436 results on '"Mary Evans"'
Search Results
2. Book review: Daring to Hope: My Life in the 1970s
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Mary Evans
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Gender Studies ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2023
3. Getting dressed or why feminists should take this question seriously
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Mary Evans
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The article deals with demands made upon women about their appearance in the 21st century, comments made by, and about, women and the ways in which they dress. That is the suggestion that there is a greater plurality about dress in the contemporary world than it was in the world of our grandmothers. But in place of the former strictures there are others: demands about youth and youthfulness, of forms of self association either for or against class and racialised others, of representing a human, dressed, version, of the “new”. All represent aspirations for identifying – or not – the self through dress. The question of who do we want to look like is one that is unavoidable.
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- 2022
4. Archaeobotanical evidence for the emergence of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa
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Jerry Olatoyan, Frank H. Neumann, Emuobosa Orijemie, Christine Sievers, Mary Evans, Sinethemba Mvelase, Tanya Hatting, and Maria H. Schoeman
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General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Several models which remain equivocal and controversial cite migration and/or diffusion for the emergence and spread of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa during the first millennium AD. A synthesis of archaeobotanical proxies (e.g., palynology, phytoliths, anthracology) consistent with existing archaeobotanical and archaeological data leads to new insights into anthropogenic impacts in palaeorecords. Harnessing such archaeobotanical evidence is viable for tracing the spread of pastoralism and farming in the first millennium AD because the impact of anthropogenic practices is likely to result in distinct patterns of vegetation change. We assess this impact through the synthesis of published archaeobotanical evidence of pastoralism and farming, as well as vegetation changes in southern Africa during the first millennium AD. It has been argued that the decline of forests during the first millennium AD in southern Africa predominantly relates to climate change. This argument often precludes anthropogenic effects on vegetation. Our reassessment of the relationship between vegetation, climate, and human activities in southern Africa reveals evidence of human impact during the same period. We also highlight gaps in the current knowledge of early pastoralism and farming and potential future research directions. We hypothesize that the pattern exhibited by the decline of forest tree pollen, coupled with the increase of open-land indicators, the occurrence of pioneer trees, as well as the spores of coprophilous fungi, and possible changes in the fire regime are reflective of, and consistent with, anthropogenic activities of pre-European pastoralists and farmers.
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- 2022
5. Fractured families: What Harry and Meghan’s royal uncoupling reveals about the nation’s psyche
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Mary Evans
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- 2023
6. Christie and the State
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Mary Evans
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- 2023
7. An evaluation of the use of GIS and open data in secondary school education in South Africa, with reference to QGIS and OpenStreetMap (OSM)
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Bridget Fleming and Mary Evans
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Syllabus ,Government ,Open data ,Geography ,Knowledge management ,Geographic information system ,business.industry ,Geoprocessing ,business ,Curriculum ,Spatial analysis ,School education - Abstract
South Africa is one of only a few countries that has Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the secondary school curriculum. Of these few, SA is even more singular as its Geography syllabus includes GIS geoprocessing. Results from this study show that only a minority of teachers teach practical GIS classes irrespective of their Examination Board, access to hardware, how resourced their school is or whether they teach at a private or a government school. The key determinants to teaching practical GIS lessons are the teacher’s perceived GIS expertise and access to spatial data and time. Software, connectivity, and power supply are also identified as challenges. Teachers who participated in the study overwhelming agree that there are numerous benefits to using GIS in the classroom. They also expressed a keen willingness to attend GIS courses and learn more about QGIS. A sample group evaluated how OpenStreetMap (OSM) could be used to create local spatial data and how QGIS can be used to teach the GIS curriculum and used to map local data for individual research projects. There is an urgent need for more current research, both globally and locally, into how GIS can be used more in secondary school pedagogy.
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- 2021
8. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Saqqez River basin, western Iran: evidence from quaternary deposits and pedogenic carbonates
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Khabat Derafshi, Sarem Amini, Mohammad Mehdi Hoseinzadeh, Mary Evans, and Elham Fotuhi
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General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2022
9. Staff perceptions of the effects of malodours from toilets at two schools in Gauteng Province, South Africa
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Mary Evans, John Gilfillan, and Kyle Odgers
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In any school system, sanitary facilities can have a major effect on the productivity of staff and students, thus safe, adequate sanitation is essential to the academic programme. This study is part of a pilot project to determine the perceptions staff have of the effects of malodours from toilets on productivity and morale, at two schools. One school (School A) is located on the periphery of an urban area and had a septic tank system with inadequate toilet maintenance. The other school (School B) was in a well-established urban area with a flush latrine system, connected to municipal sewage pipes. Through a self-administered questionnaire we determined that School A had a very poor sanitation system that produced unbearable malodours that affected health, productivity and morale at the school, whereas School B had a healthy, well-maintained sanitation system that produced little odour. The malodour at School A had a negative effect on pupil attendance and staff morale at the school. The significant finding of the research was that all staff who participated indicated that malodours from either a flush latrine or a septic tank system could affect productivity of staff and students in the school environment.
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- 2022
10. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in a Georgia School District—United States, December 2020–January 2021
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Paula L Marcet, Jasmine Y. Nakayama, Michelle O'Hegarty, Colleen Scott, Grant Rivera, Jenna R Gettings, Yan Li, Esther A. Kukielka, Cherie Drenzek, Janet Memark, Katherine E. Fleming-Dutra, Catalina Forero, Emanny Sanchez, Kaitlin Forsberg, Jing Zhang, Peter W. Cook, Aron J. Hall, Yoshinori Nakazawa, Snigdha Vallabhaneni, Deanna Crosby, Lemlem Mehari, Gurleen Roberts, Caroline Q Pratt, Kiren Mitruka, Mary Evans, Rebecca J Chancey, Anna Uehara, Megan Swanson, Jazmyn McCloud, Hannah L Kirking, Anne Kimball, Mark K. Weng, Olivia Almendares, Ebony S Thomas, Catherine Espinosa, Roxana M Rodriguez Stewart, Jacqueline E. Tate, Jeremy A W Gold, Abirami Balajee, Andres Velasco-Villa, Elana Morris, Morgane Donadel, Rachel Franklin, Eleanor Burnett, Marion E Rice, Marisa Hast, Suxiang Tong, Raquel Sabogal, Emeka Oraka, and Tonia Parrott
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Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Public health ,Asymptomatic ,Confidence interval ,law.invention ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,law ,medicine ,Infection control ,Transmission risks and rates ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Index case ,Contact tracing ,Demography - Abstract
Background To inform prevention strategies, we assessed the extent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and settings in which transmission occurred in a Georgia public school district. Methods During 1 December 2020–22 January 2021, SARS-CoV-2–infected index cases and their close contacts in schools were identified by school and public health officials. For in-school contacts, we assessed symptoms and offered SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing; performed epidemiologic investigations and whole-genome sequencing to identify in-school transmission; and calculated secondary attack rate (SAR) by school setting (eg, sports, elementary school classroom), index case role (ie, staff, student), and index case symptomatic status. Results We identified 86 index cases and 1119 contacts, 688 (61.5%) of whom received testing. Fifty-nine of 679 (8.7%) contacts tested positive; 15 of 86 (17.4%) index cases resulted in ≥2 positive contacts. Among 55 persons testing positive with available symptom data, 31 (56.4%) were asymptomatic. Highest SARs were in indoor, high-contact sports settings (23.8% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 12.7%–33.3%]), staff meetings/lunches (18.2% [95% CI, 4.5%–31.8%]), and elementary school classrooms (9.5% [95% CI, 6.5%–12.5%]). The SAR was higher for staff (13.1% [95% CI, 9.0%–17.2%]) vs student index cases (5.8% [95% CI, 3.6%–8.0%]) and for symptomatic (10.9% [95% CI, 8.1%–13.9%]) vs asymptomatic index cases (3.0% [95% CI, 1.0%–5.5%]). Conclusions Indoor sports may pose a risk to the safe operation of in-person learning. Preventing infection in staff members, through measures that include coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination, is critical to reducing in-school transmission. Because many positive contacts were asymptomatic, contact tracing should be paired with testing, regardless of symptoms.
