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iTRAQ labeling with two 8-plex iTRAQ kits was performed in the Proteomic facility of the Institute of Biomedicine of Seville using their standard protocols. Individual liver samples were isolated in urea lysis buffer (8 M urea, 25 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaF, 10 mM Na4P2O7, 50 mM β-glycerophospate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1:100 protease inhibitors and 1:100 deacetylase inhibitors, pH 8). Samples were sonicated for 10 seconds and centrifuged at 20000 x g for 15 min at 4 ºC. The supernatant was harvested and stored at -80º C. Then, samples were reduced with 50 mM tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (AB Sciex) at 60 °C for 1 hour with shaking and were subsequently alkylated using 200 mM S-methyl methanethiosulfonate (AB Sciex) for 30 min at room temperature. Samples were then trypsinized at 37 °C in a 10:1 ratio (w/w) of substrate/enzyme in a water bath overnight (Promega). Then, samples were speed-vac dried. The iTRAQ-labeling assay was conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions (iTRAQ 8-plex, AB Sciex). Briefly, peptides were reconstituted in 1M triethylammonium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.05% SDS, 1:100 phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, 1:100 protease inhibitor cocktail, and 0.002% benzonase (Novagen, Argentina) and labeled with one isobaric amine-reactive tag. After 2 hoursof incubation, labeled samples were pooled, dried at 45 °C, and stored overnight at 4 °C. iTRAQ-labeled samples were desalted using Oasis HLB C18 cartridges (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) and dried using a vacuum centrifuge. Peptides were then prefractionated using MCX Oasis columns (Waters) and increasing concentrations (50-2000 mM) of ammonium formate. Fractions were collected, individually washed using C18 cartridges and dried. Peptides from each fraction were separated using nano-liquid chromatography (nano LC 1000, Thermo Scientific) and analyzed by means of nano-electrospray ionization (Proxeon Biosystems, Odense, Denmark) connected to a Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). Briefly, 13 µL of each fraction was loaded, preconcentrated, and washed in an Acclaim PepMap (75 µm × 2 cm, nanoViper, C18, 3 µm, 100 Å) precolumn (Thermo Scientific). Peptides were separated in an analytical column (75 µm × 15 cm, nanoViper, C18, 2 µm, 100 Å, Acclaim PepMap RSLC) for 240 min at 200 nL/min (Thermo Scientific). Peptides were eluted with a gradient of buffer A (0.1% formic acid, 100% H2O) to buffer B (0.1% formic acid, 100% acetonitrile).Files contain data from the different fractions for iTRAQ experiments used for protein detection in RAW format.

Camelina sativa is a short-cycle oilseed plant that belongs to the Brassicaceae family. It is genetically close to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana having an easy and reliable method of transformation. This plant is of industrial interest due to the high amount of oil that its seeds accumulate, but one of its main drawbacks is its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which makes the oil unstable and raises its melting point. In this regard, the lipid metabolism of camelina was previously genetically engineered to obtain lines that accumulate palmitic acid (16:0) or palmitoleic acid (16:1), being the latter of high interest because of its stability and low viscosity, properties that enable the development of improved industrial products such as biofuels or biolubricants. The strategy set in this work to decrease the PUFAS and VLCFAs from that line involved the repression of the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and the fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) complex by techniques of RNA interference. Obtaining plants with the maximum oil production performance is also one of our main objectives. Thus, new camelina lines are being engineered by repressing or knocking down the biotin/lipoyl attachment domain containing (BADC) proteins, a set of negative regulators of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), to increase the carbon flux towards the oil synthesis pathway.

Extremophilic microalgae have the ability to grow and adapt their metabolism to extreme conditions including acidic pH, high or very low temperature, or the presence of high concentrations of heavy metals. In addition to their ecological importance as primary producers in extreme environments, these organisms also have biotechnological potential since they produce several beneficial compounds as metabolism side-products including lipids or carbohydrates. Autophagy is a degradative process by which eukaryotic cells eliminate toxic or superfluous cellular components in order to cope with stress or unfavorable conditions and maintain cellular homeostasis. We have demonstrated that autophagy is a pro-survival mechanism that is upregulated by a wide range of stress conditions such as nutrient starvation or metal toxicity in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, autophagy has never been investigated in extremophiles and it is currently unknown whether this catabolic process play a role in the adaptation of these organisms to adverse environments. To address this question, we have isolated a new microalga, Chlamydomonas urium, from the Tinto River (Nerva, Spain), a well-characterized extremely acidic river with a high content of heavy metals. Genome sequencing and annotation revealed that core ATG genes are conserved in C. urium, indicating that autophagy must be conserved in extremophilic organisms. Our studies by western blot analysis, ultrastructural microscopy and metabolomics showed that autophagy is a highly dynamic process in C. urium. Interestingly, the inhibition of autophagic flux results in a large increase of triacylglycerols and starch, the two main carbon storage molecules. Thus, our results pinpoint autophagy as a central process regulating carbon storage in the new extremophilic microalga C. urium., This work was supported in part by Junta de Andalucía (Grant P20_00057)

Sunfiower seeds are achenes growing as a part of a multiple fiower. They eonsist of an oil rieh eotyledon eovered by a ligneous hull. Sunfiower seed hull eontains a fairly high amount of wax esters (WEs) that proteet the embryo from humidity and pests attaek. These WEs are also present in erude sunfiower oil, eonferring it viseosity and turbidity. They often have to be removed tbrough winterization and aid filtration. Sunfiower WEs are formed for C32 to C56 saturated speeies, formed by CI8 to C32 fatty aeids and aleohols. In the present work we studied the proeess of WE aeeumulation in sunfiower seeds, analyzing its amount and eomposition of along the seed development proeess. Furthermore, we sereened sunfiower genome searehing for genes eandidates responsible of their synthesis. Among them, we found several fatty acid reductases (FAR) and wax synthases (WS) that are expressed in the hull during seed developmento These gene candidates were st.udied in terms of gene expression and subeellular loeation. Once doned, tbese gene.s were expre~sed in yeast ro asseES them as active enzyme and study their substrate speeificity. The eont ribution of the different genes to the synthesis of sunfiower seed \YEs was discussed attending ro substrate specificity and product analysis. T he possible applieation of these genes for the future production of saturated WEs in other species was also considered.

