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The study is carried out in a public institution that provides services related to the management of identity, facts and acts of civil status of persons, General Directorate of Civil Registry, Identification and Identification DIGERCIC Zone 5; its officials are governed under the Organic Law of Public Service (LOSEP), in which its article 54 states that the Integrated System of Human Talent Development of the Public Service is formed, among others, by the Performance Evaluation Subsystem, applied once a year to all its employees. The objective of this work is to analyze the relationship between the variables performance evaluation and the productivity of its employees, for which descriptive non-experimental research with a correlational design of quantitative approach was used. The results showed that the performance evaluation positively impacts the productivity of their daily work. It should be emphasized that the performance evaluation and productivity results have very good and excellent averages.

En Costa Rica, la producción de hortalizas se ha intensificado en las últimas décadas por el uso de paquetes tecnológicos (fertilizantes y plaguicidas sintéticos) en monocultivos. Este modelo ha sostenido la producción en Zarcero, cantón que provee productos vegetales al Valle Central. Sin embargo, estudios realizados por el Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET) han revelado resultados preocupantes sobre el uso de plaguicidas y sus efectos negativos en el ambiente y en la salud de las personas. Como respuesta a esta problemática se inició en el 2018 un proyecto con la participación del IRET, de la Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y de la División de Educación Rural, cuyo objetivo es “promover un modelo alternativo en la producción agrícola mediante trabajo colaborativo, diálogo de saberes y la construcción social del conocimiento para disminuir el uso de agroquímicos en Zarcero, Alajuela”.En el proyecto se han desarrollado actividades con 1) equipo académico nacional e internacional, 2) personas agricultoras y sus familias, 3) escolares. El primer paso del proyecto ha consistido en la conformación de un equipo donde sus integrantes desarrollen: a) un marco teórico-político de referencia común, b) una mirada interdisciplinaria para analizar-trabajar-transformar la realidad y c) un tejido afectivo para favorecer entendimientos y desde ahí mancomunar metas. Para lograrlo, se han realizado: a) círculos de estudio, b) trabajo de campo, c) intercambio de saberes en el ámbito nacional e internacional, d) producción educativa agrícola modular y e) la articulación con la docencia, la investigación y la producción. Además, se ha posicionado la agroecología en las agendas políticas institucional, local, regional y nacional y en algunos territorios internacionales del continente.Desde el trabajo académico tejido en el proyecto se ha aprendido a ser y a hacer “universidad necesaria”, ya que las universidades requieren legitimarse en el país, por lo que se ha propuesto, para recuperar la confianza de las personas agricultoras y sus familias, gestar espacios de acercamiento para contextualizar conjuntamente y reflexionar sobre la problemática agrícola, revitalizar saberes locales y obtener insumos para la escritura de documentos educativos con enfoque sociocrítico desde la educación popular. Costa Rica has intensified vegetable production by implementing monocultures managed with technological packages (synthetic fertilizers and pesticides). This model has sustained production in Zarcero, a municipality that supplies fresh vegetables to Costa Rica’s capital and surroundings. However, investigations developed by the Regional Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET) have revealed concerning information on pesticide use regime in the area and associated adverse effects on the environment and health of inhabitants. In response to this problem, IRET, the School of Agricultural Sciences, and the Division of Rural Education launched a project in 2018. The project’s primary aim was “to promote an alternative model for agricultural production through collaborative work, social sharing and construction of knowledge, in order to reduce the use of agrochemicals in Zarcero, Alajuela.” The project included activities developed by academic groups, farmers and their families, and school children. The academic groups worked to carry out the following activities: a) a theoretical-political framework of common reference; b) an interdisciplinary perspective to design work strategies