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- 2021
11. Binge Drinking, Other Substance Use, and Concurrent Use in the U.S., 2016–2018
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Mary Evans, Cassandra M. Pickens, Gery P. Guy, and Marissa B. Esser
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Alcohol Drinking ,Ethanol ,Prescription Drug Misuse ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Epidemiology ,Task force ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Binge drinking ,National Survey on Drug Use and Health ,Article ,Binge Drinking ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,Environmental health ,Substance misuse ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Alcohol outlet ,Substance use ,business - Abstract
Introduction The use of multiple substances heightens the risk of overdose. Multiple substances, including alcohol, are commonly found among people who experience overdose-related mortality. However, the associations between alcohol use and the use of a range of other substances are often not assessed. Therefore, this study examines the associations between drinking patterns (e.g., binge drinking) and other substance use in the U.S., the concurrent use of alcohol and prescription drug misuse, and how other substance use varies by binge-drinking frequency. Methods Past 30–day alcohol and other substance use data from the 2016–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed in 2020 among 169,486 U.S. respondents aged ≥12 years. Results The prevalence of other substance use ranged from 6.0% (nondrinkers) to 24.1% (binge drinkers). Among people who used substances, 22.2% of binge drinkers reported using substances in 2 additional substance categories. Binge drinking was associated with 4.2 (95% CI=3.9, 4.4) greater adjusted odds of other substance use than nondrinking. Binge drinkers were twice as likely to report concurrent prescription drug misuse while drinking as nonbinge drinkers. The prevalence of substance use increased with binge-drinking frequency. Conclusions Binge drinking was associated with other substance use and concurrent prescription drug misuse while drinking. These findings can guide the implementation of a comprehensive approach to prevent binge drinking, substance misuse, and overdoses. This might include population-level strategies recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force to prevent binge drinking (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes and regulating alcohol outlet density).
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- 2021
12. A Brief Overview of the National Outbreak of e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury and the Primary Causes
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Eleanor S. Click, Alyson B. Goodman, Evelyn Twentyman, Sarah Reagan-Steiner, David N. Weissman, Mary Evans, Mark R. Layer, Susan N. Hocevar, Emily Kiernan, Jennifer L. Wiltz, and Paul Melstrom
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Primary (chemistry) ,business.industry ,Vaping ,MEDLINE ,Outbreak ,Lung Injury ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,Lung injury ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,United States ,Disease Outbreaks ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Product (category theory) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Vitamin E Acetate - Published
- 2021
13. Cobenefits and Regulatory Impact Analysis: Theory and Evidence from Federal Air Quality Regulations
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Joseph Aldy, Matthew J. Kotchen, Mary Evans, Meredith Fowlie, Arik Levinson, and Karen Palmer
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- 2021
14. Pathological findings in suspected cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI): a case series
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Christopher M. Jones, Brian A. King, Dana Meaney-Delman, Jana M. Ritter, Mary Evans, Lily Marsden, Courtney M Dewart, Emily Kiernan, Jack M. Miller, Angela K Werner, Kristen A. Navarette, Julu Bhatnagar, Dale A. Rose, Eduard Matkovic, Mateusz P. Karwowski, Cheryl A. Fields, Emily E. Petersen, Isaac Ghinai, Roosecelis B Martines, Grant T. Baldwin, Tara C. Jatlaoui, Joy Gary, Benjamin C. Blount, David N. Weissman, Peter A. Briss, Wun-Ju Shieh, Lauren J. Tanz, Sarah Reagan-Steiner, Stacy Holzbauer, Kenneth A. Feder, Sherif R. Zaki, Kelly Squires, Hannah A. Bullock, Brigid C. Bollweg, Ruth Lynfield, George Turabelidze, Eden V. Wells, Paul Byers, Kristin J. Cummings, Emilia H. Koumans, Vikram Krishnasamy, Amy M. Denison, Mitesh Patel, Kirtana Ramadugu, and Liza Valentin-Blasini
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lung ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Autopsy ,Lung biopsy ,Lung injury ,Sudden death ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030228 respiratory system ,Internal medicine ,Biopsy ,medicine ,Histopathology ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Diffuse alveolar damage ,business - Abstract
Summary Background Since August, 2019, US public health officials have been investigating a national outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). A spectrum of histological patterns consistent with acute to subacute lung injury has been seen in biopsies; however, autopsy findings have not been systematically characterised. We describe the pathological findings in autopsy and biopsy tissues submitted to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the evaluation of suspected EVALI. Methods Between Aug 1, 2019, and Nov 30, 2019, we examined lung biopsy (n=10 individuals) and autopsy (n=13 individuals) tissue samples received by the CDC, submitted by 16 US states, from individuals with: a history of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use; respiratory, gastrointestinal, or constitutional symptoms; and either pulmonary infiltrates or opacities on chest imaging, or sudden death from an undetermined cause. We also reviewed medical records, evaluated histopathology, and performed infectious disease testing when indicated by histopathology and clinical history. Findings 21 cases met surveillance case definitions for EVALI, with a further two cases of clinically suspected EVALI evaluated. All ten lung biopsies showed histological evidence of acute to subacute lung injury, including diffuse alveolar damage or organising pneumonia. These patterns were also seen in nine of 13 (69%) autopsy cases, most frequently diffuse alveolar damage (eight autopsies), but also acute and organising fibrinous pneumonia (one autopsy). Additional pulmonary pathology not necessarily consistent with EVALI was seen in the remaining autopsies, including bronchopneumonia, bronchoaspiration, and chronic interstitial lung disease. Three of the five autopsy cases with no evidence of, or a plausible alternative cause for acute lung injury, had been classified as confirmed or probable EVALI according to surveillance case definitions. Interpretation Acute to subacute lung injury patterns were seen in all ten biopsies and most autopsy lung tissues from individuals with suspected EVALI. Acute to subacute lung injury can have numerous causes; however, if it is identified in an individual with a history of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use, and no alternative cause is apparent, a diagnosis of EVALI should be strongly considered. A review of autopsy tissue pathology in suspected EVALI deaths can also identify alternative diagnoses, which can enhance the specificity of public health surveillance efforts. Funding US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2020
15. Stories to make our lives: Storying Relationships by Richard Phillips et al. and A Match Made in Heaven edited by Claire Chambers, Nafhesa Ali and Richard Phillips
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Mary Evans
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- 2022
16. Odour assessment of school toilets in Gauteng, South Africa – before and after bioremediation
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Mary Evans, Kyle Odgers, and Graham Bowman
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Olfactory perception ,Bioremediation ,Geography ,Sanitation ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental health ,Urine odour ,Pit latrine ,Septic tank ,media_common - Abstract
Sanitation in school toilets is often considered peripheral to the academic project, yet has a significant impact on productivity and the school experience. A micro-study, pilot project to quantify the perception of odours in toilets at two schools in Gauteng Province, South Africa, using olfactory tests, reveals the presence of select odour-forming compounds. The compounds of butyric acid, indole, p-cresol and dimethyl trisulfide, reconstituted faecal odour and stale urine odour were presented to staff at the two schools in the form of ‘Sniffin’ Sticks’. All the odours were identified in the toilets at levels of unbearable in School A which has a septic tank system, and tolerable in School B which uses a flush system, during the pre-test. A post-test was conducted after an effective bioremediation treatment product was applied. We found that 100% of the participants noted a marked improvement in the odours in the toilets after the treatments were combined with efficient cleaning regimes.