In sunflower, the biochemical pathways leading to oil synthesis and accumulation seeds hare been largely stud how these pathways are regulated is less well understood. WRLE KLED1 (WRII) factor, a member of the AP2/ER,EBP class, is considered a kep regulator in the control of carbon allocation between the glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways' The AW box (CNTNG(N)7CG) is characterized as an ,4¿WR.I1 ninaing element nith a location-sensitive feature in Arabidopsis. In this work, we identified the sunflowe r WRI1 gen and characterized its activity in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). We studied its role as a co-regulator of sunflower genes involved,in plastidial fatty acid synthesis, identifying tbc gene isoforms that are recognized and bound Uy ttre transcription factor. We also determired the base bias at the N positions in the active sunflower AWbox motif. The sunflower AWbox b sequence-sensitive at the nolt-conserved positions, enabling WRll-binding. Moreover, sunflosu WR'I1 could bind to a non-canonical AW-box motif, opening the possibility of searchi¡g fbr ner target genes.

Camelina sativa is a short-cycle oilseed plant that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, whose oil is of interest for oleochemical industry. It is genetically close to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its transformation process is relatively simple. One of the main drawbacks of camelina oil is its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which makes it unstable and raise its melting point. In this regard, the lipid metabolism of camelina was previously genetically engineered to obtain lines that accumulate palmitic acid (16:0) or palmitoleic acid (16:1), being the latter of high interest because of its stability and low viscosity, properties that enable the development of industrial products such as biolubricants. However, these lines produce high levels of PUFAs and VLCFAs. Therefore, our aim is to obtain stable camelina lines rich in high oleic (18:1) acid. To achieve this goal it is necessary to reduce the activity of the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) enzyme, as well as repress the enzyme fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1). Moreover, further modifi cations are made in order to increase the total amount of oils produced by the Camelina seeds. The biotin/lipoyl attachment domain containing (BADC) proteins, a set of negative regulators of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), will knockdown too. All these modifi cations will be carried out using the hair- pin RNA technique, proved to be especially effi cient to repress gene expression in camelina.

A high stearic oilseed stearin fat comprising: - from 19% to 95% of disaturated triglycerides in which the (w/w) ratio of disaturated triglycerides with one oleic acid to disaturated triglycerides with one linoleic acid (SOS/SLS) is higher than 1; - and at least 1% of trisaturated triglycerides; in which the Ssn-2/Stotal x 100 value is of from 11 to 98; and a process for preparing the same, Bunge Növényolajipari Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

A high stearic oilseed stearin fat comprising: - from 19% to 95% of disaturated triglycerides in which the (w/w) ratio of disaturated triglycerides with one oleic acid to disaturated triglycerides with one linoleic acid (SOS/SLS) is higher than 1; - and at least 1% of trisaturated triglycerides; in which the Ssn-2/Stotal x 100 value is of from 11 to 98; and a process for preparing the same, Bunge Növényolajipari Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

4 Tablas.-- 1 Figura, This chapter reviews the latest advancements in high-oleic sunflower seed development and agronomy and recent information on oil properties, quality, and applications. Thermal and oxidative stability of the high-oleic sunflower seed oil has been highlighted. A brief historical overview of the companies involved in high-oleic sunflower seed development and marketing is also presented in the chapter. Although high-oleic sunflower oil is mostly used in food applications because of its premium quality and high stability, other potential applications of the oil in industrial products are also discussed.

8 Páginas.-- 2 Tablas.-- 2 Figuras Regular sunflower oil is rich in linoleic acid. To improve its properties for different applications several genotypes with modified fatty acid compositions have been developed. Amongst them, the most remarkable have been high oleic and high stearic types. High stearic sunflower lines reported to date have been produced by traditional methods of breeding and mutagenesis. The mutations affected the expression of enzymes responsible for stearate desaturation in developing seeds. This trait has been combined with standard and high oleic backgrounds, giving high stearic lines with high contents of linoleic or oleic acids and thus different physical properties, increasing their functionality and potential applications. Nevertheless, for applications requiring plastic or confectionery fats, the oils have to be fractionated to obtain derived fats and butters with higher levels of solids. In the present review we present recent advances for the above mentioned topics related to high stearic sunflower oils. L’huile de tournesol conventionnelle est riche en acide linoléique. Afin d’améliorer ses propriétés pour différentes applications, plusieurs génotypes avec des compositions d’acides gras modifiées ont été développés. Parmi eux, les plus remarquables ont été ceux à haute teneur en acide oléique et en acide stéarique. Les lignées de tournesol à haute teneur en acide stéarique rapportées à ce jour ont été produites par des méthodes traditionnelles de sélection et de mutagenèse. Les mutations ont affecté l’expression des enzymes responsables de la désaturation des stéarates dans les graines en développement. Ce trait a été introduit dans des lignées conventionnelles et à haute teneur en acide oléique, donnant du matériel à haute teneur en stéarate avec des teneurs élevées en acides linoléique ou oléique et donc des propriétés physiques différentes, augmentant leur fonctionnalité et leurs applications potentielles. Néanmoins, pour les applications nécessitant des graisses plastiques ou de confiserie, les huiles doivent être fractionnées pour obtenir des graisses et des beurres dérivés avec des niveaux plus élevés de solides. Dans cette revue, nous présentons les avancées récentes concernant les sujets mentionnés ci-dessus liés aux huiles de tournesol à haute teneur en stéarique.

22 Páginas.-- 2 Figuras, Challenges in the food industry relate not only to demographic pressure and environment protection, but also to new consumer demands and specific health requirements. Multidisciplinary studies on raw materials, waste valorisation, efficient green technologies, new products and biodegradable smart packaging are needed. Real-time process control, quality, safety and authenticity will rely on powerful proces analytical technology, multi-sensors and advanced computing and digitalisation systems

10th ANNUAL MEETING AND YOUNG INVESTIGATORS SYMPOSIUM, Barcelona, November 6 - 8, 2019

