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Introduction: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases increases with age in women, especially at menopause. Metabolic syndrome is one of the important factors that cause heart disease. Therefore, the importance screening of people at risk of this syndrome, especially with cheap tests, led to the introduction of new cardio metabolic indicators such as AIP, TyG and WWI. Also, due to the importance of healthy eating and physical activity in preventing metabolic syndrome, more emphasis should be placed on their use.Methods In this cross-sectional study, the number of 4732 women participating in the Hoveyzeh cohort study, after considering the entry and exit criteria, were placed into three groups: pre-menopausal (n = 736), menopausal (n = 396) and post-menopausal (n = 917).Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 43.3%, 55.6%, and 62.8% in pre menopause, menopause, and post menopause, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension (50.2%), dyslipidemia (61.2%), diabetes (37.7%) and abdominal obesity according to the Iranian definition (75.9%) was higher after menopause than before menopause. Cardiovascular disease had the highest prevalence after menopause (23%). The WWI index had the highest OR among the indices with a value of 2.94 and 1.93 in menopause and after menopause, respectively. (P Conclusion Menopause leads to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The indices of AIP, TyG index, WWI and physical activity increase in women after menopause compared to before menopause. TyG-INDEX ،WWI ،HEI-2015 healthy eating index in this study did not show significant differences between groups after multi-regression analysis.

Purpose- This survey research was conducted with the aim of assessing the rural residents' support for tourism development and their effective factors in the tourism target villages in the Central District of Firoozabad County. Design/methodology/approach- The statistical population of this study was resident household heads. Using Bartlett Table, 155 households were studied by simple random sampling method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity and reliability were confirmed. Findings- Based on the findings, the residents were categorized into two groups of committed supporters and passive supporters according to their support for tourism. The results of the logistic regression model showed that the perception of social, economic and environmental impacts is directly (positively) significantly predictive of the residents' support for tourism development. The highest coefficient of the logistic regression model was related to the perception of social impacts (with a coefficient of 10.661) as compared to the economic impacts (with a coefficient of 8.659) and the environmental (with a coefficient of 7.683). In addition, in 95.5% of the cases, the function can correctly measure levels of support for rural tourism. The accuracy of the model was also confirmed through the ROC curve. Research limitations/implications- Difficulties in completing the questionnaires due to the number of the tourist arrivals and people's occupations, the reluctance of some households to respond because of the distrust resulting from the location of the village in the palace privacy, and the problems encountered in this regard, which were resolved by the researchers' frequent visits to the area and acquiring the villagers' trust. Practical implications- In addition to improving the resident's perceptions of environmental impacts, further attention must be paid to improving the residents' perceptions of economic and social impacts. Originality/value- The development of tourism industry is heavily dependent on the participation and support of local residents. Improving the residents' perceptions of the impacts of tourism will lead to more residents' support for the industry, thereby, be paid more by tourists in the area, and recommend destinations to others and their desire to return to the area.

Purpose- The irrigated wheat farms of Doroudzan District in Marvdasht County, Fars Province face agricultural water deficit challenges due to mis-management of water resources. This research aims at investigating water conflict strategies among the irrigated wheat farms of Doroudzan Dam Network. Design/methodology/approach- The study was descriptive regarding its nature and used survey research procedure. The statistical population included 803 wheat farmer households residing in Ramjerd 2 and Abarj Dehestans in Doroudzan District. According to Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) sample size table, the samples were 260wheat farmers selected based on simple random sampling technique. Systematic questionnaires were used to collect data by means of face-to-face interviews. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts, and a pilot study was also done to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The estimated Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between the accepted range (i.e. 0.50 - 0.75) for the different measures used in this study. Findings- Results revealed that the most prevalent conflicts were intra-group conflicts among the counterparts. Verbal conflicts were the current form of water conflicts regarding the conflict intensity in the region. Physical attacks and third party (police) controls were placed in the second and third position. The results of cluster analysis indicated three clusters of farmers; “educated aggressors”, “low-literate aggressors” and “peace-oriented farmers”. All the clusters were statistically different regarding their demographic characteristics (age and education level), farming-system portfolio (area under cultivation, annual income and cost) and water conflict in response to water shortages. According to the contingency table, collaboration strategy was the prominent conflict management strategy among the three groups followed by compromising strategy. Research limitations / implications- The lack of institutional support to get information on conflict attacks among the rural residents and the time-consuming nature of the survey study are the most important challenges in this study. Practical implications-According to the findings, it is of prominent importance to provide the context of problem solving with counterparts. As a result, it needs more attempts to share all the stakeholders’ interests to reach a common decision. It seems that reaching a satisfactory solution needs drawing out different parties’ expectations to help them get organized through collaboration. Originality/value- Numerous studies have been carried out on water deficiencies. However, this study is the first in the context of rural settlement and valued based on the analysis of the conflict management strategies among famer groups that has not been addressed in previous studies.

