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International audience; Background. Mirror movements are involuntary movements of one hand that mirror intentional movements of the other hand. Congenital mirror movements (CMM) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance, in which mirror movements are the main neurological manifestation. CMM is associated with an abnormal decussation of the corticospinal tract, a major motor tract for voluntary movements. RAD51 is known to play a key role in homologous recombination with a critical function in DNA repair. While RAD51 haploinsufficiency was first proposed to explain CMM, other mechanisms could be involved. Methods. We performed Sanger sequencing of RAD51 in five newly identified CMM families to identify new pathogenic variants. We further investigated the expression of wild-type and mutant RAD51 in the patients' lymphoblasts at mRNA and protein levels. We then characterized the functions of RAD51 altered by non-truncating variants using biochemical approaches. Results. The level of wild-type RAD51 protein was lower in all the CMM patients' cells compared with their non-carrier relatives. The reduction was less pronounced in asymptomatic carriers. In vitro, mutant RAD51 proteins showed loss-of-function for polymerization, DNA binding, and strand exchange activity. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that RAD51 haploinsufficiency, including loss-offunction of non-truncating variants, results in CMM. The incomplete penetrance likely results from post-transcriptional compensation. Changes in RAD51 levels and/or polymerization properties could influence guidance of the corticospinal axons during development. Our findings open up new perspectives to understand the role of RAD51 in neurodevelopment.

BACKGROUND: Mirror movements are involuntary movements of one hand that mirror intentional movements of the other hand. Congenital mirror movements (CMM) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance, in which mirror movements are the main neurological manifestation. CMM is associated with an abnormal decussation of the corticospinal tract, a major motor tract for voluntary movements. RAD51 is known to play a key role in homologous recombination with a critical function in DNA repair. While RAD51 haploinsufficiency was first proposed to explain CMM, other mechanisms could be involved.METHODS: We performed Sanger sequencing of RAD51 in five newly identified CMM families to identify new pathogenic variants. We further investigated the expression of wild-type and mutant RAD51 in the patients' lymphoblasts at mRNA and protein levels. We then characterised the functions of RAD51 altered by non-truncating variants using biochemical approaches.RESULTS: The level of wild-type RAD51 protein was lower in the cells of all patients with CMM compared with their non-carrier relatives. The reduction was less pronounced in asymptomatic carriers. In vitro, mutant RAD51 proteins showed loss-of-function for polymerisation, DNA binding and strand exchange activity.CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that RAD51 haploinsufficiency, including loss-of-function of non-truncating variants, results in CMM. The incomplete penetrance likely results from post-transcriptional compensation. Changes in RAD51 levels and/or polymerisation properties could influence guidance of the corticospinal axons during development. Our findings open up new perspectives to understand the role of RAD51 in neurodevelopment.

Cet ouvrage traite de la question de la valorisation et de la diffusion des arts numériques en bibliothèque. Plus précisément, il situe cette réflexion dans le contexte de la mission d’éducation artistique et culturelle (EAC) dont sont chargées les bibliothèques. Les contributions abordent le sujet en traitant principalement d’aspects logistiques, qu’il s’agisse des équipements à mettre en place, de la coordination entre les acteurs ou encore de la complémentarité des compétences. Dirigé par ...