17th Euro Fed Lipid Congress 20-23 October 2019, Seville, Spain, Plastids are the major site of de novo fatty acid synthesis in plants, where acetyl-CoA is the first intermediate. This metabolite is generated from pyruvate through the action of the plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA, CO2 and NADH. E2 subunit of PDH is a dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase which needs lipoic acid prosthetic group bound covalently for the correct function of the full complex. Lipoic acid is a sulfur containing coenzyme which proceeds from the short-chain fatty acid octanoate with two thiol substituents at C6 and C8. In plants, very little is known about lipoic acid biosynthesis but octanoyltransferase (LIP2) and lipoyl synthase (LIP1) enzymes have been proposed to be involved in de novo synthesis and attachment of this cofactor to their specific targets. In the first step, LIP2 transfer the octanoyl moiety from octanoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to apoproteins such as E2-PDH. Then LIP1 activity generates in lipoic acid by addition of two sulfur atoms to produce the lipoic acid and thus the lipoylated protein. Since no transport of lipoic acid has been demonstrated into plastids, these organelles need specific plastidial LIP1 and LIP2 activities. An essential LIP1 and two redundant LIP2 enzymes have been elucidated in chloroplasts from A. thaliana. Here, we report two LIP2 isoforms being expressed in sunflower plastids. Both genes were identified (HaLIP2p1 and HaLIP2p2) and cloned in a heterologous system (Escherichia coli). Effect of both HaLIP2p1 and HaLIP2p2 in fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria was analyzed. Molecular characterization of protein sequences and tertiary structure models for both novel octanoyltransferases were made and critical residues in active site were studied to understand activity mechanism of both proteins. Transgenic A. thaliana plants overexpressing HaLIP2p1 were generated and total fatty acids from transgenic matured seeds were measured. To detect possible changes in lipid metabolism of this overexpression, a lipidomic approach of transgenic seeds was also performed. * This work was funded by the MINECO and FEDER Project AGL2017-83449-R and CSIC Project I-LINK1186.

9th European Symposium on Plant Lipids 07 July 2019 - 10 July 2019, Marseille, Lipoyl synthases are key enzymes in lipoic acid biosynthesis, a cofactor of several enzyme complexes involved in central metabolism. Plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) is located in mitochondria and plastids, where it catalyses oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA, CO2 and NADH, the first step in fatty acids biosynthesis in these organelles. Among their different components, the E2 subunit of PDH is a dihydrolipoylated protein, which needs the lipoic acid prosthetic group to be active. De novo lipoic acid biosynthesis is performed from octanoyl-ACP by the successive action of the enzymes octanoyltransferase (LIP2) and lipoyl synthase (LIP1). In the present study, two plastidial lipoyl synthases genes from sun¿ower (Helianthus annuus) were identified (HaLip1p1 and HaLip1p2), sequenced and cloned in a heterologous production system (Escherichia coli). Gene expression studies revealed similar expression patterns for both isoforms with a slight predominance of HaLip1p1 in vegetative tissues and mature seeds. Tertiary structure models for both enzymes showed the same theoretical catalytic sites in both enzymes using lipoyl-lys and 5-deoxyadenosine as docking substrates. E. coli cells overexpressing HaLIP1p1 and HaLIP1p2 did not show large differences in fatty acids profile, but in vivo activities of both proteins were tested by complementation of a defective lipoyl synthase E. coli JW0623 mutant. Although significant differences were not detected in total fatty acids composition of Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic seeds overexpressing each of both proteins, a lipidomic analysis revealed a redistribution in glycerolipids species, with increased PE content and a decrease in DAGs, PC and TAGs containing unsaturated fatty acids. A depletion of SAM cofactor caused by HaLIP1p1 and HaLIP1p2 overexpression in transgenic plants could be the explanation for this remodelling by affecting phosphocholine synthesis. * This work was funded by the MINECO and FEDER Project AGL2017-83449-R and CSIC Project I-LINK1186.

Plant Lipids: Structure, Metabolism and Function Gordon Research Conference Integrating Novel Genomic, Biophysical, Computational and Visualization Approaches to Advance Plant Lipid Research January 27 - February 1, 2019, Castor is a very promising platform for the production of oils for in industrial applications (Mutlu & Meier, 2010). The castor biotechnology work is hampered by the fact that there is not a well-set procedure for castor transformation and lack of knowledge about gene regulation and promoter use in this species. In the last years important advances have been achieved, as it is the production of lines with low toxicity seeds (Sousa et al., 2017). In our research we have developed a method for transient transformation of castor developing endosperm that allowed testing different promoters and constructs for protein or hairpin-RNA expression in this tissue. The levels of expression of different promoters were tested, as also were the expression of an elongase from Lesquerela fedleri and antisense and CRISPR/Cas9 constructs towards the hydroxylase gene (FAH12). Furthermore, a method based on transformation and regeneration of immature embryo axes was also set up to produce permanent castor transgenic plants. The production of new lines of castor with new and interesting traits is on the way.

Symposium on Small Molecules in Plant Research: Chemistry and Biology 10 - 11 Dec 2019 IBMCP, Valencia, Spain

17th Euro Fed Lipid Congress 20-23 October 2019, Seville, Spain, Castor plant produces seeds rich in ricinoleic acid (80 to 90%), an hydroxylated fatty acid, and with up to 60% oil. Castor seed oil has many non-food applications, including the production of biolubricants, bioplastics, cosmetics, paintings and covers. Moreover, castor plant is a productive oil crop that is not demanding in terms of soil and water and can be growth in marginal lands. However, the high toxicity of the seeds has always been an important burden at the time of manage large productions of this crop. Castor seed oil synthesis have been object of intensive research, due this plant is able to accumulate large amounts of one specific fatty acid, so the metabolic machinery associated to this fact is of a great interest because it can give information about how to make oil crops to accumulate single fatty acids. The research on castor seed biosynthetic machinery and biotechnology have been always hampered by the lack of a standard protocol of castor plant transformation. In this regard, in the present work we developed straightforward and reliable procedures enabling the transient and permanent transformation of castor plant. Transient transformation made possible to quick assessment of genetic constructions and testing different promoters in this species. Furthermore, permeant plants encoding for a silencing gene construct against castor hydroxylase were also developed. This plants produced seeds with lower levels of ricinoleic acid and a considerable reduction of the oil content. The comparison of this phenotype with the wild type plant and the OLE-1 high oleic castor seed mutant gave interesting insights of the process of castor seed oil synthesis. The perspectives of making castor seed an oil biofactory in the future will be discussed at the view of results.