This survey research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of tourism development on rural tourism destination areas. The statistical population was composed of 437 households resided in central District of Firoozabad county from which, 155 households were selected by using Bartlett Table and simple random sampling method. The research instrument was a custom-made questionnaire. Factor analysis findings showed that in terms of the economic effects of the combination of 21 variables, four factors (economic opportunities, living expenses, employment and economic gap) explained 63.30 % of variances. In the field of social effects, factor loadings of the 33 items were produced seven factors (community consolidation, social harm and promotion of culture, cultural exchanges, acculturation, assimilation and changing lifestyle) and overall accounted for 65.646 % of variances. A combination of 27 physical- environmental items yielded four factors, health and sanitation problems, infrastructural effects, landscape degradation and natural environment change.

Water networks play an important role in complex multi-faceted water governance regimes in which the involvement of various actors could potentially lead to coherent policies. Identifying the collaborating actors and their interaction is essential for the establishment of joint water decision-making. Hence, the present study was aimed at distinguishing entities involved in water governance in Zayandeh-Rud basin, which is known as an endorheic basin in Iran. From an analytical perspective, it also tries to describe and analyze the collaborative pattern of knowledge and information exchange in the basin. Using semi-structured interview protocols, the social network data was gathered from 14 water governance-related organizations, ranging from governmental to non-governmental organizations. Identifying water governance in this basin resulted in an understanding of how human and non-human actors contribute in the practice of supply, delivery, use, and outflow processes. Moreover, considering the power relations and densities of actors' involvement in supply, delivery, use and outflow processes the integrity and coherence of the network power relations were analyzed. The power analysis findings demonstrated how the dominant role of governmental bodies and weak contribution of the private organizations and civil society resulted in up-down decision-making (on the actor component). The coherence criterion (density index) results revealed that water governance network is more coherent among the state actors within the national and extra-basin level (on the scope component). Based on the findings on the dimension component, most attention was focused on the political, administrative and economic dimensions. According to the local experience of water governance gained in this basin, practical ideas would be developed to promote water-governance in the context of transitional countries of the Middle-East.

It is known that a sequence Pi_i of permutations is quasirandom if and only if the pattern density of every 4-point permutation in Pi_i converges to 1/24. We show that there is a set S of 4-point permutations such that the sum of the pattern densities of the permutations from S in the permutations Pi_i converges to |S|/24 if and only if the sequence is quasirandom. Moreover, we are able to completely characterize the sets S with this property. In particular, there are exactly ten such sets, the smallest of which has cardinality eight., Appendices 1-5 are contained in the ancillary pdf file available on arXiv for download