In Africa, ruminants contribute strongly to the greenhouse gas emissions such as enteric methane(eCH4). A few models for estimating eCH4 have been developed in the tropics. However, no direct measurement ofeCH4 emissions in cattle has been made and reported in West Africa. The objective of the present study is toevaluate in vivo eCH4 emissions in Sudanese Peulh Zebu during the cold dry season (November 2021 - February2022). For this purpose, 10 steers aged 27±1.87 months with a live weight (LW) of 138.82±15.23 kg (i.e. 0.56Tropical Livestock Unit - TLU) were used for direct measurements with the GreenFeed at CIRDES (Burkina Faso).Measurements of eCH4 emissions were coupled with those of ingestion based on two levels of rangeland foragesupply: 3.5% and 2.5% of LW for four weeks. Mean eCH4 and voluntary forage intake emissions were comparedbetween forage supply levels using Student's paired t-test (significance level, 5%). The results show that nosignificant difference (p=0.10) was observed between the average daily amounts of voluntary dry matter intake(VDMI) between the two levels of supply. Variation in grass supply induced no significant difference for eCH4 ing/kg MSiV (p=0.72) and in g/kg P0.75 (p=0.61). The level of ingestion and eCH4 emissions remained constant overthe season. This work will be continued during the hot dry and rainy seasons to account for seasonal variability inthe quality of rangeland forage resources in pastoral livestock systems in West Africa., En Afrique, les ruminants contribuent fortement aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre comme leméthane entérique (eCH4). Quelques modèles d’estimation de eCH4 ont été développés en zone tropicale.Cependant aucune mesure directe des émissions de eCH4 chez les bovins n’a été faite et rapportée en Afrique del’Ouest. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer in vivo les émissions de eCH4 chez les zébus peulhsoudaniens pendant la saison sèche froide (novembre 2021 - février 2022). Pour ce faire, 10 taurillons âgés de27±1,87 mois et d’un poids vif (PV) 138,82±15,23 kg (i.e. 0,56 Unité Bétail Tropical - UBT) ont été utilisée pour desmesures directes au GreenFeed au CIRDES (Burkina Faso). Les mesures des émissions de eCH4 ont étécouplées à celles d’ingestion basée sur deux niveaux d’herbe de parcours naturel offerts : 3,5 % et 2,5 % du PVpendant quatre semaines. Les émissions moyennes de eCH4 et de consommation volontaire d’herbe ont étécomparées entre les niveaux d’offert en herbe en utilisant le test t apparié de Student (seuil de significativité, 5 %).Les résultats montrent qu’aucune différence significative (p=0,10) n’a été observée entre les quantités moyennesjournalières de matière sèche ingérée volontairement (MSiV) entre les deux niveaux d’offerts. La variation de l’offreen herbe n’a induit aucune différence significative pour le eCH4 en g/kg MSiV (p=0,72) et en g/kg P0,75 (p=0,61). Leniveau d’ingestion et les émissions de eCH4 sont restés constants pendant la saison. Ce travail se poursuivrapendant les saisons sèche chaude et pluvieuse, pour prendre en compte la variabilité saisonnière de la qualité desressources fourragères des parcours naturels dans les systèmes d’élevage pastoraux en Afrique de l’Ouest.

International audience; Ruminant production is under strong societal pressure because of emissions of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Methanogenesis occurs during feed fermentation and nutritional strategies appear to be an effective and sustainable way to reduce emissions without adverse effects. This work aimed to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms in rumen methanogenesis by highlighting similarities or dissimilarities between two animal species, cows and goats, in microbial responses to diet supplementation. Four Holstein cows and 4 Alpine goats received similar rations based on meadow hay and concentrate containing no supplemental (CTL) or supplemented with corn oil (COS), marine algae powder (MAP) or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO). CH4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers. Total RNA from rumen content was extracted and subjected to RNASeq sequencing on Illumina platform. Raw data were analyzed using an open-source pipeline (MetaTrans) and mapped against a homemade rumen metagenome database. To identify biologically relevant features, we developed a five-step biostatistical pipeline: 1) identification of differentially expressed OTUs and KEGGs (deOTUs, deKEGGs), 2) bipartite network deduction, 3) clustering analysis, 4) pathway enrichment analysis and 5) sPLS regression, to associate the deKEGGs and deOTUs variables with CH4 emissions by species. The key features extracted from comparisons of COS vs CTL, COS vs MAP and COS vs HPO were considered for a metabolic network reconstruction and an integration analysis by logical modelling. Only, the COS diet reduced enteric CH4 emissions in both species compared to CTL. Differential analysis between COS vs CTL identified 380 deKEGGs and 16 deOTUs in cows and 133 deKEGGs and 10 deOTUs in goats. These results suggests that the diet mainly affected microbial functions rather than taxonomy. Further, sPLS analysis highlighted a correlation between the reduction in CH4 emissions and differentially regulated genes related to CH4 metabolism (such as the methyl coenzyme M reductase in both species) and to carbohydrate metabolism (class I fructose bisphosphate aldolase (fba) in cows and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (fbp) in goats). Integrally, the metabolic network related to COS vs HPO were highly different to the others comparisons in cows, while in goats the metabolic reactions between COS vs CTL and COS vs HPO diets were similar. We identified key elements of methanogenesis attenuation processes that have been integrated into a model for predicting and validating key microbiome determinants of enteric methanogenesis in ruminants.

