bottled waters purchased in different regions of Italy was investigated. Perchlorate was measured using the rapid, sensitive, and selective LC-ESI-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry) method by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transition 98.8→82.8, which corresponds to the loss of one oxygen atom in the perchlorate ion (ClO 4− →ClO 3− ). The chlorine isotope ratio ( 35 Cl/ 37 Cl) was used as a confirmation tool. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for this method was 5 ng/L, and the recovery ranged from 94% to 108%. Perchlorate was detected in 44 of the 62 drinking waters tested, with concentrations ranging from
- Published
- 2013
40. Molecular structure refinement of a segmented thermotropic polyester containing an aromatic triad mesogen
- Author
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Abdiaziz Ali Farah, Maurizio Carotenuto, Liberata Guadagno, Pio Iannelli, Giancarlo Galli, and Emo Chiellini
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Mesogen ,Polymer ,Crystal structure ,Triclinic crystal system ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Thermotropic crystal ,Polyester ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Liquid crystal ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Polyethylene terephthalate ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
The polymorphic behavior of the polyester [(CH 2 ) 12 OCOPhCOOPh(CH 3 )OCOPhCOO] n consisting of an aromatic triad mesogen and a flexible spacer has been investigated. The effect of thermal and mechanical treatment on the appearance of two crystalline phases stable at room temperature is discussed. The molecular packing (triclinic cell, space group P1) and the morphological parameters of the crystalline phase stabilized by drawing process are evaluated and refined. The whole-pattern method, based on the analysis of the whole x-ray diffraction pattern from fiber samples of polymer, has been employed. The molecular packing resembles very much that of polyethylene terephthalate
- Published
- 1995
41. Different background conductances in the tunneling characteristics ofBi2Sr2CaCu2O8-based junctions
- Author
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Maurizio Carotenuto, Angela Nigro, Paola Romano, R. Di Leo, and A. M. Cucolo
- Subjects
Pi Josephson junction ,Josephson effect ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Band gap ,Thin film ,Normal state ,Spectroscopy ,Quantum tunnelling - Published
- 1994
42. Noncrystalline order in swollen syndiotactic polystyrene
- Author
-
Liberata Guadagno, Maurizio Carotenuto, F. De Candia, and V. Vittoria
- Subjects
Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Organic Chemistry ,Amorphous solid ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Solvent ,Crystallography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Zigzag ,Polymorphism (materials science) ,chemistry ,Tacticity ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,medicine ,Polystyrene ,Swelling ,medicine.symptom ,Solvent effects - Abstract
The syndiotactic polystyrene shows a complex polymorphism, and the structural organization depends on thermal or solvent treatments. The effect of different solvents on oriented samples crystallized in a zigzag conformation has been investigated, and in some cases a transition to the helix conformation is observed. The obtained results show that the transition occurs through an intermediate amorphous state in which the molecular orientation is maintained. This evidence points to the conclusion that some kind of noncrystalline order is present in the intermediate swollen state
- Published
- 1992
43. High-temperature crystalline and molecular structures of the main-chain thermotropic polyester poly[(oxydodecanedioyl)oxy-1,4-phenylene(2-methylvinylene)-1,4-phenylene]. An application of the fiber whole-pattern method
- Author
-
Maurizio Carotenuto and Pio Iannelli
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Polymers and Plastics ,Organic Chemistry ,Polymer ,Thermotropic crystal ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Polyester ,Crystallography ,Lattice constant ,Polymorphism (materials science) ,chemistry ,Liquid crystal ,Phenylene ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Monoclinic crystal system - Abstract
The molecular structure of the crystalline phase of the thermotropic main-chain polyester known as C 12 αMS, stable at 175 o C, has been determined by fiber X-ray diffraction using the whole-pattern method. The polymer has a complex polymorphism, and the phase characterized is the one stable just below the transition to the nematic state. The unit cell is monoclinic, P2 1 /a space group with two repeat unit C 14 H 16 O 2 per cell. Lattice constants are a= 13.83(1) A, b= 5.28(1) A, c= 27.3 A and β= 138.6°
- Published
- 1992
44. The Charge-Transfer Band of an Oxidized Watson–Crick Guanosine– Cytidine Complex
- Author
-
Tonino Caruso, Maurizio Carotenuto, Amedeo Capobianco, and Andrea Peluso
- Subjects
Guanosine ,Chemistry ,Infrared spectroscopy ,Cytidine ,Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ,Charge (physics) ,General Chemistry ,General Medicine ,DNA ,Photochemistry ,Catalysis ,Electron Transport ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ,Nucleoside ,Base Pairing ,Oxidation-Reduction - Published
- 2009
45. From the Middle Ages to 19th century: a journey into the water system of Palermo (Italy)
- Author
-
Giusy Lofrano, Maurizio Carotenuto, Pietro Todaro, Roberta Maffettone, Silvia Sammataro, and Ioannis K. Kalavrouziotis
- Subjects
Geography, Planning and Development ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law - Published
- 2015
46. Direct experimental observation of the effect of the base pairing on the oxidation potential of guanine
- Author
-
Tonino Caruso, Ermanno Vasca, Maurizio Carotenuto, and Andrea Peluso
- Subjects
Guanine ,Stereochemistry ,Oligonucleotides ,Guanosine ,General Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,chemistry ,Physical chemistry ,Molecule ,Differential pulse voltammetry ,Cyclic voltammetry ,Ionization energy ,Base Pairing ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Derivative (chemistry) - Abstract
The effect of complementary base pairing on the oxidation potential of a guanosine derivative has been determined by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry in CHCl3. The formation of the Watson-Crick H-bonded complex lowers the oxidation potential of the free molecule by 0.34 V, which compares well with the value obtained by DFT/B3LYP/6-311++g** computations.