Cold stress is a major environmental constraint that limits nut productivity worldwide. Late spring frost is identified as a yield-reducing factor in Persian walnut production as well. Despite significant improvements in cold and freezing tolerance methods, orchardists have not taken advantage of these recommended protection methods. This study examined determinants of walnut orchardists’ frost-protection behavior, using the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework. Based on TPB assumptions, frost-protection behavior is mediated by a series of constructs. The purpose of this research was to examine the role of TPB variables (extended by orchard-system profile) in meeting the necessities of performing active and passive methods of frost protection. A total of 91 orchardists completed a baseline questionnaire that included the TPB constructs. The present investigation was carried out in the major walnut growing site of Sepidan County, western Fars Province, Iran. The results from the hierarchical multiple regression showed that the behavioral attitude, perceived behavioral control (PBC), intention, orchard-system profile, and interaction of orchard-system features and PBC were significant predictors of frost-protection behavior in the prospective sample. Results of the present study provided evidence that the extended TPB is a useful framework for understanding orchardists’ frost-protection behavior.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis ( TB) is one of the problems in diagnosis and management of patients with pneumonia and pleural effusion. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) can help us in the differential diagnosis. Tumor markers are substances that are produced by cancer or other cells of the body in response to diseases. These substances can be found in the blood, urine, or body fluids, for example in bronchoalveolar lavage of some patients with pulmonary diseases. CEA is a tumor marker that can help us for diagnosis and monitoring of peripheral lung cancer. ADA has been shown to rise in the BAL of patients with TB. Because the sputum smear negative TB patients have been a diagnostic challenge for health professionals this study was designed to determine the diagnostic value of ADA & CEA & PCR in BAL fluid and then compare the relationship of these markers with sputum and clinical finding in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and Method: A cross sectional study conducted in Shahrekord Hajar hospital where 100 patients were enrolled in our study (62 females, 38 males). These patients were admitted to hospital and bronchoscopy with BAL was performed, then fluid was analysed for ADA, CEA, PCR and sputum smear for TB. Result: From 100 patients who were evaluated in this study 9 patients had TB, 39 patients had pneumonia, 11 patients had primary lung malignancy, 9 patients had metastases to lung and 8 patients had bronchitis. In Patients with TB the level of ADA was not significantly elevated in BAL. ADA increased significantly in patients with pneumonia (P: 0/95). In patients with metastases to lung and primary lung cancer and a combination of both groups compared to other patients without malignancy there was no relationship between CEA. PCR was positive in TB and other patients, but significantly increased in TB. (p=0/021) Discussion: Although it was thought that CEA may be elevated in BAL of patients with malignancy and ADA in tuberculosis we did not find a correlation in these patients. This study showed that ADA and CEA levels in BAL fluid does not help us in diagnosis of TB or cancer. It may have afalse positive in pneumonia, COPD and other diseases, but PCR for TB may assist in TB diagnosis but not alone.

Exploring the lived-experiences of community farmers will contribute to the perspective of land issues and help formulate and plan sustainable land management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the lived-experiences of farmers regarding land-use and management in northern Iran, which is facing land degradation and land grabbing problems. For this purpose, a phenomenological approach was undertaken to show how the past and present process of land-use and management practices is made. In this research, key farmers who had land utilization experiences, feeling the land laws, land changes and land issues in the past in land risk areas were selected using key informants sampling. The gathered data of interviews were analyzed according to Colaizzi method. Fifty-five important statements and 11 themes were extracted from participants’ experiences (PE) in three periods: pre-land reform period and on the threshold of it in Iran, post-land reform until Islamic revolution and after the revolution till now. The lived-experience of participants showed that pre-land reform period in Iran was known for its hierarchical structure to "owner-peasant" contexts of the land-use and management in the study area. The importance of forest and river as the origin of arable land and physical-spatial structure of rural settlements is undeniable. Post-land reform PE indicated that the land reform enforcement was a factor of change in the land-use and management practices that led to ownership problems. Participants’ experiences regarding land changes after the Islamic revolution till now expressed that despite the new inhibitor rules regarding land management practices, farmers are likely to bring about land-use changes. Recommendations and implications for land management policy are offered to reduce the land degradation and land grabbing.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of academic courses on agricultural entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Modified global entrepreneurship and development index (GEDI) was used to determine entrepreneurial dimensions among 19 graduated students of agricultural colleges resided in Iran. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process was applied to understand agricultural graduates’ preferences on effectiveness of university courses (core, free elective and restricted elective). Findings Results suggested the importance of professional restricted elective courses to provide students with necessary skills. These courses were successful in providing a context for entrepreneurial profile. Research limitations/implications Innate talent or acquired skills were always the place of debate on entrepreneurial development. The paper builds on the premise that entrepreneurs are made through education and continuing reconstruction of experience, further research is required as the field develops in experience and complexity. Practical implications The paper provides strategies to effectively modify practical route in higher education to enhance entrepreneurial orientation among students. Originality/value The paper is innovative at a conceptual level in modifying GEDI elements in individual-level variables based on GEDI configuration theory. This approach is particularly useful in addressing the bottleneck problems of entrepreneurship profile and focusses on the information interpreted at weights of the individual-level data.