International audience

International audience; Animal proteins are naturally enriched in 15N relative to the consumed diet and the 15N enrichment of animal proteins over the diet (Δ15N) has been recently shown to capture the between-animal variation in N use efficiency (NUE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a previous model to predict between-animal variability in NUE from measured Δ15N in lactating cows. The data included 990 records from 17 experiments comprising 164 contemporary groups (CG; group of cows fed the same diet at the same place and measuring period) with an average of 6 cows per CG. Samples of milk or plasma and feed were analysed for 15N and Δ15N was calculated as the 15N difference between animal proteins and diet. Measured NUE and Δ15N of each cow were expressed as their deviations from the average value of the CG they belonged to and noted as observed deviations. Predicted differences in NUE between each cow and its CG average value was calculated as 0.035 × observed deviations of Δ15N (according to the previous published model) and noted as predicted deviations. The coefficient of variation was 10 and 13% for observed NUE and Δ15N within CG, respectively. The correlation between observed and predicted deviations of NUE was positive in 84% of CG. Overall correlation coefficient between predicted and observed deviation of NUE wasmoderate but significant (r=0.50, P

L’objectif de cette étude est de donner un aperçu des pratiques de citation des chercheurs publiant dans neuf revues françaises en sciences de la communication. Notre analyse comprend un total de 77 566 citations tirées à partir de 3 195 articles publiés de 1992 à 2016. Nous discutons dans cet article des supports utilisés et nous montrons que les monographies et les articles de périodiques constituent le principal mode de diffusion des connaissances en sciences de la communication. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que la liste des revues françaises et étrangères les plus citées est sensiblement différente de celle utilisée par les instances françaises des sciences de l’information et de la communication. Nous avons également constaté que les pratiques de citation ne varient pas considérablement entre les neuf revues. The aim of this study is to review the characteristics of French research published in communication journals. To this end, we examine citations found in articles published from 1992 to 2016 in the top nine French disciplinary journals. We analyze a total of 77 566 citations drawn from 3 195 articles. Results demonstrate that monographs and journal articles constitute the main pathway for knowledge dissemination in communication sciences. They likewise reveal that the list of the most cited French and foreign journals is significantly different from the one used by the French authorities of Information and Communication Sciences. We also show that citation practices do not vary significantly among the nine journals.

International audience; This research compared the response of dairy cows and goats in terms of digestive processes (enteric methane [CH4] emissions, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility), and of feeding behavior to diets supplemented with various lipids known to modulate differently milk fat concentration between species. Four Holstein cows and four Alpine goats were fed a diet based on grassland hay and concentrate in a 45:55 ratio (on DM basis) containing no additional lipid (control), or supplemented with corn oil (5% dry matter intake [DMI]) and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5 % DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 28 days. Dairy performances (intake, milk production and composition), digestive parameters (total tract digestibility, fermentation), and feeding behavior were measured from day 19 to day 24, during which cows and goats stayed in individual respiration chambers for quantification of enteric CH4 emissions. Compared to the control, milk fat concentration differed between all diets in cows, being the highest with HPO (+10.7 %), intermediate with MAP (-16.0 %), and the lowest with COS (-44.4 %), whereas only MAP decreased the milk fat concentration in goats (-18.0 %). Goats had more eating bouts per day, spent less time eating and ruminating (min/[g DMI/kg body weight]). Cows also differed from goats in their ruminal fermentation parameters: a higher total volatile fatty acid concentration with more acetate and less butyrate, whereas a higher ammonia (NH3) concentration was observed for goats which was in agreement with a 7 times larger total protozoal population. Enteric CH4 yield (expressed per unit of intake), CH4 intensity (expressed per unit of milk) and total tract digestibility did not differ in dairy cows and goats fed diets supplemented with various lipids. Only COS significantly reduced CH4 yield and CH4 intensity in both species (overall average, -28 % in g/kg DMI, -27 % in % gross energy intake, and -31 % in g/kg milk) compared to other diets. The lower CH4 yield for COS is in agreement with the higher ruminal propionate proportion (+50.0 % and +22.4 % than control for cows and goats, respectively). The mitigating effect on methanogenesis and changes in ruminal fermentation parameters and total tract digestibility of fiber observed for both species with COS was accompanied in goats by an adaptation of their feeding behavior that counterbalanced the negative digestive interaction of the lipid- and starch-rich diet inducing milk fat depression in cows. In conclusion, cows and goats specific behavior contribute to the observed differences in dairy performances to milk fat depressing diets.