17th Euro Fed Lipid Congress 20-23 October 2019, Seville, Spain, Castor seeds accumulate large amounts of oil (up to 60%) rich in ricinoleic acid, an hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor oil metabolism has been object of intensive study due the unique capacity of this plant of accumulating such high proportions of a single unusual fatty acid. Those studies revealed that developing castor seeds possessed a special enzymatic machinery able to channel ricinoleic acid into the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction in a very efficient and specific way. Thus, this fatty acid is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum by action of a specific fatty acid hydroxylase. This enzyme acts on oleate moieties sterified to phosphatidylcholine (PC) inserting an hydroxyl group in the delta-12 position of oleate. The hydroxylated fatty acids are quickly removed from the polar lipid fraction and incorporated into TAGs. Several paths for ricinoleic metabolism have been depicted, a specific phospholipase, enzymes able to interconvert PC to diacylglycerols (DAGs) and very specific DAG:acyl-CoA acyltransferases. Hydroxylated fatty acids other than ricinoleic can be found in the seeds of other species. This is the case of lesquerolic acid, which is accumulated in Lesquerella fendleri, dimorphecolic acid (Dimorphoteca sinuata) or coriolic acid (Coriaria myrtifolia). All them are hydroxylated fatty acids that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group, chain length and/or unsaturations from those in ricinoleic acid and are also of interest for oleochemistry. The capacity of castor enzymatic machinery to process hydroxylated fatty acids other than ricinoleic was investigated in the present work. This involved the preparation of appropriate high-specificity radiolabeled fatty acid precursors followed of the study of their metabolism by castor developing seed membranes and the transient expression of enzymes modifying ricinoleic acid in developing castor seeds. The potential of castor as a biofactory for the production of specialty fatty acids will be discussed at the view of the results.

17th Euro Fed Lipid Congress 20-23 October 2019, Seville, Spain, Histone modifications play an integral role in plant development. Investigating chromatin organization in developing seeds and its role in regulating gene expression allows us to understand the mechanisms underlying fatty acid biosynthesis during oil accumulation process and identify novel functional regions in oleaginous plant genomes. Oleaginous seeds pose a challenge for using high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) techniques due to the rich oils could seriously affect inmunprecipitation and DNA isolation. In this study we investigated the role of the modified histone H3K4me3 (trimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3) in gene expression during different stages of the seed development using ChiP-seq in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Profiles of annotated genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis associated to chromatin regions upregulated or downregulated have been analyzed. Identification of sequences associated to the master regulator of the fatty acid biosynthesis WRI1 has been also carried out.

Vegetable oils are usually rich in unsaturated fatty acids which are susceptible to oxidation. The oxidation of vegetable oils has been one of the most widely studied fields within lipid chemistry, because it alters their properties and nutritive value, inducing the formation of harmful compounds and off-flavors. Moreover, oxidized vegetable oils display altered physical and chemical properties which are conferred by the newer oxy-genated compounds they contain. This is the case of ozonized oils. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that mainly acts on olefinic compounds which generate ozonides and other peroxidic species that can decompose into carbonilic fragments. The action of the oxidant and the later reactions depend on the chemical environment of the reaction as well as the carbonyl termination products resulting from peroxide cleavage. In recent years, sunflower oils with different fatty acid compositions have been developed by breeding and mutagenesis. They displayed higher contents of oleic, stearic or palmitic acids, which mainly alters their triacylglycerol composi-tion. Therefore, four different sunflower oils, common, high oleic, high stearic-high oleic and high palmitic-high oleic, were oxidized with ozone and the progress of the reaction was monitored by measuring the level of oil peroxygenation and the changes in the oils’ fatty acid compositions. The peroxidated species formed during ozonation were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. The main conclusions of this work were that ozonation caused linear oxidation rates that were similar in all the oils assayed. The addition of water accelerated oxidation, which tended to occur in linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acid The FT-IR pointed to the presence of ozonide-derived peroxides as the major oxygenated species. Los aceites vegetales son generalmente ricos en ácidos grasos insaturados susceptibles de oxidación. La oxi-dación de aceites vegetales ha sido un campo de estudio intensivo dentro de la química de lípidos ya que este proceso altera sus propiedades y valor nutritivo, induciendo la formación de compuestos perjudiciales y olores y sabores indeseados. Además, los aceites vegetales oxidados muestran propiedades físicas alteradas conferidas por los nuevos compuestos oxigenados que contienen. Este es el caso de los aceites ozonizados. El ozono es un agente oxidante enérgico que actúa sobre los compuestos olefínicos generando ozónidos y otras especies peroxídicas que se descomponen en fragmentos carbonílicos. La acción del oxidante y las reacciones posteriores dependen del entorno químico de la reacción además de los productos carbonílicos de terminación resultante de la rotura de los peróxidos. El aceite de girasol común es rico en oleico y linoleico, susceptibles de ataque oxida-tivo por parte del ozono. En los últimos años, aceites de girasol con composiciones diferentes de ácidos grasos se han desarrollado por selección y mutagénesis. Estos aceites muestran altos contenidos en oleico, esteárico o palmítico, los cuales alteran de manera importante su composición de triglicéridos. Este trabajo es el primero de una serie de dos en los cuales se estudian los cambios físico-químicos que dichos aceites de girasol experimentan durante la ozonización. Así, se oxidaron con ozono cuatro aceites de girasol diferentes, girasol común, alto oleico, alto esteárico-alto oleico y alto palmítico-alto oleico. Se monitorizaron las cantidades absorbidas de ozono, los niveles de peroxidación y los ácidos grasos que experimentaron oxidación. Las especies formadas en el proceso se estudiaron mediante espectroscopía FT-IR. El modo en que la composición de ácidos grasos del aceite afectó a las cinéticas de oxidación y los productos resultantes se comentaron a la vista de los resultados. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ICOOPCOOPB20153

17th Euro Fed Lipid Congress 20-23 October 2019, Seville, Spain, cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (20:1¿¿9, EA) is a monounsaturated fatty acid that is contained in a variety of plant oils. Some of these oils have a special interest for the industry due to they could be used in engine lubricant oil, pharmaceutical compounds and cosmetics. Approximately 48% of the fatty acid composition in Koelreuteria paniculate oil correspond to EA. The specificity of the acyl-ACP thioesterases plays an important role in controlling the fatty acid composition of seed oil. In order to determine the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in Koelreuteria paniculate seeds, we isolated, cloned and sequenced two cDNA coding for acyl-ACP thioesterases, KpFatA1 and KpFatB1. Both of them were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized with different acyl-ACP substrates. Whereas KpFatA1 encodes a functional thioesterase with preference for monounsaturated acyl-ACPs (18:1-ACP), the KpFatB1 thioesterase showed higher efficiencies (kcat/KM) for saturated acyl-ACPs (18:0-ACP and 16:0-ACP) than KpFatA1. Lipid composition of tobacco leaves agroinfiltered with KpFatA1 and KpFatB1 for their transient expression was analysed. The results showed changes in the fatty acid composition of leaves overexpressing KpFats respect to non-agroinfiltered ones.