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- 2020
17. Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Adult Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 — Georgia, March 2020
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Brendan R Jackson, Nadine Oosmanally, Alfonso C Hernandez-Romieu, Nathan W. Furukawa, Juliana Almeida da Silva, Mary Evans, John Rossow, Frank W. Brown, Sean D Browning, Benjamin Lefkove, Mohleen Kang, Robert Jansen, Karen K. Wong, Beau B. Bruce, Melissa Tobin-D'Angelo, Christine M Szablewski, Pavithra Natarajan, Stephanie R. Bialek, Julie Hollberg, Sapna Bamrah Morris, James M. Blum, Cherie Drenzek, David J. Murphy, Jeremy A W Gold, Deron C. Burton, David W. Wright, Timothy M. Uyeki, Priti R. Patel, William Sewell, Robyn Neblett Fanfair, Jack Owens, and Jessica Rogers-Brown
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Georgia ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Pneumonia, Viral ,Ethnic group ,Comorbidity ,01 natural sciences ,Cohort Studies ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Humans ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Young adult ,Pandemics ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Public health ,010102 general mathematics ,Hazard ratio ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Black or African American ,Hospitalization ,Treatment Outcome ,Cohort ,Emergency medicine ,Coronavirus Infections ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first detected in the United States during January 2020 (1). Since then, >980,000 cases have been reported in the United States, including >55,000 associated deaths as of April 28, 2020 (2). Detailed data on demographic characteristics, underlying medical conditions, and clinical outcomes for persons hospitalized with COVID-19 are needed to inform prevention strategies and community-specific intervention messages. For this report, CDC, the Georgia Department of Public Health, and eight Georgia hospitals (seven in metropolitan Atlanta and one in southern Georgia) summarized medical record-abstracted data for hospitalized adult patients with laboratory-confirmed* COVID-19 who were admitted during March 2020. Among 305 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 61.6% were aged
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- 2020
18. Weight Change 2 Years After Termination of the Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in the Look AHEAD Study
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Ariana M, Chao, Thomas A, Wadden, Robert I, Berkowitz, George, Blackburn, Paula, Bolin, Jeanne M, Clark, Mace, Coday, Jeffrey M, Curtis, Linda M, Delahanty, Gareth R, Dutton, Mary, Evans, Linda J, Ewing, John P, Foreyt, Linda J, Gay, Edward W, Gregg, Helen P, Hazuda, James O, Hill, Edward S, Horton, Denise K, Houston, John M, Jakicic, Robert W, Jeffery, Karen C, Johnson, Steven E, Kahn, William C, Knowler, Anne, Kure, Katherine L, Michalski, Maria G, Montez, Rebecca H, Neiberg, Jennifer, Patricio, Anne, Peters, Xavier, Pi-Sunyer, Henry, Pownall, David, Reboussin, Bruce, Redmon, W Jack, Rejeski, Helmut, Steinburg, Martha, Walker, Donald A, Williamson, Rena R, Wing, Holly, Wyatt, Susan Z, Yanovski, and Ping, Zhang
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Type 2 diabetes ,Overweight ,Article ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Weight loss ,Internal medicine ,Weight Loss ,medicine ,Humans ,Obesity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Life Style ,Aged ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Weight change ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Female ,Observational study ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Weight gain - Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated weight changes after cessation of the 10-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. It was hypothesized that ILI participants would be more likely to gain weight during the 2-year observational period following termination of weight-loss-maintenance counseling than would participants in the diabetes support and education (DSE) control group. Methods: Look AHEAD was a randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of ILI and DSE on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in participants with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. Look AHEAD was converted to an observational study in September 2012. Results: Two years after the end of the intervention (EOI), ILI and DSE participants lost a mean (SE) of 1.2 (0.2) kg and 1.8 (0.2) kg, respectively (P = 0.003). In addition, 31% of ILI and 23.9% of DSE participants gained ≥ 2% (P < 0.001) of EOI weight, whereas 36.3% and 45.9% of the respective groups lost ≥ 2% of EOI weight (P = 0.001). Two years after the EOI, ILI participants reported greater use of weight-control behaviors than DSE participants. Conclusions: Both groups lost weight during the 2-year follow-up period, but more ILI than DSE participants gained ≥ 2% of EOI weight. Further understanding is needed of factors that affected long-term weight change in both groups.
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- 2020
19. History of Cardiovascular Disease, Intensive Lifestyle Intervention, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Look AHEAD Trial
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Lawrence J. Cheskin, John M. Jakicic, Cora E. Lewis, Helen P. Hazuda, Louise Hesson, Karen C. Johnson, Caitlin Egan, Jeffrey M. Curtis, Abbas E. Kitabchi, Edward W. Lipkin, David M. Reboussin, Thomas A. Wadden, Lynne E. Wagenknecht, John P. Bantle, George L. Blackburn, Dalane W. Kitzman, Siran Ghazarian, James O. Hill, Anne L. Peters, Edward S. Horton, David M. Nathan, Susan Z. Yanovski, Donna H. Ryan, George A. Bray, Rena R. Wing, Van S. Hubbard, Robert W. Jeffery, John P. Foreyt, Jennifer Patricio, Henry J. Pownall, Mary Evans, Sara Michaels, Maria G. Montez, Xavier Pi-Sunyer, Edward W. Gregg, Holly R. Wyatt, Bethany Barone Gibbs, Ebenezer Nyenwe, Steven E. Kahn, William C. Knowler, Frederick L. Brancati, Stephen P. Glasser, and Alain G. Bertoni
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Physical fitness ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Type 2 diabetes ,Overweight ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Weight loss ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Myocardial infarction ,Life Style ,Stroke ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Hazard ratio ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Objective To examine the effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial randomized 5,145 participants with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity to a ILI or diabetes support and education. Although the primary outcome did not differ between the groups, there was suggestive evidence of heterogeneity for prespecified baseline CVD history subgroups (interaction P = 0.063). Event rates were higher in the ILI group among those with a CVD history (hazard ratio 1.13 [95% CI: 0.90-1.41]) and lower among those without CVD (hazard ratio 0.86 [95% CI: 0.72-1.02]). Methods This study conducted post hoc analyses of the rates of the primary composite outcome and components, adjudicated cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and hospitalization for angina, as well as three secondary composite cardiovascular outcomes. Results Interaction P values for the primary and two secondary composites were similar (0.060-0.064). Of components, the interaction was significant for nonfatal MI (P = 0.035). This interaction was not due to confounding by baseline variables, different intervention responses for weight loss and physical fitness, or hypoglycemic events. In those with a CVD history, statin use was high and similar by group. In those without a CVD history, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher (P = 0.003) and statin use was lower (P ≤ 0.001) in the ILI group. Conclusions Intervention response heterogeneity was significant for nonfatal MI. Response heterogeneity may need consideration in a CVD-outcome trial design.
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- 2020
20. Development and Validation of a Mortality Prediction Model in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates
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Alvaro Moreira, Domenico Benvenuto, Christopher Fox-Good, Yasmeen Alayli, Mary Evans, Baldvin Jonsson, Stellan Hakansson, Nathan Harper, Jennifer Kim, Mikael Norman, and Matteo Bruschettini
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Male ,Perinatal Death ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Gestational Age ,Article ,Cohort Studies ,Infant, Extremely Premature ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Infant Mortality ,Birth Weight ,Humans ,Female ,Hospital Mortality ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Introduction: Understanding factors that associate with neonatal death may lead to strategies or interventions that can aid clinicians and inform families. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop an early prediction model of neonatal death in extremely low gestational age (ELGA, Methods: A predictive cohort study of ELGA neonates was derived from the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register between the years 2011 to May 2021. The goal was to use readily available clinical variables, collected within the first hour of birth, to predict in-hospital death. Data were split into a train cohort (80%) to build the model and tested in 20% of randomly selected neonates. Model performance was assessed via area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared to validated mortality prediction models and an external cohort of neonates. Results: Among 3,752 live-born extremely preterm infants (46% girls), in-hospital mortality was 18% (n = 685). The median gestational age and birth weight were 25.0 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 24.0, 27.0) and 780 g (IQR 620, 940), respectively. The proposed model consisted of three variables: birth weight (grams), Apgar score at 5 min of age, and gestational age (weeks). The BAG model had an AUC of 76.9% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (72.6%, 81.3%), while birth weight and gestational age had an AUC of 73.1% (95% CI: 68.4%,77.9%) and 71.3% (66.3%, 76.2%). In the validation cohort, the BAG model had an AUC of 68.9%. Conclusion: The BAG model is a new mortality prediction model in ELGA neonates that was developed using readily available information.