The GreenFeed (GF) system spot samples the breath of individual animals for short periods (3–7 min), at various times of the day, over several days, weeks, or months to measure methane production. To obtain a diurnal CH4 emission pattern from the GF system, the animal visits need to be appropriately distributed over a 24 h feeding cycle. This can be difficult to achieve as the number of visits is greater during certain hours of the day. However, visits can be manipulated to some extent by the type of ration provided. Arthur performed a field study using beef cattle, and concluded that 30 observations per animal (15 d, cattle fed an ad libitum roughage diet) were sufficient to produce a reliable CH4 emission outcome from the GF system, if the durations of each visit are sufficient (minimum of 3 min). Others have stated that 50 spot measurements per animal were needed over a 17 d period to obtain a high repeatability (R=0.7) for dairy cows. Manafiazar concluded that a minimum of 20 spot samples over a 7- to 14-d period would be highly repeatable as well as highly correlated with feed intake. Ultimately, accurate outcomes from the GF system can be obtained when the operator strictly controls the number and timing of animal visits. This can be easily managed in tie-stalls but is more difficult in grazing systems, Chapter of the Living Handbook Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour – Recommendations from the SmartCow consortium

This guideline will highlight the key steps required when measuring gas exchange of cattle for the estimation of methane emission and heat production (by estimating the relation of emitted CO2 and CH4 to the consumed O2) via a respiration chamber (RC). The authors acknowledge the variation in RC design in different experimental units, and therefore, the mentioned steps within this guideline are common and essential for all. Note that a CO2 and/or CH4 recovery test from the RC should be performed before measuring methane or heat production, and that this guideline is presented in a separate chapter., Chapter of the Living Handbook Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour – Recommendations from the SmartCow consortium

Respiratory Chambers (RCs) were originally constructed with the purpose to study heat production from animals by quantifying oxygen (O2) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) production (initially detailed in the 18th century by Lavoisier and Leplace. Enteric methane (CH4) is measured in calorimetry studies, as CH4 is an energy loss. The RC can therefore be used to quantify the CH4 production from animals, and many new RC units have been constructed during the last decades with the main aim of measuring CH4. A set of tests needs to be established and implemented in order to identify and quantify different systemic and random uncertainties of the RC system. Knowledge about these types of uncertainties is vital for rapid elimination or appropriate correction of data, which in turn improves the accuracy of the gas exchange measurement. The gas recovery tests, for assessing the performance of the whole RC system, can be conducted via different approaches such as continuous gas injection of CO2 or CH4 directly into the closed open-circuit chamber. We believe that a universally acceptable protocol for RC validation ought to be implemented, which would allow a more realistic comparison between the data acquired by RC systems from different research infrastructures. The following guideline has been written with the intention to generate accurate and comparable data from different European research units. This could eventually pave the way for improving our knowledge on energy metabolism and GHG emissions from cattle., Chapter of the Living Handbook Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour – Recommendations from the SmartCow consortium

International audience; Phenotyping animal feed efficiency, the animal’s ability to transform feed into food, is challenging because it is timeand labor consuming and not always feasible in livestock systems based on pasture. Thus, biomarkers should bedeveloped and validated for a high-throughput phenotyping of feed efficiency in practical conditions. The natural 15Nenrichment of animal proteins over the consumed diet (Δ15N = δ15Nanimal- δ15Ndiet) has recently been proposed as abiomarker of animal feed efficiency. This study aimed to confirm by meta-analysis the potential of Δ15N to capturethe between-animal variation in feed conversion efficiency (FCE; body weight gain/ dry matter intake) in young beefcattle reared in different European conditions. For this, individual data of Δ15N measured in plasma and FCE of 468growing-fattening bulls of different pure and cross continental breeds, from 25 different diets, 8 experiments and 3countries (France, UK and Switzerland) were evaluated by regression analysis. All animals were tested for at least 60days for FCE and their blood (7 experiments) or muscle tissue (1 experiment) sampled at the end of the test period.Diets were sampled throughout the feed efficiency test. Diets and animal proteins (plasma or muscle) were analysedfor their natural 15N abundance (δ15N) and the Δ15N was calculated for each animal. Two models were used to assessthe relationship between Δ15N and FCE at the individual level. First, a mixed regression model of FCE on Δ15N withthe experiment and diet as random effects, allowing these two effects to be excluded from the explored relationship.For the second model, residuals were first obtained for FCE and Δ15N after correcting for the experiment and dieteffects and then regressed on each other by simple linear regression. For the first approach, the mixed model confirmedthat Δ15N is significantly (P