Resumen del póster presentado en la VII Jornada de Biotecnología de los másteres de la UPO, celebrada en Sevilla (España) del 2 de marzo de 2018., [Motivation]: The human population continues to grow and it is necessary to produce more and better quality food to meet the world population's demand. Genetic engineering opens great possibilities to improve the quantity of available food. The cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant is the basis of food for more than 1 billion people in the world. All plants have genes coding for oil biosynthetic pathways and transcription factors that activate the expression of these genes. If these transcription factors are activated in other tissues, like roots, the conversion of sucrose to oil could increase. In this way, crops that accumulate sugars and starch could become more nutritious (2.2 times more energy than carbohydrates). It has been shown that starch and oil can accumulate in the same cell, as is the case for oats (Ekman et al., 2008). In this project, cassava has been chosen as a model plant because it has a high starch content in their edible roots., [Methods]: Two somatic embryos were obtained from mother plants with ecotype 60444. The in-vitro plants will be transformed by the vector via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The functional annotation of the cassava proteome was carried out using Sma3s (Casimiro-Soriguer et al., 2017). This annotation will allow us to know the function of the protein-coding genes present in cassava. To know those genes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids they must be filtered. The expression of these genes in different tissues was comparated with ArrayExpress. Posible candidates will be examined in order to choose the most suitable ones to be transformed and expressed in the cassava plants., [Results]: From 41,381 cassava predicted proteins, 35,889 were scored, meaning Sma3s annotated 86% of the proteome. The list of possible candidates is currently around 600 genes and their expression wilI checked with public database. In vitro plants are growing and the second phase of the transformation will be begun., [Conclusions]: The project will (i) expand knowledge on cassava, particularly on the development of their storage organs, such as roots and seeds, as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and (ii) develop a cassava crop modification platform using genetic engineering techniques. This work aims to cover two demands of society, try to mitigate hunger, and on the other hand be able to extrapolate the scientific knowledge generated to other crops of interest to cover the current demand for vegetable oil.

Trabajo presentado en la VII Jornada de Biotecnología de los másteres de la UPO, celebrada en Sevilla el 2 de marzo de 2018, [Motivation] Currently, the cassava is the basis of food for more than 1 billion people in the world. In this instance, the modification of the nutritional composition of plant foods is an urgent matter, since the basic nutritional needs of the world population are not yet covered. The identification of the transcription factors that regulate oil biosynthesis could give tools to redirect sucrose to oil in the root of tuberculous cultures. In cassava, most of the research that has been done has focused on the tuber, with little study of the seeds and their characteristics. In Cassava the factors that direct the flow of carbon towards the different reserve tissues and determine the final composition of the tissue in the plant are not known. The proposed research line aims to deepen the knowledge of the fatty acid biosynthesis in cassava and increase the oil content of the roots. Fundamental knowledge to be able to reach the final objective of increasing the oil content. In addition to improving its nutritional value, while the amount of nutrients that contribute to the body., [Methods] There are two lines of research. The computer methods are based on searching for genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of lipid substrates through databases such as Uniref and UniProt. After a series of genes obtained from other trials, we compared their presence in the Manihot Esculenta genome and verified their function. With homologous genes, we can expand the number of candidate genes. The laboratory methods aim to develop the method of genetic transformation of cassava (Ima M Zainuddin et al., Plant Methods 2012, 8:24) in combination with Agrobacterium. From a horizontal cuttings and an in vitro culture of their apical buds, we get a mother plant from which we can obtain somatic embryos and create new seedlings to be able to transform with different, [Results]The following results were obtained after a first search for genes obtained from a compilation base don papers previously made in other related organisms. From that list of candidates genes, there are genes that cease to be candidates because they are not found in Manihot esculenta, these being susy, ATP-PFK and FBAGenes that continue as candidates, for being in the genome of cassava, being PK,GPT2 and PPT1. And for the latter, new genes can be obtained, such as APE2 with identifier 16G010700.1 in JGI Phytozome. It is a translocator of triose-phosphate located in the chloroplast., [Conclusions] There is a vision of the future in this line of research to be able to start from a new and broader list of genes involved in the synthesis routes of sucrose and oil that are susceptible to modification. There is still a lot to study to reach the goal, but positive results will come out.

BACKGROUND: This study characterized the influence of temperature during grain filling on the saturated fatty acid distribution in triacylglycerol molecules from high stearic sunflower lines with different genetic backgrounds. Two growth chamber experiments were conducted with day/night temperatures of 16/16, 26/16, 26/26 and 32/26 °C. Fil: Izquierdo, Natalia Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Martínez Force, Enrique. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Garcés, Rafael. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Aguirrezábal, Luis Adolfo Nazareno. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Zambelli, Andres Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; Argentina Fil: Reid, Roberto. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; Argentina

42 Páginas; 5 Figuras; 5 Tablas, BACKGROUND This study characterized the influence of temperature during grain filling on the saturated fatty acid distribution in triacylglycerol molecules from high stearic sunflower lines with different genetic backgrounds. Two growth chamber experiments were conducted with day/night temperatures of 16/16, 26/16, 26/26 and 32/26 °C. RESULTS In all genotypes, independently of the genetic background, higher temperatures increased palmitic and oleic acid and reduced linoleic acid concentrations. Increasing night temperature produced an increase in saturated-unsaturated-saturated species, indicating a more symmetrical distribution of saturated fatty acids. The solid fat index was more affected by temperature during grain filling in lines with high linoleic than high oleic background. Higher variations in symmetry among night temperatures were observed in lines with high oleic background, which are more stable in fatty acid composition. CONCLUSION The effect of temperature on triacylglycerol composition is not completely explained by its effect on fatty acid composition. Thus night temperature affects oil properties via its effects on fatty acid synthesis and on the distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerol molecules. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry, This work was supported by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA, PNCYO 1127042), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP, AGR 406/13), Advanta Semillas SAIC, and Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER (Project AGL2011-23187). We thank Luis Mendez for technical assistance during the experiments.