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- 2022
21. Guide for interpreting and reporting luminescence dating results
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Shannon A. Mahan, Tammy M. Rittenour, Michelle S. Nelson, Nina Ataee, Nathan Brown, Regina DeWitt, Julie Durcan, Mary Evans, James Feathers, Marine Frouin, Guillaume Guérin, Maryam Heydari, Sebastien Huot, Mayank Jain, Amanda Keen-Zebert, Bo Li, Gloria I. López, Christina Neudorf, Naomi Porat, Kathleen Rodrigues, Andre Oliveira Sawakuchi, Joel Q.G. Spencer, Kristina Thomsen, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Utah State University (USU), Aberystwyth University, University of Texas at Arlington [Arlington], East Carolina University [Greenville] (ECU), University of North Carolina System (UNC), University of Oxford, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Washburn University, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United States Geological Survey, Utah State University, NSF Laboratory Technician Support (grant 1914566), European Project: 851793,QuinaWorld, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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LUMINESCÊNCIA ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Geology - Abstract
The development and application of luminescence dating and dosimetry techniques have grown exponentially in the last several decades. Luminescence methods provide age control for a broad range of geological and archaeological contexts and can characterize mineral and glass properties linked to geologic origin, Earth-surface processes, and past exposure to light, heat, and ionizing radiation. The applicable age range for luminescence methods spans the last 500,000 years or more, which covers the period of modern human evolution, and provides context for rates and magnitudes of geological processes, hazards, and climate change. Given the growth in applications and publications of luminescence data, there is a need for unified, community-driven guidance regarding the publication and interpretation of luminescence results. This paper presents a guide to the essential information necessary for publishing and archiving luminescence ages as well as supporting data that is transportable and expandable for different research objectives and publication outlets. We outline the information needed for the interpretation of luminescence data sets, including data associated with equivalent dose, dose rate, age models, and stratigraphic context. A brief review of the fundamentals of luminescence techniques and applications, including guidance on sample collection and insight into laboratory processing and analysis steps, is presented to provide context for publishing and data archiving.
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- 2022
22. Characterising the geomorphic dynamics of river systems: An example of the Sabie River, South Africa
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Jasper Knight and Mary Evans
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Ecology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2022
23. Monitoring Shoreline Changes along the Southwestern Coast of South Africa from 1937 to 2020 Using Varied Remote Sensing Data and Approaches
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Jennifer Murray, Elhadi Adam, Stephan Woodborne, Duncan Miller, Sifiso Xulu, and Mary Evans
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coastal erosion ,digital shoreline analysis system ,CoastSat ,Yzerfontein ,Sixteen Mile Beach ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences - Abstract
Shoreline analysis in response to the rapid erosion of sandy beaches has evolved along with geospatial and computer technology; it remains an essential task for sustainable coastal management. This severe and rapid erosion has been reported at several sandy beaches worldwide, including Yzerfontein beaches, on the southwest coast of South Africa. We determined this vulnerability from 1937 to 2020 and predicted its change by 2040 by manually delineating shoreline positions from 1937, 1960, and 1977 from aerial photographs and Landsat products between 1985 and 2020 in an automated fashion using the CoastSat toolkit and Google Earth Engine. We then integrated these datasets to calculate the extent of shoreline dynamics over the past eight decades using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Our results show that the coastline changed dynamically between 1937 and 2020, culminating in an average net erosion of 38 m, with the most extensive erosion occurring between 2015 and 2020. However, coastal projections indicate a slight change in shoreline position over the next two decades. Further studies should integrate additional high resolution remote sensing data and non-remote sensing data (e.g., field surveys) to improve our results and provide a more thorough understanding of the coastal environment and overcome some of remotely-sensed data underlying uncertainties.
- Published
- 2023
24. Characteristics of Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — United States, November 2019
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Tara C. Jatlaoui, Grant T. Baldwin, Sarah Kabbani, Peter A. Briss, Emily V. Glidden, Emily N. Ussery, Mary Evans, Lisa J. Delaney, Pyone Cho, Lung Injury Response Clinical Task Force, Katrina F. Trivers, Lung Injury Response Epidemiology, Dale A. Rose, Kevin Chatham-Stephens, Katherine Roguski, Yunho Jang, Brian A. King, Christopher M. Jones, Surveillance Task Force, and Matthew D. Ritchey
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Poison control ,Lung injury ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Disease Outbreaks ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,030225 pediatrics ,Injury prevention ,Health care ,medicine ,Humans ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aged ,Respiratory distress ,business.industry ,Vaping ,Public health ,Lung Injury ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,United States ,Hospitalization ,Emergency medicine ,Female ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,business - Abstract
CDC, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), state and local health departments, and public health and clinical stakeholders are investigating a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) (1). As of November 13, 2019, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and two U.S. territories (Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands) have reported 2,172 EVALI cases to CDC, including 42 (1.9%) EVALI-associated deaths. To inform EVALI surveillance, including during the 2019-20 influenza season, case report information supplied by states for hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with EVALI were analyzed using data collected as of November 5, 2019. Among 2,016 EVALI patients with available data on hospitalization status, 1,906 (95%) were hospitalized, and 110 (5%) were not hospitalized. Demographic characteristics of hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients were similar; most were male (68% of hospitalized versus 65% of nonhospitalized patients), and most were aged
- Published
- 2019
25. Erratum to Providing context to the Homo naledi fossils: Constraints from flowstones on the age of sediment deposits in Rising Star Cave, South Africa [Chemical Geology 567 (2021) 120108]
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Jessie L. Robbins, Paul H.G.M. Dirks, Eric M. Roberts, Jan D. Kramers, Tebogo V. Makhubela, Hannah L. Hilbert-Wolf, Marina Elliott, Jelle P. Wiersma, Christa J. Placzek, Mary Evans, and Lee R. Berger
- Subjects
Geochemistry and Petrology ,Geology - Published
- 2022
26. Underlying Assumptions: What COVID-19 taught us about ‘generational homogeneity’
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Mary Evans
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Homogeneity (statistics) ,Sociology ,Epistemology - Published
- 2021
27. Professional Development
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Mary Evans
- Published
- 2021
28. Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight/Obesity: Results From the Look AHEAD Study
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Rena R, Wing, George A, Bray, Maria, Cassidy-Begay, Jeanne M, Clark, Mace, Coday, Caitlin, Egan, Mary, Evans, John P, Foreyt, Stephen, Glasser, Edward W, Gregg, Helen P, Hazuda, James O, Hill, Edward S, Horton, Juan Carlos, Isaac, John M, Jakicic, Robert W, Jeffery, Karen C, Johnson, Steven E, Kahn, Stephen, Kritchevsky, E, Lewis, Nisa M, Maruthur, Barbara J, Maschak-Carey, David M, Nathan, Jennifer, Patricio, Anne, Peters, Xavier, Pi-Sunyer, David, Reboussin, Donna H, Ryan, Valerie, Ruelas, Helmut, Steinburg, Katie, Toledo, Thomas A, Wadden, Lynne E, Wagenknecht, Jacqueline, Wesche-Thobaben, Holly, Wyatt, Susan Z, Yanovski, and Ping, Zhang
- Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Look AHEAD, a randomized trial comparing intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) and diabetes support and education (DSE) (control) in 5,145 individuals with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, found no significant differences in all-cause or cardiovascular mortality or morbidity during 9.6 (median) years of intervention. Participants in ILI who lost ≥10% at 1 year had lower risk of composite cardiovascular outcomes relative to DSE. Since effects of ILI may take many years to emerge, we conducted intent-to-treat analyses comparing mortality in ILI over 16.7 years (9.6 years of intervention and then observation) to DSE. In a secondary exploratory analysis, we compared mortality by magnitude of weight loss in ILI relative to DSE. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Primary outcome was all-cause mortality from randomization to 16.7 years. Other outcomes included cause-specific mortality, interactions by subgroups (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and cardiovascular disease history), and an exploratory analysis by magnitude of weight loss in ILI versus DSE as reference. Analyses used proportional hazards regression and likelihood ratio. RESULTS: The incidence of all-cause mortality did not differ significantly in ILI and DSE (549 and 589 participants, respectively) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.91 [95% CI 0.81, 1.02]; P = 0.11). There were no significant differences between treatments in cause-specific mortality or within prespecified subgroups. ILI participants who lost ≥10% at 1 year had a 21% reduced risk of mortality (HR 0.79 [95% CI 0.67, 0.94]; P = 0.007) relative to DSE. CONCLUSIONS: ILI focused on weight loss did not significantly affect mortality risk. However, ILI participants who lost ≥10% had reduced mortality relative to DSE.