International audience; Ruminant feed utilisation efficiency is determined in part by organic matter digestibility (OMD). However, OMDis expensive and time consuming to measure it in routine. Faecal near infrared (faecal-NIR) spectroscopy has beendeveloped for predicting OMD in cattle across, but its potential for estimating the between-animal variability ofOMD has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of of faecal-NIR for assessing thebetween-animal variability of OMD across different dietary and experimental conditions in cattle. Faecal samplesfrom individual beef and dairy cows associated (n=454) to individual measured OMD values were used. Valuesranged from 55.1 and 85.0% (mean±SD; 70.6±4.20%) for 9 experiments at 4 EU sites using 50 different diets. ANIR calibration model for predicting OMD was obtained and validated by cross-validation. Relationship betweencross-validated OMD predictions and measured OMD values were analysed by regression analysis with faecal-NIRcross-validated predictions as fixed factor and diet within experiment as random factor. The faecal-NIR predictionwas positive and correlated (P

This guideline will highlight the key steps required when measuring gas exchange of cattle for the estimation of methane emission and heat production (by estimating the relation of emitted CO2 and CH4 to the consumed O2) via a respiration chamber (RC). The authors acknowledge the variation in RC design in different experimental units, and therefore, the mentioned steps within this guideline are common and essential for all. Note that a CO2 and/or CH4 recovery test from the RC should be performed before measuring methane or heat production, and that this guideline is presented in a separate chapter. The Animal Trait Ontology (ATOL) and Environment Ontology (EOL) for Livestock numbers linked with this guideline are: ATOL_0001390, ATOL_0001391, ATOL_0000772, ATOL_0001529, ATOL_0000837, ATOL_0000835, ATOL_0000359, ATOL_0000363, ATOL_0000351, ATOL_0000239, ATOL_0001393, ATOL_0001491, ATOL_0001518, EOL_0001905, EOL_0001618, EOL_0000178, EOL_00001712, EOL_0001684, EOL_0000067 and EOL_0000164 (for the complete list of ATOL, please visit https://www.atol-ontology.com/en/erter-2/).

A further method for measuring methane production is the sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) tracer technique, which requires inserting a known quantity of the inert tracer into the rumen. The use of the SF₆ tracer technique to quantify enteric CH4 emissions from grazing ruminants was pioneered by Zimmerman and Johnson. The SF₆ tracer technique is an indirect method to quantify CH4 emissions from ruminants because only a representative quantity of gas produced by the animal is collected; the emissions are not quantitatively captured as occurs with the respiration chamber (RC) technique, which is the ‘gold standard’ method. Sulphur hexafluoride is considered an ideal tracer gas because it has similar dispersion characteristics in the rumen as CH₄; it is not toxic for the rumen microbes nor the animal and can be measured at very low (trace) amounts. Historically, the SF₆ tracer method generated data with high variability; however, recent modifications to the technique have reduced some of the sources of systemic error and thus the tracer technique can be used with a high degree of accuracy and precision comparable to (RC)., Chapter of the Living Handbook Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour – Recommendations from the SmartCow consortium

International audience; There is scarce information on whether inhibition of rumen methanogenesis induces metabolic changes on the host ruminant. Understanding these possible changes is important for the acceptance of methane-reducing practices by producers. In this study we explored the changes in plasma profiles associated with the reduction of methane emissions. Plasma samples were collected from lactating primiparous Holstein cows fed the same diet with (Treated, n = 12) or without (Control, n = 13) an anti-methanogenic feed additive for six weeks. Daily methane emissions (CH4, g/d) were reduced by 23% in the Treated group with no changes in milk production, feed intake, body weight, and biochemical indicators of health status. Plasma metabolome analyses were performed using untargeted [nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS)] and targeted (LC–MS/MS) approaches. We identified 48 discriminant metabolites. Some metabolites mainly of microbial origin such as dimethylsulfone, formic acid and metabolites containing methylated groups like stachydrine, can be related to rumen methanogenesis and can potentially be used as markers. The other discriminant metabolites are produced by the host or have a mixed microbial-host origin. These metabolites, which increased in treated cows, belong to general pathways of amino acids and energy metabolism suggesting a systemic non-negative effect on the animal.