Komlos conjectured in 1981 that among all graphs with minimum degree at least $d$, the complete graph $K_{d+1}$ minimises the number of Hamiltonian subsets, where a subset of vertices is Hamiltonian if it contains a spanning cycle. We prove this conjecture when $d$ is sufficiently large. In fact we prove a stronger result: for large $d$, any graph $G$ with average degree at least $d$ contains almost twice as many Hamiltonian subsets as $K_{d+1}$, unless $G$ is isomorphic to $K_{d+1}$ or a certain other graph which we specify.

Alon, Balogh, Keevash, and Sudakov proved that the $(k-1)$-partite Turan graph maximizes the number of distinct $r$-edge-colorings with no monochromatic $K_k$ for all fixed $k$ and $r=2,3$, among all $n$-vertex graphs. In this paper, we determine this function asymptotically for $r=2$ among $n$-vertex graphs with a sublinear independence number. Somewhat surprisingly, unlike Alon, Balog, Keevash, and Sudakov's result, the extremal construction from Ramsey--Turan theory, as a natural candidate, does not maximize the number of distinct edge-colorings with no monochromatic cliques among all graphs with a sublinear independence number, even in the 2-colored case. In the second problem, we determine the maximum number of triangles asymptotically in an $n$-vertex $K_k$-free graph $G$ with $\alpha(G)=o(n)$. The extremal graphs have a similar structure to the extremal graphs for the classical Ramsey--Turan problem, i.e., when the number of edges is maximized.

For a sequence $(H_i)_{i=1}^k$ of graphs, let $\textrm{nim}(n;H_1,\ldots, H_k)$ denote the maximum number of edges not contained in any monochromatic copy of $H_i$ in colour $i$, for any colour $i$, over all $k$-edge-colourings of~$K_n$. When each $H_i$ is connected and non-bipartite, we introduce a variant of Ramsey number that determines the limit of $\textrm{nim}(n;H_1,\ldots, H_k)/{n\choose 2}$ as $n\to\infty$ and prove the corresponding stability result. Furthermore, if each $H_i$ is what we call \emph{homomorphism-critical} (in particular if each $H_i$ is a clique), then we determine $\textrm{nim}(n;H_1,\ldots, H_k)$ exactly for all sufficiently large~$n$. The special case $\textrm{nim}(n;K_3,K_3,K_3)$ of our result answers a question of Ma. For bipartite graphs, we mainly concentrate on the two-colour symmetric case (i.e., when $k=2$ and $H_1=H_2$). It is trivial to see that $\textrm{nim}(n;H,H)$ is at least $\textrm{ex}(n,H)$, the maximum size of an $H$-free graph on $n$ vertices. Keevash and Sudakov showed that equality holds if $H$ is the $4$-cycle and $n$ is large; recently Ma extended their result to an infinite family of bipartite graphs. We provide a larger family of bipartite graphs for which $\textrm{nim}(n;H,H)=\textrm{ex}(n,H)$. For a general bipartite graph $H$, we show that $\textrm{nim}(n;H,H)$ is always within a constant additive error from $\textrm{ex}(n,H)$, i.e.,~$\textrm{nim}(n;H,H)= \textrm{ex}(n,H)+O_H(1)$., 24 pages, 3 figures

This series of preventative dental care community health educational materialsare openly licensed to encourage community reuse including adaptation. Oral diseases continue to disproportionately affect immigrant communities. There is a clear need for a culturally appropriate tool to enhance oral health literacy of recent immigrants. The objectives of this collaborative initiative were to develop an oral health educational tool and ensure its cultural appropriateness for newcomers. For more information or to explore collaboration opportunities for using this work for community dental education, please feel welcome to contact Dr. Maryam Amin at sharifzd@ualberta.ca.