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- 2021
29. Association Between Change in Accelerometer-Measured and Self-Reported Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease in the Look AHEAD Trial
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John M, Jakicic, Robert I, Berkowitz, Paula, Bolin, George A, Bray, Jeanne M, Clark, Mace, Coday, Caitlin, Egan, Mary, Evans, John P, Foreyt, Janet E, Fulton, Frank L, Greenway, Edward W, Gregg, Helen P, Hazuda, James O, Hill, Edward S, Horton, Van S, Hubbard, Robert W, Jeffery, Karen C, Johnson, Ruby, Johnson, Steven E, Kahn, Anne, Kure, Wei, Lang, Cora E, Lewis, David M, Nathan, Jennifer, Patricio, Anne, Peters, Xavier, Pi-Sunyer, Henry, Pownall, W Jack, Rejeski, Monika, Safford, Kerry J, Stewart, Thomas A, Wadden, Michael P, Walkup, Rena R, Wing, and Holly, Wyatt
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Advanced and Specialized Nursing ,Adult ,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Accelerometry ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Self Report ,Exercise - Abstract
OBJECTIVETo conduct post hoc secondary analysis examining the association between change in physical activity. Measured with self-report and accelerometry, from baseline to 1 and 4 years and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in the Look AHEAD Trial.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSParticipants were adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes with physical activity. Data at baseline and year 1 or 4 (n = 1,978). Participants were randomized to diabetes support and education or intensive lifestyle intervention. Measures included accelerometry-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), self-reported physical activity, and composite (morbidity and mortality) CVD outcomes.RESULTSIn pooled analyses of all participants, using Cox proportional hazards models, each 100 MET-min/week increase in accelerometry-measured MVPA from baseline to 4 years was associated with decreased risk of the subsequent primary composite outcome of CVD. Results were consistent for changes in total MVPA (hazard ratio 0.97 [95% CI 0.95, 0.99]) and MVPA accumulated in ≥10-min bouts (hazard ratio 0.95 [95% CI 0.91, 0.98]), with a similar pattern for secondary CVD outcomes. Change in accelerometry-measured MVPA at 1 year and self-reported change in physical activity at 1 and 4 years were not associated with CVD outcomes.CONCLUSIONSIncreased accelerometry-measured MVPA from baseline to year 4 is associated with decreased risk of CVD outcomes. This suggests the need for long-term engagement in MVPA to reduce the risk of CVD in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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- 2021
30. The Duality of Stigmatization: An Examination of Differences in Collateral Consequences for Black and White Sex Offenders
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Vanessa Woodward Griffin and Mary Evans
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White (horse) ,Collateral ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Duality (optimization) ,Criminology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Race (biology) ,Nothing ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Isolating particular groups of individuals is nothing novel within American society, and two prevalent examples of this are the historical and current treatment of Blacks and sex offenders. To date...
- Published
- 2019
31. Severe Pulmonary Disease Associated with Electronic-Cigarette–Product Use — Interim Guidance
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Dana Meaney-Delman, Mary Evans, Emily Kiernan, Kelly Holton, Sharon Tsay, Erin M. Parker, Cassandra M. Pickens, Sherif R. Zaki, Phillip P. Salvatore, Sarah Reagan-Steiner, Peter A. Briss, Christina A. Mikosz, Joshua G. Schier, Krista M. Powell, Kristy L. Marynak, Grant T. Baldwin, Brian S. Armour, Jennifer Adjemian, Debra Houry, Vikram Krishnasamy, Jennifer E. Layden, Brenna VanFrank, Karen A. Hacker, Jonathan Meiman, Elizabeth A. Courtney-Long, Jerry D. Thomas, Lucinda J. England, Brian A. King, Paul Melstrom, and David N. Weissman
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Lung Diseases ,Health (social science) ,Injury control ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Poison control ,Pulmonary disease ,Flavoring Agents ,Severity of Illness Index ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,law ,030225 pediatrics ,Interim ,Humans ,Medicine ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Early release ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Vaping ,Heavy metals ,General Medicine ,United States ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Erratum ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,business ,Electronic cigarette - Abstract
On September 6, 2019, this report was posted as an MMWR Early Release on the MMWR website (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr). As of August 27, 2019, 215 possible cases of severe pulmonary disease associated with the use of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products (e.g., devices, liquids, refill pods, and cartridges) had been reported to CDC by 25 state health departments. E-cigarettes are devices that produce an aerosol by heating a liquid containing various chemicals, including nicotine, flavorings, and other additives (e.g., propellants, solvents, and oils). Users inhale the aerosol, including any additives, into their lungs. Aerosols produced by e-cigarettes can contain harmful or potentially harmful substances, including heavy metals such as lead, volatile organic compounds, ultrafine particles, cancer-causing chemicals, or other agents such as chemicals used for cleaning the device (1). E-cigarettes also can be used to deliver tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, or other drugs; for example, "dabbing" involves superheating substances that contain high concentrations of THC and other plant compounds (e.g., cannabidiol) with the intent of inhaling the aerosol. E-cigarette users could potentially add other substances to the devices. This report summarizes available information and provides interim case definitions and guidance for reporting possible cases of severe pulmonary disease. The guidance in this report reflects data available as of September 6, 2019; guidance will be updated as additional information becomes available.
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- 2019
32. Vital Signs: Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Dispensing — United States, 2012–2018
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Tamara M. Haegerich, Jan L. Losby, Randall Young, Mary Evans, Gery P. Guy, and P Christopher M. Jones
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Drug overdose ,01 natural sciences ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Naloxone ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Medical prescription ,Child ,Epidemics ,Aged ,Pharmacies ,Vital Signs ,business.industry ,010102 general mathematics ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Opioid use disorder ,Opioid overdose ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Opioid-Related Disorders ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Substance abuse ,Prescriptions ,Opioid ,Child, Preschool ,Emergency medicine ,Female ,Drug Overdose ,business ,Medicaid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background The CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain recommends considering prescribing naloxone when factors that increase risk for overdose are present (e.g., history of overdose or substance use disorder, opioid dosages ≥50 morphine milligram equivalents per day [high-dose], and concurrent use of benzodiazepines). In light of the high numbers of drug overdose deaths involving opioids, 36% of which in 2017 involved prescription opioids, improving access to naloxone is a public health priority. CDC examined trends and characteristics of naloxone dispensing from retail pharmacies at the national and county levels in the United States. Methods CDC analyzed 2012-2018 retail pharmacy data from IQVIA, a health care, data science, and technology company, to assess U.S. naloxone dispensing by U.S. Census region, urban/rural status, prescriber specialty, and recipient characteristics, including age group, sex, out-of-pocket costs, and method of payment. Factors associated with naloxone dispensing at the county level also were examined. Results The number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed from retail pharmacies increased substantially from 2012 to 2018, including a 106% increase from 2017 to 2018 alone. Nationally, in 2018, one naloxone prescription was dispensed for every 69 high-dose opioid prescriptions. Substantial regional variation in naloxone dispensing was found, including a twenty-fivefold variation across counties, with lowest rates in the most rural counties. A wide variation was also noted by prescriber specialty. Compared with naloxone prescriptions paid for with Medicaid and commercial insurance, a larger percentage of prescriptions paid for with Medicare required out-of-pocket costs. Conclusion Despite substantial increases in naloxone dispensing, the rate of naloxone prescriptions dispensed per high-dose opioid prescription remains low, and overall naloxone dispensing varies substantially across the country. Naloxone distribution is an important component of the public health response to the opioid overdose epidemic. Health care providers can prescribe or dispense naloxone when overdose risk factors are present and counsel patients on how to use it. Efforts to improve naloxone access and distribution work most effectively with efforts to improve opioid prescribing, implement other harm-reduction strategies, promote linkage to medications for opioid use disorder treatment, and enhance public health and public safety partnerships.