Respiratory Chambers (RCs) were originally constructed with the purpose to study heat production from animals by quantifying oxygen (O2) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) production (initially detailed in the 18th century by Lavoisier and Leplace; for the history of calorimetry, see McLean and Tobin [1]. Enteric methane (CH4) is measured in calorimetry studies, as CH4 is an energy loss [2], [3]. The RC can therefore be used to quantify the CH4 production from animals, and many new RC units have been constructed during the last decades with the main aim of measuring CH4. The constructed RCs in research institutes differ in the design or material; however, their principles remain relatively similar. There are both hypobaric (= pull type) and hyperbaric (= push type) RCs, respectively, controlling air pressure below and above atmospheric pressure, depending on the position of the pumping system [4]. The majority of chambers is designed so that the air is sucked through the chamber (pull type/under-pressure), which requires more effort in terms of maintenance and calibration requirement for the gas meters than in push-type systems, where dust and NH3 loads are much less abundant. For all types of chambers, continuous measuring of all gasses of outside air content is essential as there might be contaminant levels, which should not be neglected. A recent ring-test study in the UK revealed that different RC installments are at risk of producing data that is of poorer accuracy than is ideally required [5]. This risk can be avoided through adoption of appropriate calibration regimes for all sensors within a RC system. Finally, proper validation of chambers is necessary for better comparison of gas production from cattle between facilities. Although calibration of different compartments of the RC is essential, particularly in identifying the source of errors, validating the whole system is without a doubt the most crucial of all in establishing the overall performance assessment. A set of tests needs to be established and implemented in order to identify and quantify different systemic and random uncertainties of the RC system. Knowledge about these types of uncertainties is vital for rapid elimination or appropriate correction of data, which in turn improves the accuracy of the gas exchange measurement.The gas recovery tests, for assessing the performance of the whole RC system, can be conducted via different approaches such as continuous gas injection of CO2 or CH4 directly into the closed open-circuit chamber. The ducting efficiency can also be determined by injecting test gas only into the gas extraction pipework without releasing it in the chamber. Gerrits et al. [6] urged researchers to conduct routine gas recovery tests of their RC and to provide the results of the recovery in publication. We believe that a universally acceptable protocol for RC validation ought to be implemented, which would allow a more realistic comparison between the data acquired by RC systems from different research infrastructures. The following guideline has been written with the intention to generate accurate and comparable data from different European research units. This could eventually pave the way for improving our knowledge on energy metabolism and GHG emissions from cattle.

International audience

International audience

During the 20th century, communication, information and entertainment fields converged, under the influence of data digitalisation, network infrastructure development and widespread use of devices whose common characteristic is to be fitted with screens. It is a fact that might be well observed: screens are everywhere in our everyday life, in public spaces and private areas, and their presence generates different reactions, like fear or enthusiasm. Moreover, in making the "digital divide" manifest, the screen plays a role not only by his presence but also through its absence, and its generalization seems to be an important step in making the "global village" a reality. As a matter of fact, screens play a social and cultural key role as they frame more and more of our interactions. But despite this visible growing use, screens remain a little-known artefact. The aim of this research study is to shed light on the cultural origins of the screen, to list its main characteristics, to analyse its evolution and to find the common features between the different items named screen. Through a methodology based on lexicometrical tools and picture analysis, we plan to define the role played by the screen in culture to improve our knowledge of the changes affecting the communication field. Thereby, this work not only contributes to make the invention of the screen emerge from oblivion, but it also can help to take a fresh look at our cultural legacy from different angles.

Knowledge on the flux of nitrogen (N) excreted through urines is essential in animal nutritionsince it may provide information on animal N metabolism and the extent of environmental Npollution. Both the 15N natural enrichment of animal proteins over the diet (Δ15Nanimal-diet) and themilk urea N (MUN) concentration have been previously linked to N partitioning. The objective ofthis meta-analysis was to test the effect of combination of Δ15Nanimal-diet in plasma and MUN forpredicting the urinary N excretion (UNE) in dairy cows. Individual data on Δ15Nanimal-diet in plasma,MUN, and UNE of 177 cow/period observations were evaluated by meta-analysis. Data wereanalyzed by mixed-model regression analysis. When model was fitted with either Δ15Nanimal-diet orMUN, both biomarkers were capable to independently predict UNE. However, when Δ15Nanimal-dietand MUN were combined in one model, both biomarkers remained significant and the error ofthe model decreased. In conclusion, both Δ15Nanimal-diet and MUN can predict UNE and theircombination can strengthen the prediction capacity of the model.