We show that, in contrast to the integers setting, almost all even order abelian groups $G$ have exponentially fewer maximal sum-free sets than $2^{\mu(G)/2}$, where $\mu(G)$ denotes the size of a largest sum-free set in $G$. This confirms a conjecture of Balogh, Liu, Sharifzadeh and Treglown., Comment: 14 pages

The classical Corr adi-Hajnal theorem claims that every n-vertex graph G with (G) 2n=3 contains a triangle factor, when 3jn. In this paper we asymptotically determine the minimum degree condition necessary to guarantee a triangle factor in graphs with sublinear independence number. In particular, we show that if G is an n-vertex graph with (G) = o(n) and (G) (1=2 + o(1))n, then G has a triangle factor and this is asymptotically best possible. Furthermore, it is shown for every r that if every linear size vertex set of a graph G spans quadratic many edges, and (G) (1=2 +o(1))n, then G has a Kr-factor for n suciently large. We also propose many related open problems whose solutions could show a relationship with RamseyTur an theory. Additionally, we also consider a fractional variant of the Corr adi-Hajnal Theorem, settling a conjecture of Balogh-Kemkes-Lee-Young. Let t2 (0; 1) and w : E(Kn)! [0; 1]. We call a triangle in Kn heavy if the sum of the weights on its edges is more than 3t. We prove that if 3jn and w is such that for every vertex v the sum of w(e)

In 1987, Kolaitis, Promel and Rothschild proved that, for every fixed r∈N, almost every n-vertex Kr+1-free graph is r-partite. In this paper we extend this result to all functions r = r(n) with r ≤ (logn)1/4. The proof combines a new (close to sharp) supersaturation version of the Erdős-Simonovits stability theorem, the hypergraph container method, and a counting technique developed by Balogh, Bollobas and Simonovits.

Cameron and Erdős [P. Cameron and P. Erdős, Notes on sum-free and related sets, Combin. Probab.Comput., 8, (1999), 95–107] asked whether the number of maximal sum-free sets in { 1 , … , n } is much smaller than the number of sum-free sets. In the same paper they gave a lower bound of 2 ⌊ n / 4 ⌋ for the number of maximal sum-free sets. We prove the following: For each 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 , there is a constant C i such that, given any n ≡ i mod 4 , { 1 , … , n } contains ( C i + o ( 1 ) ) 2 n / 4 maximal sum-free sets. Our proof makes use of container and removal lemmas of Green [B. Green, The Cameron-Erdős conjecture, Bull. London Math. Soc., 36, (2004), 769–778; B. Green, A Szemeredi-type regularity lemma in abelian groups, with applications, Geom. Funct. Anal., 15, (2005), 340–376], a structural result of Deshouillers, Freiman, Sos and Temkin [J. Deshouillers, G. Freiman, V. Sos and M. Temkin, On the structure of sumfree sets II, Asterisque, 258, (1999), 149–161] and a recent bound on the number of subsets of integers with small sumset by Green and Morris [B. Green, R. Morris, Counting sets with small sumset and applications, Combinatorica, to appear].

Addressing a question of Cameron and Erd\Ho s, we show that, for infinitely many values of $n$, the number of subsets of $\{1,2,\ldots, n\}$ that do not contain a $k$-term arithmetic progression is at most $2^{O(r_k(n))}$, where $r_k(n)$ is the maximum cardinality of a subset of $\{1,2,\ldots, n\}$ without a $k$-term arithmetic progression. This bound is optimal up to a constant factor in the exponent. For all values of $n$, we prove a weaker bound, which is nevertheless sufficient to transfer the current best upper bound on $r_k(n)$ to the sparse random setting. To achieve these bounds, we establish a new supersaturation result, which roughly states that sets of size $\Theta(r_k(n))$ contain superlinearly many $k$-term arithmetic progressions. For integers $r$ and $k$, Erd\Ho s asked whether there is a set of integers $S$ with no $(k+1)$-term arithmetic progression, but such that any $r$-coloring of $S$ yields a monochromatic $k$-term arithmetic progression. Ne\v{s}et\v{r}il and R\"odl, and independently Spencer, answered this question affirmatively. We show the following density version: for every $k\ge 3$ and $\delta>0$, there exists a reasonably dense subset of primes $S$ with no $(k+1)$-term arithmetic progression, yet every $U\subseteq S$ of size $|U|\ge\delta|S|$ contains a $k$-term arithmetic progression. Our proof uses the hypergraph container method, which has proven to be a very powerful tool in extremal combinatorics. The idea behind the container method is to have a small certificate set to describe a large independent set. We give two further applications in the appendix using this idea., Comment: To appear in International Mathematics Research Notices. This is a longer version than the journal version, containing two additional minor applications of the container method

A spanning tree with no vertices of degree two is called a homeomorphically irreducible spanning tree (or a HIST) of a graph. In Furuya and Tsuchiya (2003), the sets of forbidden subgraphs that imply the existence of a HIST in a connected graph of sufficiently large order were characterized. In this paper, we focus on characterizing connected P 5 -free graphs which have a HIST. As applications of our main result, we also characterize forbidden pairs that imply the existence of a HIST.