- Published
- 2019
33. Learning from a failure in threat assessment: 11 questions and not enough answers
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Mary Evans, Andrew J. Thompson, William Woodward, and Sarah Goodrum
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Hierarchy ,Service (systems architecture) ,Schools ,business.industry ,Mindset ,Violence ,Public relations ,Multidisciplinary team ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Humans ,Students ,Psychology ,business ,Law ,Threat assessment ,Qualitative Research ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Threat assessment theory and practice have evolved significantly since Columbine. The US Secret Service's guidelines for threat assessment include 11 questions that school officials should ask to identify, investigate, and manage students of concern. Yet, no research examines how school officials implement these questions. This qualitative case study examines the way that school officials used the 11 questions with a student of concern, who underwent a threat assessment and 3 months later shot and killed a classmate and himself on school grounds. The data include deposition testimony from 12 school and district officials and more than 8,000 pages of records in the case. For each of the 11 questions, the findings reveal what the threat assessment team knew and might have learned; the findings also demonstrate the importance of multiple sources of information, a multidisciplinary team, and an investigative mindset. The questions may prove difficult to answer in "loosely coupled" systems, like schools, where information is unintentionally lost due to the organization's structural hierarchy, specialization of tasks, and heavy workloads. The findings provide critical lessons learned for threat assessment, information gathering, and violence prevention in schools.
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- 2019
34. NIH Nutrition Health Disparities Framework: A Model to Advance Health Equity
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Tanya Agurs-Collins, Jennifer Alvidrez, Mary Evans, Charlotte Pratt, Jill Reedy, and Alison Brown
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Nutrition and Dietetics ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Food Science - Published
- 2022
35. Demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics of persons under investigation for Coronavirus Disease 2019—United States, January 17–February 29, 2020
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Laura Conklin, Samuel B. Graitcer, Alexandra M. Oster, Matthew R. Mauldin, Mary Evans, Marc Fischer, Chris Edens, Aron J. Hall, Sara E. Oliver, Joana Y Lively, Andrew T Boyd, Elisabeth M Hesse, Jessica L. Waller, Allan W. Taylor, Robert P. McClung, Eric P. Griggs, Christopher A. Elkins, Cheryl Isenhour, Runa H Gokhale, Sapna Bamrah Morris, Mark R. Stenger, Alicia M. Fry, Kristina L Bajema, Nia Williams, Tonny Bogere, Laura A. Cooley, Yingtao Zhou, Stephen Lindstrom, Songli Xu, Aaron T. Curns, Maureen H. Diaz, Tara C. Anderson, Kevin R. Clarke, Olivia L McGovern, Christopher M. Jones, and Naeemah Logan
- Subjects
RNA viruses ,Male ,Viral Diseases ,Coronaviruses ,Epidemiology ,Geographical Locations ,Cohort Studies ,Medical Conditions ,Pandemic ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Public and Occupational Health ,Medical Personnel ,Child ,Pathology and laboratory medicine ,Virus Testing ,Aged, 80 and over ,Travel ,Multidisciplinary ,Transmission (medicine) ,Medical microbiology ,Middle Aged ,Professions ,Infectious Diseases ,Preparedness ,COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing ,Child, Preschool ,Cohort ,Viruses ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Medicine ,Female ,Public Health ,SARS CoV 2 ,Pathogens ,Travel-Related Illness ,Cohort study ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,China ,Asia ,SARS coronavirus ,Adolescent ,Science ,Microbiology ,Young Adult ,Diagnostic Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Pandemics ,Aged ,Biology and life sciences ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Public health ,Organisms ,Viral pathogens ,COVID-19 ,Covid 19 ,United States ,Microbial pathogens ,Family medicine ,People and Places ,North America ,Population Groupings ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,business - Abstract
Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), evolved rapidly in the United States. This report describes the demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics of 544 U.S. persons under investigation (PUI) for COVID-19 with complete SARS-CoV-2 testing in the beginning stages of the pandemic from January 17 through February 29, 2020. Methods In this surveillance cohort, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided consultation to public health and healthcare professionals to identify PUI for SARS-CoV-2 testing by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics of PUI were reported by public health and healthcare professionals during consultation with on-call CDC clinicians and subsequent submission of a CDC PUI Report Form. Characteristics of laboratory-negative and laboratory-positive persons were summarized as proportions for the period of January 17−February 29, and characteristics of all PUI were compared before and after February 12 using prevalence ratios. Results A total of 36 PUI tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were classified as confirmed cases. Confirmed cases and PUI testing negative for SARS-CoV-2 had similar demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics. Consistent with changes in PUI evaluation criteria, 88% (13/15) of confirmed cases detected before February 12, 2020, reported travel from China. After February 12, 57% (12/21) of confirmed cases reported no known travel- or contact-related exposures. Conclusions These findings can inform preparedness for future pandemics, including capacity for rapid expansion of novel diagnostic tests to accommodate broad surveillance strategies to assess community transmission, including potential contributions from asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections.
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- 2021
36. Policing interpersonal violence
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Janet Mary Evans and Mark Rhys Kebbell
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Criminology ,Psychology ,Interpersonal violence - Published
- 2020
37. Effects of mesenchymal stromal cell-conditioned media on measures of lung structure and function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies
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Delanie Moses, Rija Naqvi, Sarah Zoretic, Evan Dittmar, Alvaro Moreira, Mary Evans, Chimobi Emukah, Kristen Hall, John Martinez, Axel Moreira, and Shamimunisa B. Mustafa
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Review ,Disease ,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,Lung disease ,lcsh:Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Right ventricular hypertrophy ,Internal medicine ,Pulmonary fibrosis ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:QD415-436 ,Lung ,Conditioned media ,Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ,Mesenchymal stem cell ,Asthma ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Animal ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Mesenchymal Stem Cells ,Cell Biology ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Pulmonary hypertension ,respiratory tract diseases ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Bronchopulmonary dysplasia ,Culture Media, Conditioned ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Molecular Medicine ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,business - Abstract
Background Lung disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. A breach in the lung alveolar-epithelial barrier and impairment in lung function are hallmarks of acute and chronic pulmonary illness. This review is part two of our previous work. In part 1, we demonstrated that CdM is as effective as MSCs in modulating inflammation. Herein, we investigated the effects of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-conditioned media (CdM) on (i) lung architecture/function in animal models mimicking human lung disease, and (ii) performed a head-to-head comparison of CdM to MSCs. Methods Adhering to the animal Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation protocol, we conducted a search of English articles in five medical databases. Two independent investigators collected information regarding lung: alveolarization, vasculogenesis, permeability, histologic injury, compliance, and measures of right ventricular hypertrophy and right pulmonary pressure. Meta-analysis was performed to generate random effect size using standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval. Results A total of 29 studies met inclusion. Lung diseases included bronchopulmonary dysplasia, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. CdM improved all measures of lung structure and function. Moreover, no statistical difference was observed in any of the lung measures between MSCs and CdM. Conclusions In this meta-analysis of animal models recapitulating human lung disease, CdM improved lung structure and function and had an effect size comparable to MSCs.