The amount of oil in seeds of different species varies from 1% to as much as 60% of seed dry weight. The oilseed storage reserve provides the necessary energy for the germination and establishment of the subsequent seedling. In sunflower, triacylglycerols (TAGs) represent the main component of seed oil. Sunflower storage lipid synthesis occurs in developing seeds over a period of about two weeks. The biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) is a complex process consisting of three well-differentiated phases: (1) de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the plastid, (2) formation of the acyl-CoA pool in the cytosol, and (3) TAG assembling in the endoplasmic reticulum of developing seed tissues. Synthesized TAGs are then stored into densely packed oil bodies (oleosomes) until their utilization. TAG assembly in the ER is closely associated with membrane metabolism and involves the action of several membrane-bound acyltransferase enzymes. Until recently TAG biosynthesis was viewed as a sequential linear process where acyl-CoAs were sequentially assembled onto the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone, through the so-called Kennedy or glycerol phosphate pathway. However, in the last decade, new activities involved in alternative pathways also operating in the TAG biosynthesis have been discovered and characterized. Therefore, multiple interconnected pathways for TAG synthesis have actually been elucidated in plants. Overall, the sunflower TAG synthesis model highlights a complex network of enzymatic reactions mediating the movement of acyl groups between PC, acyl-CoA, DAG, PA, and TAG and contributes to the final stereospecific composition of storage TAG.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium B., also known as yellowhorn, or goldenhorn is a woody perennial plant belonging to the Sapindaceae family. It is native to northern China where is cultivated in marginal lands. Xanthoceras is a small tree which fruit consist of an oval leathery capsule containing seeds rich in oil. The oil and hulls from this plant are used in traditional Chinese medicine, and cosmetics. This work is part of a project that tries to study Xanthoceras seed products. Xanthoceras oil is rich in oleic and linoleic acids with moderate contents of very long chain fatty acids, which include gondoic (20:1), erucic (22:1) and nervoic (24:1) acids. The distribution of fatty acids within the triacylglycerol molecules was similar to that found in most seed oils, being the TAG species containing two linolenic and one monounsaturated moiety the most abundant ones. The extracted Xanthoceras meal was rich in protein that accounts for up the 35% of the kernel weight. Attending to solubility, albumins and globulins were the predominant protein fractions. Furthermore, Xanthoceras oil meal was rich in arginine and branched-chain amino acids. One of the most valuable compounds in these seeds was their saponins, which are sterol or triterpene glycosides with antioxidant and biological activities. Saponins were determined in different seed fractions, remaining mainly in the seed hull. Most of the determined saponins corresponded to the triterpenic saponine family. The possible applications of Xanthoceras seeds and oil are discussed at the view of the results.

Unusual fatty acids, such as epoxy and hydroxylated ones, have many uses as industrial feedstock for polymers, lubricants and synthetic chemistry. However, most plants producing unusual fatty acids are either limited in oil yield or have undesirable agronomic features. Consequently, these valuable industrial oils are usually obtained through chemical modification. Most attempts to produce unusual fatty acids in transgenic plants have resulted in low yields. These low yields in transgenic oilseeds may be due to biosynthetic bottlenecks within the host plant that inhibit synthesis of unusual fatty acids or induce their turnover. Engineering of plants to accumulate unusual fatty acids in seeds will require not only the biosynthetic enzymes for unusual fatty acids but also an efficient utilization of these fatty acids by the host-plant. Nowadays it is clear that castor (Ricinus communis) seeds possess special biosynthetic machinery that powerfully channels hydroxy fatty acids to triacylglycerols. This mechanism is not present in common oil crops, which has been an important impediment for them to accumulate these fatty acids. In that respect, castor looks like an ideal platform to produce and accumulate unusual fatty acids. In this presentation we will show our first results demonstrating the feasibility of the enzymatic machinery in castor seeds to use unusual fatty acids. Additionally our initial steps to set up the basis for using castor as a plant chemical factory will also be detailed. This study represents an important step forward into the obtaining of a new green, sustainable source of these important compounds which will serve as a renewable replacement for the chemical derived oils.

Plant oils have a wide number of applications including food, feed, biofuel and industrial uses. The fatty acids composition and their distribution within the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules determine the physical, chemical and nutritional properties of plants oils. Phospatidylcholine (PC) plays an important role in TAG synthesis. Fatty acids esterified in the position sn-2 of PC can suffer different modifications like desaturation, hydroxylation or epoxidation. In this regard, phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PDCT) catalyzes the reversible transfer of the phosphocholine headgroup from PC to diacylglycerol (DAG). Thus, through PDCT reactions, the acyl groups on DAG enter on PC and then return to DAG after their modifications on PC. Because TAG can be assembly with PC-derived DAG, PDCT could play an important role in the synthesis of TAG with modified fatty acids in its sn-2 position. In this work the gene HaROD encoding for a AtPDCT protein homologous has been cloned and sequenced from sunflower developing seeds. Informatics analysis of its sequence and further details of functional characterization of this gene are reported. Results in this research could contribute to a better understanding of the synthesis of TAGs in oil crops, and to find novel paths for the production of oils with new compositions and applications.

The de novo synthesis of fatty acids in plants occuring in the plastids, through the activity of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex, uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-ACP as primary substrates. Plant FAS is a type II multiprotein complex formed by four individual enzymes. These are a condensing enzyme (ß-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, KAS), a first reductase (ß-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, KAR), a dehydrase (ß-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase, DH) and a second reductase (enoyl-ACP reductase, ENR). By the reiterated action of the FAS complex 2-carbon units are added to the growing chain of an acyl-ACP, using malonyl-ACP as the donor substrate, and prepared for the next addition. In plants, three main condensing enzymes are found, called KAS I, II and III. The conventional model for FAS organization is largely based on the observations that the first condensation reaction is catalyzed by ß-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KAS III), which uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-ACP substrates. The next six condensations are catalyzed by KAS I, whereas the final reaction between palmitoyl-ACP and malonyl-ACP is undertaken by KAS II. In this regard results, obtained from the characterization of all FAS components in sunflower developing seeds, pointed to a more complex scenario than expected with respect to KAS substrate specificities. We present a dynamic model accounting for our obervations.