Let $f(n,r)$ denote the maximum number of colourings of $A \subseteq \lbrace 1,\ldots,n\rbrace$ with $r$ colours such that each colour class is sum-free. Here, a sum is a subset $\lbrace x,y,z\rbrace$ such that $x+y=z$. We show that $f(n,2) = 2^{\lceil n/2\rceil}$, and describe the extremal subsets. Further, using linear optimisation, we asymptotically determine the logarithm of $f(n,r)$ for $r \leq 5$. Similar results were obtained by H\`an and Jim\'enez in the setting of finite abelian groups., Comment: 24 pages + 3 page appendix

Komlos conjectured in 1981 that among all graphs with minimum degree at least d, the complete graph K d + 1 minimises the number of Hamiltonian subsets, where a subset of vertices is Hamiltonian if it contains a spanning cycle. We prove this conjecture when d is sufficiently large. In fact we prove a stronger result: for large d, any graph G with average degree at least d contains almost twice as many Hamiltonian subsets as K d + 1 , unless G is isomorphic to K d + 1 or a certain other graph which we specify.

Domestic fuel forms a significant part of the total energy demand and providing adequate and sustainable fuel is considered as a pivotal foundation for development. This survey study aims at investigating domestic fuel consumption patterns of rural areas in central district of Zahedan County, Eastern Iran. The sample was consisted of 250 household heads resided in rural areas with more than 25 households. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was measured by using a pilot study. Findings revealed that, only 43 percent (n=102 household) revealed an efficient energy use behavior. The efficient energy consumers were significantly different with respect to their education level, age, income, and the other household characteristics. Results from the structural equation modeling which was used to confirm adequacy of the reasoned action model of fuel consumption behavior, showed that 0.24 percent of fuel consumption behavior was determined by attitude, intention and subjective norms towards fuel consumption. The paper presented applied suggestions regarding fuel consumption with special consideration on health and ecosystem and indoor sanitation issues.

Given a graph $F$, let $s_t(F)$ be the number of subdivisions of $F$, each with a different vertex set, which one can guarantee in a graph $G$ in which every edge lies in at least $t$ copies of $F$. In 1990, Tuza asked for which graphs $F$ and large $t$, one has that $s_t(F)$ is exponential in a power of $t$. We show that, somewhat surprisingly, the only such $F$ are complete graphs, and for every $F$ which is not complete, $s_t(F)$ is polynomial in $t$. Further, for a natural strengthening of the local condition above, we also characterise those $F$ for which $s_t(F)$ is exponential in a power of $t$., Comment: 7 pages, to appear in Combinatorics, Probability and Computing

Promoting sustainability, productivity, efficiency, and development of agricultural sector are the functions of utilization of appropriate information in terms of agricultural climate information system (ACIS). In this regard, the main question is that, to what extent does the ACIS lead to or provide the necessary context for agricultural development? This research aimed to employ causal mapping approach to investigate cognitive structure of human actors in a climate information system. This explorative qualitative research used case study methodology. This paper is an examination and reflection upon analysis of qualitative data reports, with particular attention to the process of interactively elicited causal maps based on focus group interviews. An exploratory coding approach was used to identify concepts that emerged from the interview transcripts. The relevant knowledge is gathered through the tacit understandings of climate information producers (2 groups), extensionists (6 groups), and users (7 groups) in Fars province to reach to the point of redundancy. Investigating causal maps revealed that, actors perceived climate information system challenges as economic, information processing, socio-political, organizational, and technical challenges. The study provided some suggestions to reach to a responsive short term and sustainable long term climate information system in Fars province.