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- 2020
38. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review
- Author
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Shailesh Advani, Karthik Rajasekaran, Aina Tarriela, Sarah Zoretic, Rija Naqvi, John P. Martinez, Axel Moreira, Matthew Petershack, Kevin Chorath, Sunil K. Ahuja, Finn Burmeister-Morton, Sebastian Acosta, Alvaro Moreira, Mubbasheer Ahmed, Fiona Burmeister, Mary Evans, and Ansel Hoang
- Subjects
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Abdominal pain ,medicine.medical_treatment ,MIS-C ,Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children ,medicine ,Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Children ,PIMS ,Mechanical ventilation ,Pediatric ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Ejection fraction ,Coronavirus disease 2019 ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,010102 general mathematics ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,Hyperinflammatory shock ,Intensive care unit ,Diarrhea ,Vomiting ,Observational study ,medicine.symptom ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,business - Abstract
Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), also known as pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome, is a new dangerous childhood disease that is temporally associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to describe the typical presentation and outcomes of children diagnosed with this hyperinflammatory condition. Methods We conducted a systematic review to communicate the clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging results, and outcomes of individuals with MIS-C. We searched four medical databases to encompass studies characterizing MIS-C from January 1st, 2020 to July 25th, 2020. Two independent authors screened articles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. This review was registered with PROSPERO CRD42020191515. Findings Our search yielded 39 observational studies (n = 662 patients). While 71·0% of children (n = 470) were admitted to the intensive care unit, only 11 deaths (1·7%) were reported. Average length of hospital stay was 7·9 ± 0·6 days. Fever (100%, n = 662), abdominal pain or diarrhea (73·7%, n = 488), and vomiting (68·3%, n = 452) were the most common clinical presentation. Serum inflammatory, coagulative, and cardiac markers were considerably abnormal. Mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were necessary in 22·2% (n = 147) and 4·4% (n = 29) of patients, respectively. An abnormal echocardiograph was observed in 314 of 581 individuals (54·0%) with depressed ejection fraction (45·1%, n = 262 of 581) comprising the most common aberrancy. Interpretation Multisystem inflammatory syndrome is a new pediatric disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is dangerous and potentially lethal. With prompt recognition and medical attention, most children will survive but the long-term outcomes from this condition are presently unknown. Funding Parker B. Francis and pilot grant from 2R25-HL126140. Funding agencies had no involvement in the study
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- 2020
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39. Trends in Indicators of Injection Drug Use, Indian Health Service, 2010-2014 : A Study of Health Care Encounter Data
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Danae Bixler, Andria Apostolou, Kate Buchacz, Marissa Person, Thomas Weiser, Kim Elmore, Michele K. Bohm, Philip J. Peters, Richard Haverkate, Jessica Leston, Brigg Reilley, Andrew Mitsch, Michelle Van Handel, Eyasu H. Teshale, Jeffrey McCollum, Mary Evans, Dana L. Haberling, Sarah M. Hatcher, and Paul J. Weidle
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Injection drug use ,Virus ,Health services ,Young Adult ,Health care ,medicine ,Humans ,Hiv transmission ,Substance Abuse, Intravenous ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Opioid use disorder ,Hepatitis C ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Alaskan Natives ,Opioid-Related Disorders ,United States ,Family medicine ,United States Indian Health Service ,Indians, North American ,Female ,business ,Forecasting - Abstract
Objectives Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV transmission in the United States may increase as a result of increasing rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) and associated injection drug use (IDU). Epidemiologic trends among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons are not well known. Methods We analyzed 2010-2014 Indian Health Service data on health care encounters to assess regional and temporal trends in IDU indicators among adults aged ≥18 years. IDU indicators included acute or chronic HCV infection (only among adults aged 18-35 years), arm cellulitis and abscess, OUD, and opioid-related overdose. We calculated rates per 10 000 AI/AN adults for each IDU indicator overall and stratified by sex, age group, and region and evaluated rate ratios and trends by using Poisson regression analysis. Results Rates of HCV infection among adults aged 18-35 increased 9.4% per year, and rates of OUD among all adults increased 13.3% per year from 2010 to 2014. The rate of HCV infection among young women was approximately 1.3 times that among young men. Rates of opioid-related overdose among adults aged Conclusions Rates of HCV infection and OUD increased significantly in the AI/AN population. Strengthened public health efforts could ensure that AI/AN communities can address increasing needs for culturally appropriate interventions, including comprehensive syringe services programs, medication-assisted treatment, and opioid-related overdose prevention and can meet the growing need for treatment of HCV infection.
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- 2020
40. COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review
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Finn Burmeister-Morton, Rija Naqvi, Matthew Petershack, Axel Moreira, Alvaro Moreira, Kevin Chorath, Mary Evans, Fiona Burmeister, and Ansel Hoang
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lcsh:R5-920 ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,010102 general mathematics ,MEDLINE ,Disease ,General Medicine ,Laboratory results ,01 natural sciences ,Asymptomatic ,Article ,Procalcitonin ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Increased risk ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,medicine.symptom ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,business - Abstract
Background Studies summarizing the clinical picture of COVID-19 in children are lacking. This review characterizes clinical symptoms, laboratory, and imaging findings, as well as therapies provided to confirmed pediatric cases of COVID-19. Methods Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we searched four medical databases (PubMed, LitCovid, Scopus, WHO COVID-19 database) between December 1, 2019 to May 14, 2020 using the keywords “novel coronavirus”, “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2”. We included published or in press peer-reviewed cross-sectional, case series, and case reports providing clinical signs, imaging findings, and/or laboratory results of pediatric patients who were positive for COVID-19. Risk of bias was appraised through the quality assessment tool published by the National Institutes of Health. PROSPERO registration # CRD42020182261. Findings We identified 131 studies across 26 countries comprising 7780 pediatric patients. Although fever (59·1%) and cough (55·9%) were the most frequent symptoms 19·3% of children were asymptomatic. Patchy lesions (21·0%) and ground-glass opacities (32·9%) depicted lung radiograph and computed tomography findings, respectively. Immunocompromised children or those with respiratory/cardiac disease comprised the largest subset of COVID-19 children with underlying medical conditions (152 of 233 individuals). Coinfections were observed in 5.6% of children and abnormal laboratory markers included serum D-dimer, procalcitonin, creatine kinase, and interleukin-6. Seven deaths were reported (0·09%) and 11 children (0·14%) met inclusion for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Interpretation This review provides evidence that children diagnosed with COVID-19 have an overall excellent prognosis. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our findings and better understand which patients are at increased risk for developing severe inflammation and multiorgan failure. Funding Parker B. Francis and pilot grant from 2R25-HL126140. Funding agencies had no involvement in the study.