There is great interest in the production of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) to obtain structured lipids and human milk fat substitutes. Most routes to produce OPO-rich fats in one step from vegetable oils are based on the acidolysis of tripalmitin and oleic acid using 1,3-specific lipases. However, among other drawbacks, the percentage of total palmitate esterified at the sn-2 position can be lower than expected due to acyl migration. Lard has a large proportion (62%) of triacylglycerols (TAGs) with palmitic acid in the sn-2 position and high levels (about 50%) of monosaturated TAGs in the form USU (U= unsaturated, S=saturated). For that reason, it can be used as an affordable substrate to produce structure lipids since it naturally contains TAGs that closely mimic human milk fat. In the present work, we have focused on the production of OPO-rich fats by dry fractionation of Iberian pork lard. The main aim was to determine the range of temperature and yields of the dry fractionation process. Chemical, stereospecific and thermal analyses were performed to characterize the solid and liquid fractions. We found that OPO was mainly concentrated in the lard oleins. Thus, the fractionation process could facilitate a further enzymatic enrichment of OPO by using lard olein as substrate instead of tripalmitin. That way, lard, an inexpensive byproduct of the pork-packing industry, can be used as a renewable source to produce high added value lipids.

The invention relates to isolated nucleotide sequences, comprising a point mutation and wherein the sequences encode a modified oleate desaturase sunflower protein. The modified oleate desaturase sunflower protein comprises at least one of the following amino acid substitutions: a) Gly by Asp at position 103, b) Ser by Leu at position 131, c) Ser by Asn at position 135, d) Gly by Glu at position 144,e) Gly by Glu at position 226, f) Pro by Ser at position 253, g) Leu by Phe at position 267, h) Pro by Ser at position 275, or it is a truncated oleate desaturase., Advanta International BV, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Trabajo presentado en el II Congreso FESNAD. Federación Española de Sociedades de Nutrición Alimentación y Dietética, celebrado en Barcelona (España) del 03 a 05 de Marzo de 2010

Una grasa de girasol sólida que comprende en su fracción de triacilgliceroles entre 49,1% y 95,5% de triacilgliceroles de la fórmula general SUS, entre 32,5% y 74,3% de triacilgliceroles de la fórmula general StOSt, entre 3,2% y 8,1% de triacilgliceroles de la fórmula general AOSt, entre 3,3% y 10,3% de triacilgliceroles de la fórmula general BOSt y que comprende entre 0% y 0,5% de ácido linolénico, donde los ácidos grasos en las posiciones sn-1 y sn-3 del glicerol son los dos caracteres externos de la fórmula de triacilglicerol, S representa un ácido graso saturado, U representa un ácido graso insaturado, St representa ácido esteárico, O representa ácido oleico, A representa ácido araquídico y B representa ácido behénico., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), T3 Traducción de patente europea

The present invention is based on the finding that stearin fats, obtainable by dry or solvent fractionation of sunflower highstearic and high-oleic oils, optionally with seeding with tempered stearin crystals, have a high solid fat content at temperatures higher than 30°C, even higher than cocoa butter or other high saturated tropical fats with a similar disaturated triacylglycerol content due to the presence of disaturated triacylgiycerols rich in stearic acid, and improved melting point due to the presence of arachidic and behenic acids in these disaturated triacylgiycerols, being at the same time healthier that actual fats made from palm, palm kernel and coconut oils, or hydrogenated and trasesterified vegetable oils., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Actes des journées Chevreul de l’AFECG 2009, Tropical fats and butters are characterized by their high contents of saturated fatty acids, which confer to them melting points and rheological properties adequate for the production of high valuable food commodities. We can distinguish 3 groups of tropical fats: those having medium chain fatty acids, like coconut or palm kernel oils, those rich in palmitic acid, like palm oil and its fractions, and those rich in stearic acid like cocoa butter. Modern biotechnology has provided with alternatives to these species in engineered common oil crops enriched in saturated fatty acids and processes aimed to enrich common oils in disaturated TAGs by enzymatic transesterification. The present and future of these new sources of saturated fats are discussed in this work., This work was supported by Advanta Seeds, MICINN and FEDER project AGL 2008-01086/ALI.

Filing Date: 2007-07-13.-- Priority Data: ES (2006-10-16), The present invention relates to a stable and liquid olein fraction wherein less than 8.6% of the TAG species of said olein fraction have the general formula SMS and at least 26% of TAG species of said olein fraction have the general formula SMM, wherein S represents a saturated fatty acid and M represents a monoenoic fatty acid, which olein fraction is obtainable by fractionation of a high oleic high saturated sunflower oil; and collecting the liquid fraction. The invention further relates to a method for preparation of a stable and liquid olein fraction by low temperature fractionation of a high oleic, high saturated sunflower oil.

El presente invento se relaciona con fracciones de oleína, que son particularmente adecuadas para aplicaciones en las que el aceite necesita estar líquido y ser resistente a la oxidación. El invento adicionalmente se relaciona con el uso de fracción de oleina y mezclas de aceite que incluyen estas fracciones., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Traducción de Patente Europea E00936860 (fecha de solicitud, 05/06/2000).-- Prioridades: EP19991217992043844, US199906049909326501 y US20000204200060180455.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)., Semillas de girasol que contienen un aceite que tiene un contenido de ácido oleico de más de 40% en peso y un contenido de ácido esteárico de más de 12% en peso, basado en el contenido total de ácidos grasos de dicho aceite, y en el que un máximo de 10% en peso de los grupos de ácidos grasos en la posición sn-2 de las moléculas TAG que constituyen el aceite son grupos de ácidos grasos saturados

[EN] The present invention relates to a stable and liquid olein fraction wherein less than 8.6% of the TAG species of said olein fraction have the general formula SMS and at least 26% of TAG species of said olein fraction have the general formula SMM, wherein S represents a saturated fatty acid and M represents a monoenoic fatty acid, which olein fraction is obtainable by fractionation of a high oleic high saturated sunflower oil; and collecting the liquid fraction. The invention further relates to a method for preparation of a stable and liquid olein fraction by low temperature fractionation of a high oleic, high saturated sunflower oil., [ES] Fracciones de oleína estables y líquidas donde: a) menos de 8,6% de las especies de TAG de dicha fracción de oleína tienen la fórmula general SMS, y b) al menos 26% de las especies de TAG de dicha fracción de oleína tienen la fórmula general SMM, donde S representa un ácido graso saturado y M representa un ácido graso monoenoico, cuya fracción de oleína es obtenible mediante: - el fraccionamiento de un aceite de girasol alto oleico altamente saturado; y - recoger la fracción líquida., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A3 Informe de búsqueda internacional