based on analysis to transform actual situations; and c) good collaborative relationships, and from there to pool goals. Achieving these activities needed executing other ones: a) study circles; b) fieldwork; c) knowledge exchange processes at the national and international level; d) the production of educational written materials for farmers; and e) articulation of the previous activities with teaching, research, and production activities. In addition, agroecology has been positioned in the institutional, local, regional, and national political agendas and in some international territories. From the academic work produced in the project, we have learned to be and do “Necessary University” since public universities need to legitimize themselves in the country. Therefore, we proposed to regain the trust of farmers and their families by creating spaces for rapprochement to contextualize and reflect on agricultural problems jointly, revitalize local knowledge, obtain inputs for the writing of educational documents with a socio-critical approach from popular education. As a result, it has been possible to “sow” the idea of change in some farmers; spaces for exchange between local farmers and farmers from other municipalities have been created. Small children are a driving force for change in homes; so, we have actively worked with them guided by critical pedagogy and carrying out collaborative school-family-community work. Moreover, it has been possible to politicize the national events, re-signifying the farmer’s knowledge and diversifying the learning scenarios. In conclusion, we consider that academic work linked to real situations enables improvement processes in the productive agricultural life of the communities and enriches teaching, research, extension, and writing in the public university. All these activities stimulate the social sharing of knowledge that links local knowledge to the academic one generated in universities, promotes unlearning of the traditional manner of “building university,” and contributes to reflection anchored to the biocentric approach. The present work provides ideas for the construction of a university extension policy. It contributes to developing a work process to understand better the link that university life should have with the daily needs of communities and the processes of improving farming-socio-community life. Na Costa Rica, a produção hortícola se intensificou nas últimas décadas devido ao uso de embalagens tecnológicas (fertilizantes e pesticidas sintéticos) em monoculturas. Esse modelo sustentou a produção em Zarcero, um cantão que fornece produtos vegetais para o Vale Central. Entretanto, estudos realizados pelo Instituto Regional de Estudos de Substâncias Tóxicas (IRET) revelaram resultados preocupantes sobre o uso de pesticidas e seus efeitos negativos sobre o meio ambiente e a saúde humana. Em resposta a esse problema, foi iniciado em 2018 um projeto com a participação da IRET, Escola de Ciências Agrícolas e Divisão de Educação Rural, cujo objetivo é “promover um modelo alternativo na produção agrícola através do trabalho colaborativo, do diálogo do conhecimento e da construção social do conhecimento para reduzir o uso de agroquímicos em Zarcero, Alajuela”.O projeto tem desenvolvido atividades com 1) equipes acadêmicas nacionais e internacionais, 2) agricultores e suas famílias, e 3) crianças em idade escolar. O primeiro passo do projeto consistiu em formar uma equipe na qual seus membros desenvolvessem: a) um quadro teórico-político comum de referência, b) uma abordagem interdisciplinar para analisar-trabalhar-transformar a realidade, e c) um tecido afetivo para promover o entendimento e a partir daí reunir objetivos. Para conseguir isso, houve: a) círculos de estudo, b) trabalho de campo, c) intercâmbio de conhecimentos em nível nacional e internacional, d) produção de educação agrícola modular e e) articulação com o ensino, a pesquisa e a produção. Além disso, a agroecologia tem sido posicionada em agendas políticas institucionais, locais, regionais e nacionais e em alguns territórios internacionais do continente.Do trabalho acadêmico tecido no projeto, aprendemos a ser e a fazer “universidades necessárias”, já que as universidades precisam ser legitimadas no país, e assim foi proposto, para recuperar a confiança dos agricultores e suas famílias, criar espaços de aproximação para contextualizar e refletir conjuntamente sobre os problemas agrícolas, revitalizar o conhecimento local e obter subsídios para a redação de documentos educativos com uma abordagem sócio-crítica baseada na educação popular.