The antimethanogenic compound 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP) has been proven efficient to reduce methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants but it has been tested mainly on high-producing dairy cows fed high-concentrate diets. The aim of this work was to test the effect of 3NOP on CH4 emissions from medium-yielding cows fed a high-forage diet. Twenty-eight lactating dairy cows were recruited within 7-11 days after calving and distributed in 2 balanced groups in a randomized block design. The treated group received 3NOP (60 mg/kg DM basis) in a total mixed ration during 105 days and the control group received a placebo. The diet had 75% forage (52% corn silage, 17% hay, 6% straw) plus 25% concentrate and was distributed once a day after the morning milking. Individual daily kinetics of CH4 emissions were quantified using the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA). Intake and milk production were recorded daily, and milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, urea) twice a week. Intake was reduced with 3NOP (-1.6 kg DM on average; P = 0.01) whereas milk production was similar between groups (34.7 kg/d of energy corrected milk on average; P = 0.28). Milk composition did not vary between groups. Feed conversion efficiency in animals tended to increase with 3NOP (1.37 vs. 1.46 kg milk/kg DM intake on average; P = 0.07). Methane emissions, CH4 yield and CH4 intensity were lower in the treated group throughout the 105 days (on average -31% g/d, -25% g/kg DM intake, and -30% g/kg energy corrected milk, P < 0.0001). When monitoring daily kinetics of CH4 emissions, we observed that the major mitigation effect of the 3NOP occurred after feeding by preventing the post-prandial peak of CH4 emissions (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the CH4-reduction effect persisted for the duration of the study in early lactation dairy cows fed a 75% forage-based diet. The additive consistently prevented the CH4 production peak after the main meal of the day (P < 0.001). In systems without a total mixed ration, 3NOP should still have a significant antimethanogenic effect if provided throughout the main daily feeding period.

International audience; The sustainability of cattle production relies on improved resource use efficiency, reduced GHG emissions, and improved animal health and welfare. Facing this challenge require far more complex animal traits than previously that need to be assessed under a range of conditions. It is now time to look for means to phenotype complex animal traits using smart technologies and rapid analytical methods in a standardised way applied in many contexts. The SmartCow infrastructure project (www.smartcow.eu) was selected by the European Commission for 4 years from 1st February 2018. The project will ensure that existing guidelines are adopted (e.g. ICAR guidelines) and work towards the use of unified measurement methods when no international standard is existing. The development of the cattle ontology of traits (ATOL) and the ontology of environmental conditions (EOL) will be an important step to unify research methodologies. Refining in vivo methods to evaluate feed efficiency and gas emissions will generate innovations in experimental design for more accuracy. The development of new biomarkers (proxies) that can be easily measured in milk, faeces, urine, or blood through rapid analytical methods (e.g. infrared spectroscopy) will bring new phenotyping capacities. The development of tools to generate new and improved information from animal sensors and other routinely collected data (e.g. prediction of individual cow status in terms of health and welfare) will also enable a more efficient phenotyping and genetic selection of cattle. Finally, transnational access to 11 major research infrastructures will provide access to around 2500 dairy and 1000 beef cattle and generate new phenotyping opportunities in research projects to be financed by the SmartCow project. Eleven projects have already been selected after the first call.

Session 45 - Théâtre 14; Diet digestibility and intake are animal traits difficult to measure in practice. Thus, several indirect methods including faecal visible/near infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy, have been developed for predicting these traits. The development of this technology requires great number of samples, which are not always obtained in standardized conditions among experiments. Consequently, the lack of standardization could be associated to a loss of precision of VIS/NIR models. In order to test this hypothesis, we used 88 VIS/NIR spectra of faeces sampled on cattle beef and dairy cows from 3 different experiments (De la Torre et al., 2019; Herremans et al., 2019; Fanchone et al., 2013). Experiments included measurements of the individual organic matter digestibility (OMD) and daily dry matter intake (DI) of animals. Two calibration strategies were compared for predicting these measurements: (1) specific experiment calibration and (2) a global calibration procedure. Models were assessed by standard error of cross-validation (SECV) and coefficient of determination of cross-validation (R2CV). The SECV was separated into bias and SECV corrected by bias SECV(C). Bias and SECV(C) for both calibration strategies were compared using the procedure of Fearn (1996). Data sets gave value ranges of 0.60-0.78 for OMD and 53-181 g/kg body weight (BW)0.75 for DI. For OMD, the SECV and R2CV were 0.02 and 0.86 for both specific experiment calibration and global calibration procedure. For DI, the SECV and R2CV were 6.90 g/kg BW0.75 and 0.96 respectively, for the specific experiment calibration and 7.62 g/kg BW0.75 and 0.95, respectively, for the global calibration procedure. For both, OMD and DI, no significant differences between calibration strategies were found for bias and SECV(C). From the results of this preliminary study, we conclude that mixing data from experiments conducted in very different conditions does not degrade the precision of the obtained VIS/NIRS models to predict OMD and DI in cattle.

