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The surveillance of pneumococcal antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution is hampered by the relatively low numbers of invasive pneumococcal infections. In Switzerland, a nationwide sentinel surveillance network was used to assess antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution among 1179 pneumococcal isolates cultured from 2769 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from outpatients with acute otitis media or pneumonia during 1998 and 1999. The proportion of penicillin-susceptible pneumococcal isolates overall (87%) and among infants

Als Staatsdiener begegnete er dem Staat in seiner alltäglichen Bana­lität. Als Värslischmied nahm er ihn und seine Entscheidungsträger aufs Korn. Und als Staatsdenker begann er dort Fragen zu stellen, wo die meisten mit dem Fragen aufhörten. Hans Peter - oder ‹Mani› - Matter (1936-1972) hat als Liedermacher und Sprachkünstler Generationen begeistert. Aus Belanglosigkeiten des Alltags schuf er poetische, skurrile, bissige und liebevolle Wortspiele. Manche erscheinen als Nonsens, doch hinter allen verbirgt sich ein tieferer Sinn. Die genaue Beobachtung des Alltäglichen, sein spielerisch-kunstvoller Umgang damit und die Suche nach dem tieferen Sinn haben das Werk Matters geprägt. Nirgends wird dies so deutlich wie in seiner Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema Staat. ‹Die pluralistische Staatstheorie› entstand während eines Forschungsaufenthalts in Cambridge in den Jahren 1967 und 1968. Die als ­juristische Habilitationsschrift konzipierte Arbeit rückt fünf Autoren aus unterschiedlichen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen ins Zentrum (Otto von Gierke, Emile Durkheim, William James, Léon Duguit, Hugo Krabbe und Harold Laski). Die staatstheoretische Darstellung kreist dabei um die grundlegenden Fragen nach dem Verhältnis von Staat und Recht, nach der staatlichen Souveränität und nach der Stellung von Individuum und Verbänden im und zum Staat.

Dog populations were analyzed in two rural areas of the province ofTekirdağ in Turkey. This study was initiated by the World HealthOrganization and aimed to contribute to the development of an appropriatestrategy for rabies control in Turkey. Data on population density, structure,and the accessibility of dogs to parenteral rabies vaccination were collectedin April and May ı992. Questionnaire survey and mark-recapturetechniques were used. Estimated density of owned dogs above threemonths of age was 464 (95% credibility interval (CR.I.); 420; 518) and 211(95% CR.I .; 203; 224) per square kilometer in the two areas. Thecorresponding human dog ratio was 3.8 and 6.0, respectively. The dogpopulations were characterized by a net preponderance of male dogs (morethan 75%), arather low mean age (3.2 years). anda high proportion offree-roaming dogs (more than 70%). Ownerless dogs represented anestimated 4.5% (95% CR.I.; 0.9%; 10.2%) of the total population. During anantirabies vaccination campaign in one village, half of the dog population wasvaccinated in one central vaccination point. In the second village, 61.4% ofdogs above three months of age were accessible for marking and wouldhave also been accessible for parenteral vaccination during a door-to-doorcampaign. Low accessibility for parenteral vaccination (40%) was observedin adult free-roaming shepherd dogs and dogs for which no specificfunction was indicated. This category of dogs represented 42% of the totalpopulation. Beside ownerless dogs, these animals represent the mainproblem for rabies control and elimination in rural areas. Oral immunizationmay be an additional tool to specifically target these dogs which are at highrisk to contract and transmit rabies to other dogs, domestic animals anelhumans., Türkiye'de köpek populasyonu Tekirdağ ilinin iki kırsal bölgesinde incelenmiştir.Bu çalışma Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından başlatılmış olupTürkiye'de kuduz kontrolü için uygun stratejilerin geliştirilmesine katkıyıamaçlamaktadır. Çalışmaya konu olan veriler 1992 yılı Nisan ve Mayıs aylarındatoplanmış olup populasyon yoğunluğu. yapısı ve parenteral aşılamaiçin köpeklere yaklaşılabilirlik üzerine bilgiler içermektedir. Veri toplamadaanket surveyi, işaretierne ve yeniden yakalama teknikleri uygulanmıştır.Çalışmaya konu olan zaman aralığında her iki bölgede 3 aylıktanbüyiik sahipli köpeklerin yoğunluğu km2'de 464 (%95 güven aralığı:420;518) ve 211 (%95 güven aralığı : 203;224) buna tekabül eden insanköpek oranı ise 3.8 ve 6.0 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma konusu köpekpopulasyonunun özellikleri erkek köpeklerin baskınlığı (%75'ten fazla). başıboşköpek oranının yüksekliği (% 70'ten fazla) ve oldukça düşük ortalama(yaş 3.2) olarak saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın yürütüldüğü köylerden birinde,aşı kampanyası süresince, buradaki köpeklerin yarısı tek bir merkezde aşılanmıştır.Diğer köyde ise, 3 aylıktan büyük köpeklerin %61 .4'üne işaretlemeişlemi için ulaşılabildiği ve bu köpeklerin evlere götürülecek bir aşılamaprogramı çerçevesinde paranteral aşılanabileceği belirlenmiştir. Bu kategoriyedahil köpeklerin yöredeki köpek populasyonunun %42'sini oluşturduğusaptanmış ve bu nedenle bu köpeklerin yanısıra başıboş köpeklerinde kuduz hastalığının yörede kontrol altına alınması ve ortadan kaldırılmasıönünde en büyük engeli oluşturduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.Kuduzhastalığını diğer köpeklere, evcil hayvanıara ve insanlara temas yoluyla bulaştırmaaçısından yüksek risk oluşturan bu köpeklerin oral immunizasyonuek bir korunma yöntemi olarak düşünülebilir.