The staging of breast cancer has been based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence or absence of distant metastases. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system in its eighth edition incorporates hormone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and histologic grade due to their prognostic importance. In Latin America, however, the impact of the new edition is unknown. This article evaluates the performance of the AJCC eighth-edition staging system in a cohort of patients with breast cancer at a reference center in Colombia. The study investigated a descriptive cohort of 912 patients who received complete treatment for non-metastatic invasive breast cancer and had information on the anatomic stage and biologic factors,. All the patients were restaged using the AJCC eighth-edition classification. Changes in clinical stages and differences between the two classifications were compared. The study enrolled 912 patients. Changes in staging occurred for 54.82% (downstaging for 40.3% and upstaging for 14.47%) of these patients. For recurrence-free survival, the C-Index of the eighth-edition AJCC was 0.726, and the AIC was 1323.7, whereas the C-Index of the seventh-edition AJCC was 0.731, and the AIC was 1314.3 (p = 0.99). The seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC staging system have similar predictive values in our population for recurrence-free survival. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the performance of the AJCC eighth-edition staging system in predicting overall survival.

Los abonos foliares de fabricación casera constituyen una herramienta eficiente de fertilización, sobre todo en el caso de sistemas productivos manejados con enfoques agroecológicos. Algunas ventajas de estos abonos son, que su preparación no requiere equipo sofisticado, entrenamiento especializado o insumos costosos. Existe una gran variedad de abonos foliares caseros, por ejemplo, súper magro, bioles, té hidrolizado de humus, y otros; es necesario asegurarse de que éstos cumplan con la función para la cual son aplicados, que es aportar nutrientes susceptibles de ser absorbidos por vía foliar, favoreciendo la nutrición vegetal. Este es precisamente el tema a tratar en la presente revisión, específicamente, se revisan aspectos técnicos de la preparación de abonos foliares caseros a la luz de tres temas: 1) aspectos morfológicos y funcionales de la hoja, lo cual tiene incidencia directa en el proceso de absorción foliar de nutrientes, 2) la naturaleza química de los insumos (de origen vegetal, animal y mineral) utilizados en fabricación de los abonos caseros, y 3) el proceso de preparación de los mismos (hidrólisis, fermentación), lo cual posibilitará el tránsito de nutrientes a través de las barreras impuestas por la estructura foliar. Por otro lado, se mencionan mecanismos adicionales por medio de los cuales los abonos foliares caseros pueden beneficiar la producción vegetal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión evaluativa es analizar algunos aspectos técnicos que influirán directamente en la efectividad de los abonos foliares de fabricación casera, para predecir sus aportes al desarrollo de los cultivos.

This article describes pathological response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to molecular classification of breast cancer in patients with locally advanced tumors. Patients were treated at the National Cancer Institute Functional Breast Cancer Unit in Colombia, a country with a multicultural population, and so it is believed that the results reported can also be used to develop treatment guidelines for other countries in the region., Background. The majority of patients with breast cancer in Colombia are admitted into oncological centers at locally advanced stages of the disease (53.9%). The aim of this study was to describe the pathological response obtained with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) according to the molecular classification of breast cancer in patients with locally advanced tumors treated within the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Functional Breast Cancer Unit (FBCU) in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and Methods. This was an observational, descriptive, historical cohort study of patients with locally advanced breast cancer treated within the NCI FBCU. Results. We included 414 patients who received NACT and surgical management. Most patients had luminal B HER2‐negative tumors (n = 134, 32.4%). The overall rate of pathological complete response (pCR) ypT0/ypN0 was 15.2% (n = 63). Tumors that presented the highest rate of pCR were pure HER2, at 40.5% (n = 15; odds ratio [OR], 6.7); however, with a follow‐up of 60 months, only the triple negative tumors presented a statistically significant difference for event‐free survival (EFS; median recurrence time, 18 months; range, 1–46) and overall survival (OS; median follow‐up, 31 months; range 10–57). The molecular subtype that most recurrences presented was luminal B HER2 negative, at 38.3% (n = 28). The majority of recurrences (93.2 %; n = 68; OR, 5.9) occurred in patients in whom no pathological response was obtained (Chevallier 3 and 4). Conclusion. Pathological response in locally advanced tumors is related to the molecular subtype of breast cancer, finding higher pCR rates in pure HER2 and triple‐negative tumors. A direct relationship was found between disease recurrences and the pathological response, evidencing greater tumor recurrence in patients who did not respond to NACT (Chevallier 3 and 4). EFS and OS were greater in patients with pCR, with statistical significance only in triple‐negative tumors. Implications for Practice. This research article is of scientific interest, because it describes the clinical and pathological features and analyzes the correlation between pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the molecular classification of locally advanced breast cancer in patients treated in the National Cancer Institute in Bogotá, Colombia. It was found that pathological response is related to the molecular subtype of breast cancer. In addition, there is a direct relationship between disease recurrences and pathological response. The survival results were greater in patients with pathological complete response.