- Published
- 2005
47. The photophysics of free-base hemiporphyrazine: a theoretical study
- Author
-
Verdiana Persico, Andrea Peluso, and Maurizio Carotenuto
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dipole ,Chemistry ,Excited state ,Pyridine ,Time-dependent density functional theory ,Complete active space ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Ring (chemistry) ,Photochemistry ,Isoindole ,Tautomer - Abstract
The photophysics of free-base hemiporphyrazine has been studied by theoretical computations based on time dependent density functional theory and multiconfigurational complete active space methods. The results confirm that the dual emission spectrum of hemiporphyrazine is due to the formation at the excited state of different tautomers, but the emission at longer wavelength, originally attributed to a vibronically induced radiative decay from the tautomer with both central hydrogens linked to pyridine rings, is now ascribed to a dipole allowed transition, occuring either from that tautomer or from the tautomer with the two hydrogens linked to one pyridine and one isoindole ring.
- Published
- 2004
48. Proton-assisted electron transfer
- Author
-
Andrea Peluso, Giuseppe Del Re, and Maurizio Carotenuto, and Meziane Brahimi
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Proton ,Electron donor ,Electron acceptor ,Acceptor ,Redox ,Electron transfer ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,chemistry ,Molecule ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Proton-coupled electron transfer ,Atomic physics - Abstract
The case for highly selective long range “proton assisted” electron transfer in biomolecules (PA-ET), involving the hopping of protons and hydrogen atoms along H-bond chains connecting two redox sites, is discussed and analyzed on systems closely resembling typical biochemical sequences. These systems consist of an electron acceptor, an H-bond/covalent-bridge chain and an electron donor, and monohydroparabenzoquinone as the electron acceptor and a xanthine-like molecule as the electron donor and acceptor species held together by one or more peptide bridges. It is shown that, in biochemical structures, despite the involvement of the imidol (oximine) form of the peptide link, (a) PA-ET is energetically efficient and (b) the rate constants for proton-transfer, which is arguably the rate-controlling step, are reasonably high, the transfer times being on the order of hundreds of picoseconds.
- Published
- 1998
49. Polymorphism of syndiotactic polystyrene. Morphology of the solvent-induced crystalline forms
- Author
-
Vittoria Vittoria, Liberata Guadagno, F. De Candia, and Maurizio Carotenuto
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Scanning electron microscope ,General Chemistry ,Polymer ,Condensed Matter Physics ,law.invention ,Amorphous solid ,Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter ,Solvent ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,chemistry ,Polymorphism (materials science) ,law ,Tacticity ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Polystyrene ,Crystallization - Abstract
The morphology of the delta and gamma forms of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The crystalline forms, delta and gamma, characterized by the chains in helical conformation, were obtained by solvent-induced crystallization from the amorphous glassy polymer. Dichloromethane and acetone were used to obtain the delta and the gamma form, respectively. The last form was obtained by thermal treatments of the delta form, too. The surface of the solvent-crystallized samples shows a texture characterized by oriented elements and cavities, whereas the internal part is microspherulitic in the case of the delta form and is more complex in the gamma form. At variance, the gamma form obtained by annealing the delta form shows a much more regular microspherulitic texture.
- Published
- 1996
50. Fabrication and tunneling characteristics of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−δ /Bi2Sr2YCu2O8−δ /Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−δ junctions
- Author
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P. Romano, P. Prieto, R. Di Leo, M. E. Gómez, E. Bacca, Maurizio Carotenuto, J. Heiras, M. Chacón, and Anna Maria Cucolo
- Subjects
Barrier layer ,Superconductivity ,Tunnel effect ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Transmission electron microscopy ,Conductance ,Nanotechnology ,Heterojunction ,Epitaxy ,Quantum tunnelling - Abstract
We have prepared Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−δ/Bi2Sr2YCu2O8−δ/Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−δ trilayer structures, using an in situ DC‐sputtering process at high oxygen pressures on (001) SrTiO3 substrates. Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−δ films were used for superconducting electrodes and semiconductor‐like Bi2Sr2YCu2O8−δ films with thicknesses between 5 and 30 nm were used as barrier layers. The composition of the barrier except for Y, as well the structure are compatible with those of the superconducting electrodes which allowed the epitaxial growth of the heterostructure as shown by X‐ray and cross section Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. Gap‐like structures have been observed in the tunneling characteristics of the junctions, flat and linear conductance background as well as a zero‐bias conductance peak, have been observed too.
- Published
- 1996
Catalog
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