Quatre types d’appâts ont été testés simultanément sur 200 chiens (50 chiens/type d’appât). L’appât “tête de poulet”-TP a été significativement le meilleur appât, avec un pourcentage d’acceptation de 96% et un taux de succès vaccinal de 94% ; l’appât industriel à base de “farine de poisson”-FP a occupé la seconde position avec un taux d’acceptation de 80% et un taux de succès vaccinal de 62%. L’essai de deux vaccins à virus atténués dérivés de la souche SAD, SAD Berne et SAG 1, a par ailleurs confirmé l’immunogénicité par la voie orale de ces souches chez le chien, et encourage donc à envisager ce mode de vaccination chez cette espèce, en complément de la vaccination par voie parentérale., Haddad Nadia, Ben Khelifa Leïla, Matter Hans C., Flamand Anne, Wandeler Alexander I. Vaccination antirabique des chiens par voie orale en Tunisie. Essai d’appâts et de deux vaccins à virus atténués. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 146 n°3, 1993. pp. 327-336.

Enth.: Abdankung Pfarrer Gian Caprez ; Nachruf von Fritz Jaeggli-Feer, Vize Präsident des Verwaltungsrates der Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli AG ; Ansprache von Prof. Dr. H. Matti, Bern Präsident der CHOCOSUISSE-Verband der Schweizerischen Schokoladefabrikanten ; Ansprache von Dr. Hans Matter am Trauerlunch für Rotarier Robert Sprüngli im Rotary Club Zürich, 8. Juni 1962

Human dipeptidyl-peptidase III (DPP III) hydrolyses distinctive synthetic substrate Arg-Arg-2-naphthylamide and a number of biologically active peptides (e.g. endomorphins) by cleaving dipeptides from their N-termini. Like the other members of recently recognized metallopeptidase family M49[1], it has HEXXXH structural motif important for zinc ligation and catalytic activity. Besides its contribution in normal intracellular protein catabolism, there are evidences for its regulatory and pathophysiological role as well[2]. Human DPP III was recognized by the group in Zagreb as a biochemical indicator of endometrial and ovarian malignancies[3]. Others indicated the role for DPP III in the endogenous pain-modulatory system, defense against oxidative stress and in cataractogenesis[4][5][6]. We used the crystal structure of ligand-free human DPP III (PDB ID:3FVY) and by combining docking with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we determined binding modes for two synthetic ligands, inhibitor Tyr-Phe-hydroxamate (YFNHOH) and substrate Arg-Arg-2-naphthylamide (RRNA). In order to study changes in the protein active site and protein conformation induced by ligands binding, we performed series of 10 ns long MD simulations for the wild type (WT) enzyme, its H568N mutant and their complexes. In the crystal structure of DPP III the central zinc ion is coordinated by two histidines (His-450, His-455), one glutamate (Glu-508) and one water molecule. MD simulations revealed the octahedral coordination of Zn2+, for example in the complexes with ligands (RRNA and YFNHOH) it is additionally coordinated by Glu-451 and by carbonyl oxygen belonging to the second peptide bond from the substrate N terminus. RRNA binds similarly to H565N as well. However, inhibitor in the complex with H568N moves away from Zn2+ and after about 8 ns of MD simulations it stabilizes in the new position closer to the 'lower' domain. According to Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) calculations, and in agreement with the experimental data, the binding affinity of YFNHOH is significantly lower for the mutant than for the WT DPP III. Based on the results of the simulations we proposed two possible reaction mechanisms for RRNA hydrolysis. In one Glu-508 behaves as general base and His-450 as the proton carrier, and in the other Glu-451 plays dual role of both the water activator and the proton carrier.