Objetivo. Evaluar la atención humanizada en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud públicas de cinco (5) municipios del departamento de Córdoba (Montería, Sahagún, Lorica, Planeta Rica y Montelíbano) en el año 2016. Materiales y métodos. Investigación descriptiva, transversal de tipo mixto; para el desarrollo de este estudio se emplearon dos técnicas de recolección de datos; primero la aplicación del instrumento creado por Willmer Emilio Mojica Gutiérrez en su tesis de grado: “La Gerencia social en la humanización de la atención en salud” el cual es gratuito y de libre acceso. Como segunda herramienta la observación. Resultados. El mayor porcentaje de cumplimiento se obtuvo para la variable trato humanizado a discapacitados y enfermos mentales (81%); seguida de servicios generales (68%); destacando el 100% en el cumplimiento de la variable seguimiento en todos los prestadores evaluados. Conclusión. La humanización debe ser un compromiso institucional liderado desde la alta gerencia, que promueva la transformación cultural en los colaboradores; además requiere de la asignación de recursos financieros para la adecuación de infraestructura, la inclusión de elementos de humanización en el ambiente físico, la planificación de cronogramas de capacitación y aplicación de estrategias de sensibilización que garanticen el fomento del trato humanizado.

Objetivo. Explorar la experiencia de vida de un adolescente con cancer. Materiales y metodos. Estudio cualitativo, con caso unico, basado en historia de vida; la tecnica utilizada fue la entrevista a profundidad y los resultados se examinaron con base en una version simplificada de la propuesta de Amedeo Giorgi. Resultados. emergieron dos temas centrales: Diagnostico: implicaciones para la vida personal, social y familiar de un adolescente con cancer y el apoyo familiar como soporte indispensable para afrontar la enfermedad. Conclusiones. El estudio permitio comprender el significado que otorga un adolescente a la experiencia de vivir con osteosarcoma, revelando un mundo distinto y poco explorado. El apoyo de la familia, fue indispensable para la superacion del cancer en el adolescente, podria decirse, que un soporte social solido en el paciente, favorece los procesos de afrontamiento y adaptacion en la experiencia de vivir y sobreponerse a esta condicion. En ocasiones el cancer infantil se visualiza como una enfermedad devastadora, que tiene serias implicaciones para el paciente y su familia, obligandolos a reorganizar su dinamica familiar y social, para adaptarse y luchar contra la enfermedad. Palabras clave: Cancer, adolescente, historia de vida. Palabras clave: cancer, adolescente, historia de vida.