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- 2020
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41. Concurrent Naloxone Dispensing Among Individuals with High-Risk Opioid Prescriptions, USA, 2015-2019
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Christopher M. Jones, Mary Evans, Gery P. Guy, Kathleen R. Ragan, Andrea E. Strahan, Jan L. Losby, and Tamara M. Haegerich
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Naloxone ,Narcotic Antagonists ,Opioid-Related Disorders ,Drug Prescriptions ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Prescriptions ,Opioid ,Emergency medicine ,Internal Medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Medical prescription ,Drug Overdose ,business ,Concise Research Report ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2020
42. Simone de Beauvoir
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Mary Evans
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- 2020
43. Within-Trial Cost-Effectiveness of a Structured Lifestyle Intervention in Adults With Overweight/Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Study
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Cora E. Lewis, Helen P. Hazuda, Steven E. Kahn, John M. Jakicic, Anne Peters, Mary Evans, Ping Zhang, Maria G. Montez, Gareth R. Dutton, Haiying Chen, Karen M. Atkinson, David M. Nathan, William C. Knowler, Rena R. Wing, Mace Coday, Jeanne M. Clark, Holly R. Wyatt, Julia Rushing, Tina Killean, Thomas A. Wadden, Bruce Redmon, Karen C. Johnson, Van S. Hubbard, Susan Z. Yanovski, George A. Bray, Mary T. Korytkowski, Robert W. Jeffery, John P. Foreyt, Peter J. Huckfeldt, James O. Hill, Helmut Steinburg, Henry Pownall, Caitlin Egan, Sharon D. Jackson, Jennifer Patricio, Nisa M. Maruthur, Edward S. Horton, Edward W. Gregg, Xavier Pi-Sunyer, Sara Michaels, Frank L. Greenway, and Mark A. Espeland
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Research design ,Adult ,Cost effectiveness ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Psychological intervention ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Type 2 diabetes ,Overweight ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Obesity ,Epidemiology/Health Services Research ,Life Style ,Advanced and Specialized Nursing ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Health Utilities Index ,Demography - Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the cost-effectiveness (CE) of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) compared with standard diabetes support and education (DSE) in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, as implemented in the Action for Health in Diabetes study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were from 4,827 participants during their first 9 years of study participation from 2001 to 2012. Information on Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI-2) and HUI-3, Short-Form 6D (SF-6D), and Feeling Thermometer (FT), cost of delivering the interventions, and health expenditures was collected during the study. CE was measured by incremental CE ratios (ICERs) in costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Future costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% annually. Costs were in 2012 U.S. dollars. RESULTS Over the 9 years studied, the mean cumulative intervention costs and mean cumulative health care expenditures were $11,275 and $64,453 per person for ILI and $887 and $68,174 for DSE. Thus, ILI cost $6,666 more per person than DSE. Additional QALYs gained by ILI were not statistically significant measured by the HUIs and were 0.07 and 0.15, respectively, measured by SF-6D and FT. The ICERs ranged from no health benefit with a higher cost based on HUIs to $96,458/QALY and $43,169/QALY, respectively, based on SF-6D and FT. CONCLUSIONS Whether ILI was cost-effective over the 9-year period is unclear because different health utility measures led to different conclusions.
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- 2020
44. Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Professionals Evaluating and Caring for Patients with Suspected E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury and for Reducing the Risk for Rehospitalization and Death Following Hospital Discharge - United States, December 2019
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Kayla N. Anderson, Lori A. Pollack, Jennifer L. Wiltz, Eleanor S. Click, Alyson B. Goodman, Sascha R. Ellington, Vikram Krishnasamy, Dale A. Rose, Melissa L. Danielson, Evelyn Twentyman, Christina A. Mikosz, Matthew Lozier, Brian A. King, Mary Evans, Christopher M. Jones, Peter A. Briss, Emily Kiernan, Susan Adkins Hocevar, Lung Injury Response Clinical Task Force, and David N. Weissman
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Patient discharge ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Vaping ,MEDLINE ,General Medicine ,Lung Injury ,Lung injury ,Patient Readmission ,Patient Discharge ,United States ,Health Information Management ,Interim ,Emergency medicine ,Health care ,medicine ,Hospital discharge ,Humans ,Product (category theory) ,Full Report ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,business - Published
- 2020
45. Characteristics of Patients Experiencing Rehospitalization or Death After Hospital Discharge in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury - United States, 2019
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Sharyn E. Parks, Mary Evans, Christina A. Mikosz, Evelyn Twentyman, Zheng Li, Janet J. Hamilton, Megan J. Wallace, Christopher M. Jones, Amy Board, Vikram Krishnasamy, Sukhshant Atti, Mary Pomeroy, Caroline Schrodt, Stephen Soroka, Chelsea Austin, Alissa C. Cyrus, Denise Hughes, Jean Ko, Bailey Wallace, Sierra J Graves, Alyson B. Goodman, Adebola Adebayo, Donald Hayes, Sascha R. Ellington, Peter A. Briss, Lung Injury Response Epidemiology, Jennifer L. Wiltz, Suzanne Newton, Gyan Chandra, Phillip P. Salvatore, Matthew Lozier, Brian A. King, Ruth Lynfield, Geroncio C Fajardo, Melissa L. Danielson, Katherine Roguski, Dustin W Currie, Rashid Njai, Kelsey C. Coy, Mia Israel, Kimberly Thomas, Surveillance Task Force, Sonal Goyal, Kayla N. Anderson, Lori A. Pollack, and Dale A. Rose
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Poison control ,Comorbidity ,Lung injury ,Suicide prevention ,Patient Readmission ,Occupational safety and health ,Disease Outbreaks ,Young Adult ,Age Distribution ,Health Information Management ,Risk Factors ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,Full Report ,Young adult ,business.industry ,Vaping ,Outbreak ,General Medicine ,Lung Injury ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Patient Discharge ,United States ,Emergency medicine ,Chronic Disease ,Female ,business - Published
- 2020
46. Chapter 3: Making the ‘Modern’ Woman
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Mary Evans
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History ,Aesthetics ,Personal consumption expenditures price index ,Modernity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Self ,Self-consciousness ,Consumption (sociology) ,media_common - Abstract
The twentieth century is generally associated with terms about the ‘modern’ and this chapter concerns the way in which periodicals explicitly aimed at women (across class lines) encouraged women to be ‘modern’. To be a ‘modern’ woman, this chapter suggests, is to be a woman who is intensely aware of her appearance and the picture which she presents to the world. Modern ‘self consciousness’ involves a high degree of consumption and the industries of personal consumption became a central part of the twentieth century economies of peace time. Women were central to these new forms of production; hence the encouragement of ‘making’ the self.
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- 2020
47. Chapter 5: Judging Women
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Mary Evans
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Emancipation ,Aesthetics ,sense organs ,Meaning (existential) ,Sociology ,skin and connective tissue diseases - Abstract
The final chapter returns to the issues identified in the Introduction: that the study of the changing meaning of the ‘respectability’ of women suggests that ‘progress’ and ‘emancipation’ as applied to the history of women are dubious and mistaken terms. Ideas about what women ‘should be’ have changed, but although some of the changes might have a dramatic presence (for example in terms of dress) underlying assumptions, most importantly that of the responsibility of ‘respectable’ women for care, have not.
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- 2020
48. Making Respectable Women
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Mary Evans
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- 2020
49. Chapter 4: The Right Body
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Mary Evans
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Emancipation ,Aesthetics ,Abandonment (legal) ,Self ,Narrative ,Human sexuality ,Sociology ,Consumption (sociology) ,Social status ,Theme (narrative) - Abstract
Just as ‘modern’ women were encouraged to pay attention to their appearance, a central aspect of that concern was the need for women to maintain ‘youthfulness’ and avoid the signs of ageing. The body, in all its aspects, became the location for work and for expenditure; not to care for the body and the self was associated with the lack of ‘respectability’ and, implicitly, the possible abandonment of forms of social status. Again, what is sometimes seen in the changing appearance of women is a narrative of emancipation; indeed advertising copy often invoked ideas about the ‘freedom’ of women in order to encourage consumption. The theme is one in which the construction of the’ respectable’ is not static but woven from a number of social sources.
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- 2020
50. Chapter 1: The Context
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Mary Evans
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Individualism ,Emancipation ,Austerity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Subject (philosophy) ,Context (language use) ,Class (philosophy) ,Sociology ,Autonomy ,Epistemology ,media_common - Abstract
The initial chapter sets out some of the more important issues about the relationship of conceptual definitions and gender. It is suggested here that gender often plays too little part in structural accounts of the social world, despite the considerable work that exists on the subject. Further, it is often assumed that the ‘emancipation’ of women can be taken for granted as a social achievement: again, despite the evidence which demonstrates lasting forms of prejudice and discrimination against women. Finally, the chapter notes the longstanding search for definitions of ‘respectable’ women; the very fact of the history of that search suggestive of the ways in which the concept is one that is always changing.
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- 2020
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