Recently, settling a question of Erd\H{o}s, Balogh and Pet\v{r}\'{i}\v{c}kov\'{a} showed that there are at most $2^{n^2/8+o(n^2)}$ $n$-vertex maximal triangle-free graphs, matching the previously known lower bound. Here we characterize the typical structure of maximal triangle-free graphs. We show that almost every maximal triangle-free graph $G$ admits a vertex partition $X\cup Y$ such that $G[X]$ is a perfect matching and $Y$ is an independent set. Our proof uses the Ruzsa-Szemer\'{e}di removal lemma, the Erd\H{o}s-Simonovits stability theorem, and recent results of Balogh-Morris-Samotij and Saxton-Thomason on characterization of the structure of independent sets in hypergraphs. The proof also relies on a new bound on the number of maximal independent sets in triangle-free graphs with many vertex-disjoint $P_3$'s, which is of independent interest., Comment: 17 pages

A method is introduced to estimate nitrogen partitioning in the structure of nanocrystalline-amorphous alloys, based on X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetery. The technique quantitatively determines the contribution of crystal interstitial sites, crystalline defects, and amorphous phase to nitrogen incorporation. Typically, the method shows that in Fe–18Cr–8Mn–2.5N alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying, about 4, 21 and 75 percent of nitrogen is distributed among the crystal interstitial sites, defects, and amorphous phase, respectively.

Particles of commercially pure Al are successfully consolidated at 200 °C by a novel method named equal channel angular pressing-forward extrusion (ECAP–FE). Using this method, both ECAP and forward extrusion processes are carried out subsequently in a single tool. The extrusion process exerts a back pressure for ECAP process which prevents surface cracking and improves microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced material. The improvement is related to the shear deformation induced during ECAP and the increase in self-diffusion coefficient of Al due to the exerted back pressure.

Some results about the level sets of Busemann functions are obtained for spacetimes, and in a special case (cosmological spacetime). These results will be used to prove the conjecture stated by R. Bartnik in [B], under some special conditions. In this paper we employ some results of Galloway, Horta and Eschenburg.

Mader conjectured that every $C_4$-free graph has a subdivision of a clique of order linear in its average degree. We show that every $C_6$-free graph has such a subdivision of a large clique. We also prove the dense case of Mader's conjecture in a stronger sense, i.e. for every $c$, there is a $c'$ such that every $C_4$-free graph with average degree $cn^{1/2}$ has a subdivision of a clique $K_\ell$ with $\ell=\lfloor c'n^{1/2}\rfloor$ where every edge is subdivided exactly $3$ times., 17 pages

Cameron and Erd\H{o}s raised the question of how many maximal sum-free sets there are in $\{1, \dots , n\}$, giving a lower bound of $2^{\lfloor n/4 \rfloor }$. In this paper we prove that there are in fact at most $2^{(1/4+o(1))n}$ maximal sum-free sets in $\{1, \dots , n\}$. Our proof makes use of container and removal lemmas of Green as well as a result of Deshouillers, Freiman, S\'os and Temkin on the structure of sum-free sets., Comment: 10 pages, to appear in the Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society

The study of intersecting structures is central to extremal combinatorics. A family of permutations $\mathcal{F} \subset S_n$ is \emph{$t$-intersecting} if any two permutations in $\mathcal{F}$ agree on some $t$ indices, and is \emph{trivial} if all permutations in $\mathcal{F}$ agree on the same $t$ indices. A $k$-uniform hypergraph is \emph{$t$-intersecting} if any two of its edges have $t$ vertices in common, and \emph{trivial} if all its edges share the same $t$ vertices. The fundamental problem is to determine how large an intersecting family can be. Ellis, Friedgut and Pilpel proved that for $n$ sufficiently large with respect to $t$, the largest $t$-intersecting families in $S_n$ are the trivial ones. The classic Erd\H{o}s--Ko--Rado theorem shows that the largest $t$-intersecting $k$-uniform hypergraphs are also trivial when $n$ is large. We determine the \emph{typical} structure of $t$-intersecting families, extending these results to show that almost all intersecting families are trivial. We also obtain sparse analogues of these extremal results, showing that they hold in random settings. Our proofs use the Bollob\'as set-pairs inequality to bound the number of maximal intersecting families, which can then be combined with known stability theorems. We also obtain similar results for vector spaces., Comment: 19 pages. Update 1: better citation of the Gauy--H\`an--Oliveira result. Update 2: corrected statement of the unpublished Hamm--Kahn result, and slightly modified notation in Theorem 1.6 Update 3: new title, updated citations, and some minor corrections