[ES] La presente invención se refiere a una fracción de oleína estable y líquida en donde menos del 8,6% de las especies TAG de dicha fracción de oleína tienen la fórmula general SMS y al menos 26% de las especies TAG de la fracción de oleína tienen la fórmula general SMM, en donde S representa un ácido graso saturado y M representa un ácido graso monoenoico, cuya fracción de oleína es obtenible mediante el fraccionamiento de un aceite de girasol alto en oleico altamente saturado; y la recolección de la fracción líquida. La invención además se refiere a un método para la preparación de una fracción de oleína estable y líquida mediante el fraccionamiento a baja temperatura de un aceite de girasol alta en oleíco altamente saturado., [EN] The present invention relates to a stable and liquid olein fraction wherein less than 8.6% of the TAG species of said olein fraction have the general formula SMS and at least 26% of TAG species of said olein fraction have the general formula SMM, wherein S represents a saturated fatty acid and M represents a monoenoic fatty acid, which olein fraction is obtainable by fractionation of a high oleic high saturated sunflower oil; and collecting the liquid fraction. The invention further relates to a method for preparation of a stable and liquid olein fraction by low temperature fractionation of a high oleic, high saturated sunflower oil., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Una fracción de aceite líquido y estable que puede obtenerse a partir de aceite de girasol de alto contenido de oleato y altamente saturados (HOHS). El aceite es una oleína caracterizada porque es una fracción de aceite HOHS que comprende menos de un 8,6% de triacilglicéridos SMS y más de un 26% de trilacilglicéridos SMM, en los que la fórmula refleja los tres ácidos grasos que contiene el triglicérido, los ácidos grasos de sn-1,3 son los dos caracteres externos y S representa un ácido graso saturado y M representa un ácido graso monoenoico. Estos aceites son aceites no hidrogenados, son líquidos y especialmente útiles en aplicaciones culinarias., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Trabajo presentado en el 14th International Scientific Congress, celebrado en La Habana (Cuba) del 27 al 30 de junio de 2005.

Traducción de Patente Europea E00943766 (fecha de solicitud, 05/06/2000).-- Prioridad: US199906049909326500.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)., Semillas de girasol que contienen un aceite con un contenido de ácido oleico mayor que 5% y menor que 65% en peso del contenido total de ácidos grasos, un contenido de ácido linoleico mayor que 1% y menor que 65% en peso del contenido total de ácidos grasos, un contenido de ácido palmítico mayor que 20% y menor que 40% en peso del contenido total de ácidos grasos y un contenido de ácido esteárico mayor que 3% y menor que 15% del contenido total de ácidos grasos, caracterizado porque: #- el contenido de ácido palmitoleico es menor que 4% del contenido total de ácidos grasos; y #- el contenido de ácido asclépico es menor que 4% del contenido total de ácidos grasos.

Filing Date: 2003-12-08.-- Priority Data: EP (2003-11-14), The invention relates to a sunflower oil directly obtained from sunflower seeds with at least 12 % of stearic acid referred to the total fatty acid content, characterized in that the distribution coefficient of saturated fatty acids alpha between positions sn-1 and sn-3 is at least 0.38 and to a sunflower oil directly obtained from sunflower seeds with at least 12 % of stearic acid referred to the total fatty acid content, characterized in that the distribution coefficient of saturated fatty acids alpha between positions sn-1 and sn-3 is at least 0.28 when the oleic acid content is higher than the linoleic acid content in the oil. The invention also relates to the plants and seeds for producing the oil and to its use.

La OTRI del Centro Tecnológico Nacional de la Conserva y Alimentación junto con la OTT del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, colaboran en el Proyecto AGROCSIC, el cual fue aprobado por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y financiado por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. El objetivo principal de esta nueva actuación es estudiar las distintas líneas de trabajo de los Centros del CSIC relacionadas con la alimentación, para transferir sus resultados al sector industrial., Las grasas y aceites usados en alimentación, se destinan tanto a consumo directo, como en la preparación de alimentos en casa, en restaurantes, etc. Y a uso en la industria alimentaria, en la preparación de margarinas, conservas, precocinados, bollería, pastelería, etc.

El objeto de la presente invención es un aceite de girasol que se obtiene directamente de la semilla de girasol con de 12-40,8% de ácido esteárico calculado en relación al contenido total de ácidos grasos y con una distribución de ácidos grasos modificada entre las posiciones sn-1 y sn-3 de la molécula de triacilglicerol (TAG) comparado con el aceite obtenido del tipo silvestre de semillas de girasol. La invención también se refiere a una planta de girasol y a semillas que contienen un aceite endógeno con las características mencionadas., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), T3 Traductor de patente europea

Trabajo presentado en la Feria Internacional del Aceite de Oliva e Industrias Afines IX Simposium, celebrada en Jaén (España) del 14 al 16 de mayo de 2003.

Filing Date: 2001-02-20.-- Priority Data: ES (1994-01-31), The invention relates to a sunflower seed, comprising sunflower oil having increased stearic acid content as compared to wild type seeds preferably between 19.1 and 35% by weight related to the total amount of fatty acids in the oil, obtainable by treating parent seeds with a mutagenic agent during a period of time and in a concentration sufficient to induce one or more mutations in the genetic trait involved in stearic acid biosynthesis resulting in increased production of stearic acid, germinating the treated seeds and culturing progeny plants therefrom, collecting and analyzing progeny seeds, selecting seeds that have acquired the desirable genetic trait and optionally repeating the cycle of germination, culturing and collection of seeds. The invention further relates to oil extracted from the seeds, to a method for preparing the sunflower seeds, a method for preparing such sunflower oil, sunflower plants produced from the seeds and use of the oil.

Filing Date: 2000-06-05.-- Priority Data: US (2000-02-04), The invention relates to the use of an oil having an oleic acid content of more than 40 wt% and a stearic acid content of more than 12 wt% based on the total fatty acid content of said oil, and wherein a maximum of 10 wt% of the fatty acid groups in the sn-2 position of the TAG molecules constituting the oil are saturated fatty acid groups in food and cosmetic products.