International audience; Decreasing enteric CH4 emissions is important in mitigating the environmental impact of livestock farming. The present meta-analysis examined effects of nutritional mitigation practices on absolute CH4 emissions (g/animal/d) and CH4 yield [g CH4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)] as well as on DMI (kg/d), average daily gain (kg/d), milk production (kg/d), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (%). The database for this analysis consisted of over 400 studies. Only studies that reported statistical variance were included in the analysis (295 studies and 644 treatment mean comparisons). A standard random-effects meta-analysis weighted by inverse variance was carried out. The effects of the standardized mean difference (SMD) were classified as small (≤-0.2 and >-0.5), medium (≤-0.5 and >-0.8), and large (≤-0.8). Of the analyzed treatments, inclusion of chemical inhibitors, electron sinks, and lipids had a large effect on absolute CH4 emissions (-2.1 ± 0.5, -1.6 ± 0.2, and -1.3 ± 0.2 SMD ± SE, respectively; P 0.15), whereas electron sinks and lipids led to a small decrease in DMI (-0.2 ± 0.1, and -0.4 ± 0.1 SMD ± SE, respectively; P ≤0.01) without affecting animal productivity (P >0.05). Although these nutritional strategies effectively reduced CH4 emissions without compromising animal productivity, their adoption will largely depend on their economic feasibility.

International audience

International audience

List of investigators of the French Monogenic Diabetes Study Group of the Société Francophone du Diabète (29 ko). (DOCX 24 kb)

Table S1. Cases with class 3/4/5 variants identified in two genes. Table S2. Loss-of-function variants identified in ABCC8 and KCNJ11. Table S3. List of novel pathogenic (Class 5) or likely pathogenic (Class 4) variants. Table S4. List of known class 4–5 variants identified in ABCC8, HNF1B, KCNJ11, and INS genes. Table S5. Main characteristics of the 15 patients with HNF1B-MODY. Table S6. Main characteristics at the onset of diabetes in patients with monogenic vs. non-monogenic diabetes. Table S7. List of variants of uncertain significance (class 3). Figure S1. Main characteristics at diagnosis of diabetes in patients with monogenic diabetes according to the involved gene. Figure S2. Main characteristics at diagnosis of diabetes in patients with (M+) and without (M−) monogenic diabetes. Figure S3. Hierarchical clustering of 1495 patients with a clinical suspicion of monogenic diabetes. (304 ko). (DOCX 290 kb)

There is a need to quantify methane (CH4) emissions with alternative methods. For the past decade, milk fatty acids (MFA) could be used as proxies to predict CH4 emissions from dairy cows because of potential common rumen biochemical pathways. However, equations have been developed based on a narrow range of diets and with limited data. The objectives of this study were to (1) construct a set of empirical models based on individual data of CH4 emissions and MFA from a large number of lactating dairy cows fed a wide range of diets; (2) further increase the models' level of complexity (from farm to research level) with additional independent variables such as dietary chemical composition (organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, starch, and ether extract), dairy performance (milk yield and composition), and animal characteristics (days in milk or body weight); and (3) evaluate the performance of the developed models on independent data sets including measurements from individual animals or average measurements of groups of animals. Prediction equations based only on MFA [C10:0, iso C17:0 + trans-9 C16:1,cis-11 C18:1, and trans-11,cis-15 C18:2 for CH4 production (g/d); iso C16:0, cis-11 C18:1, trans-10 C18:1, and cis-9,cis-12 C18:2 for CH4 yield (g/kg of dry matter intake, DMI); and iso C16:0, cis-15 C18:1, and trans-10 + trans-11 C18:1 for CH4 intensity (g/kg of milk)] had a root mean squared error of 65.1 g/d, 2.8 g/kg of DMI, and 2.9 g/kg of milk, respectively, whereas complex equations that additionally used DMI, dietary neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, days in milk, and body weight had a lower root mean squared error of 46.6 g/d, 2.6 g/kg of DMI, and 2.7 g/kg of milk, respectively). External evaluation with individual or mean data not used for equation development led to variable results. When evaluations were performed using individual cow data from an external data set, accurate predictions of CH4 production (g/d) were obtained using simple equations based on MFA. Better performance was observed on external evaluation with individual data for the simple equation of CH4 production (g/d, based on MFA), whereas better performance was observed on external evaluation mean data for the simple equation of CH4 yield (g/kg of DMI). The performance of evaluation of the models is dependent on the domain of validity of the evaluation data sets used (individual or mean).