This chapter employed an interdisciplinary attempt to investigate agricultural climate information use, linking sociology of translation (actor-network theory) and actor analysis premises in a qualitative research design. The research method used case study approaches and purposively selected a sample consisting of wheat growers of the Fars province of Iran, who are known as contact farmers. Concepts from Actor-Network Theory (ANT) have been found to provide a useful perspective on the description and analysis of the cases. The data were analyzed using a combination of an Actor-Network Theory (ANT) framework and the Dynamic Actor-Network Analysis (DANA) model. The findings revealed socio political (farmers' awareness, motivation, and trust) and information processing factors (accuracy of information, access to information, and correspondence of information to farmers' condition) as the key elements in facilitating climate information use in farming practices.

In the present study, aluminum particles are consolidated successfully by forward extrusion-equal channel angular pressing, referred as FE-ECAP process, at 200 °C. In this method, two processes of forward extrusion (FE) and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) occur subsequently in a single die. For comparison, the powders are also consolidated by conventional extrusion process, at the same conditions as FE-ECAP process. The consolidated material shows a fine grain structure with excellent mechanical properties relative to those obtained by conventional extrusion process. Advantages of this method can be expressed as: the possibility of performing two processes in a single die and producing long bar samples with full density from particles.

The main goal of this paper is to study the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of the following Euler-Lagrange type additive functional equation: ∑ j = 1 m f ( − r j x j + ∑ 1 ≤ i ≤ m , i ≠ j r i x i ) + 2 ∑ i = 1 m r i f ( x i ) = m f ( ∑ i = 1 m r i x i ) , where r 1 , … , r m ∈ R , ∑ i = k m r k ≠ 0 , and r i , r j ≠ 0 for some 1 ≤ i < j ≤ m , in non-Archimedean Banach spaces. MSC:39B22, 39B52, 46S10.

We generalize the well-known Baker’s super-stability result for exponential mappings with values in the field of complex numbers to the case of an arbitrary Hilbert space with the Hadamard product. Then, we will prove an even more general result of this type. 2000 MSC: primary: 39B72, secondary: 46E40.

Identifying the factors that affect domestic water demand and consumption is very important in management of available regional water resources. In this study, relationships between water consumption and rural household activities are determined by comparing a snapshot of water consumption with rural household behavior of low, medium and high water consumers. In addition, the factors affecting water consumption in rural households are also determined. The data for this study were collected from a survey of 653 rural households in 33 villages of Ramjerd area, Fars Province, in southern Iran, using a simple random sampling technique. The daily water consumption data for a 5-year period (1999-2004) were used. Results of the study revealed that the daily average water consumption for the area was found to be 121.7 l per person per capita per day (Lpcd) (SD = 59.2). Water consumption was also found to be significantly correlated with explanatory variables such as "household size" and "age of household's head". Finally, the results of discriminant function analysis showed that in rural households, garden size, greenhouse size, and garden watering times per month with tap treated water are associated with water consumption.

Cameron and Erd\H{o}s asked whether the number of \emph{maximal} sum-free sets in $\{1, \dots , n\}$ is much smaller than the number of sum-free sets. In the same paper they gave a lower bound of $2^{\lfloor n/4 \rfloor }$ for the number of maximal sum-free sets. Here, we prove the following: For each $1\leq i \leq 4$, there is a constant $C_i$ such that, given any $n\equiv i \mod 4$, $\{1, \dots , n\}$ contains $(C_i+o(1)) 2^{n/4}$ maximal sum-free sets. Our proof makes use of container and removal lemmas of Green, a structural result of Deshouillers, Freiman, S\'os and Temkin and a recent bound on the number of subsets of integers with small sumset by Green and Morris. We also discuss related results and open problems on the number of maximal sum-free subsets of abelian groups., Comment: 25 pages, to appear in the Journal of the European Mathematical Society