espanolResumen: El cuidado esta presente en todas las culturas y tiene caracteristicas diferentes. Una etapa del curso de vida donde se evidencia con mas claridad el cuidado cultural en las comunidades indigenas es en la etapa reproductiva. Este trabajo se trata acerca de una investigacion cualitativa de tipo etnografico interpretativo, que busca describir, explicar e interpretar las practicas de cuidado cultural en el continuo reproductivo de la mujer Embera Katio. Emergieron cuatro categorias de analisis: preparacion de la mujer Embera para albergar la semilla que brotara de sus entranas; resguardando la semilla del pueblo Embera en el vientre materno; cuando brota la semilla: surge una nueva vida y, la armonia y restablecimiento de la salud en la diada madre-hijo. Se concluye que el continuo reproductivo de la mujer Embera Katio esta representado por un conjunto de practicas de cuidado de orden intergeneracional, que se encuentran soportadas en un conocimiento y comportamiento cultural especifico, que garantiza la proteccion de la mujer y su descendencia. Se destacan en esta sintesis interpretativa las siguientes practicas de cuidado cultural: el Jemene: rito que marca el inicio de la mujer Embera Katio a la vida fertil; la alimentacion: una manera de preservar el bienestar de la madre y su hijo por nacer; la verticalizacion del parto y el uso de plantas medicinales durante el trabajo de parto; los consejos y el acompanamiento de la partera tradicional durante el embarazo, parto y posparto y por ultimo, el reposo y la armonia de la madre y el recien nacido en el posparto. EnglishAbstract: Care is present in all cultures and has different characteristics in each one of them; a stage of the life course where the cultural care in the indigenous communities is most clearly evidente is in the reproductive stage. Qualitative ethnographic interpretive research, which seeks to describe, explain and interpret cultural care practices in the reproductive continuum of Embera Katio women. Results: four categories of analysis emerged as described below: preparation of the Embera woman to house the seed that will sprout from her; sheltering the seed of the Embera people in the mother's womb; when the seed sprouts: a new life emerges and the harmony and restoration of health in the mother-child dyad. Conclusions: the reproductive continuum of the Embera Katio woman is represented by a set of care practices of intergenerational order, which are supported by knowledge and specific cultural behavior, which guarantees the protection of the woman and her offspring. The following cultural care practices stand out in this interpretive synthesis: the Jemene: rite that marks the beginning of the Embera Katio woman to the fertile life; feeding: a way to preserve the welfare of the mother and her unborn child; the verticalization of childbirth and the use of medicinal plants during labor; the advice and accompaniment of the traditional midwife during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum and, lastly, rest and harmony of the mother and newborn in the postpartum period. portuguesResumo: O cuidado esta presente em todas as culturas e possui caracteristicas diferentes em cada uma delas; uma etapa do curso de vida em que o cuidado cultural nas comunidades indigenas e mais evidente e no estagio reprodutivo. Metodologia: Pesquisa interpretativa etnografica qualitativa, que procura descrever, explicar e interpretar praticas de cuidado cultural no continuum reprodutivo de mulheres de Embera Katio. Resultados: emergiram quatro categorias de analise, conforme descrito a seguir: preparacao da mulher Embera para abrigar a semente que brotara de dentro dela; abrigando a semente do povo Embera no ventre da mae; Quando a semente brota: uma nova vida emerge e a harmonia e restauracao da saude na diade mae-filho. Conclusoes: o continuum reprodutiva das mulheres Embera Katio, e representado por um conjunto de praticas de ordem cuidado intergeracional, que sao suportados em conhecimentos especificos e comportamento cultural, que garante a proteccao das mulheres e sua prole. As seguintes praticas de cuidado cultural destacam-se nesta sintese interpretativa: o jemene: rito que marca o inicio da mulher Embera Katio para a vida fertil; alimentacao: uma forma de preservar o bem-estar da mae e do feto; a verticalizacao do parto e o uso de plantas medicinais durante o trabalho de parto; o aconselhamento e acompanhamento da parteira tradicional durante a gravidez, parto e pos-parto e, por ultimo, descanso e harmonia da mae e do recem-nascido no periodo pos-parto.

There has been an increase in the interest of anti-ageing medicine in the last few years, with a growth in the industry of products that promise to prolong life and restore all the suffering or "defects" produced by age. The understanding of ageing has changed over the years, giving rise to the possibility of intervening in different metabolic and cellular pathways, and thus, delaying the appearance of the degenerative chronic diseases that appear with age, and that are finally the causing factors of the vulnerability that leads to our death. It is hoped that we can help the clinician to orientate their patients, who, due to the overwhelming amount of information they receive by the Internet, arrive at the clinic full of questions, waiting to receive absolute answer from their physician in order to increase their longevity and quality of life. This article presents an analysis of the physical activity, diets, supplements and drugs that are being investigated as anti-ageing measures and of the many clinical studies that have produced encouraging, measurable and reproducible results.

Los estándares internacionales inciden en la sostenibilidad corporativa y contribuyen al desempe ̃noyala gobernanza del negocio. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar esta incidencia desde la óptica de laalta dirección de una empresa del sector energético colombiano. La metodología de investigación es unestudio de caso exploratorio, provisto de 5 entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados muestran que losdirectivos recurren a los estándares en busca de control y legitimidad desde 2 posturas complementarias:una pragmática frente al desempe ̃no y otra prudente frente a la gobernanza. Se concluye que la adopciónde los estándares es el resultado del liderazgo y los valores de los directivos, que confieren identidad a laempresa al mismo tiempo que la ponen frente a nuevos retos de cara a la sociedad.

Resumen Las arvenses pueden ser hospedantes alternos de nematodos fitoparásitos (NF); sin embargo, no existe una metodología que evalúe el riesgo fitosanitario de la presencia de estas en los cultivos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si las arvenses presentes en dos plantaciones de cafeto (orgánico y convencional) constituyen un riesgo al ser hospedantes alternos de NF. El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos fincas localizadas en Aserrí, San José, Costa Rica, durante agosto de 2010. En las plantaciones se identificaron las arvenses más importantes, se cuantificaron los nematodos de los géneros Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus y Helicotylenchus en suelo y raíz de las arvenses seleccionadas, y en los cafetos. Mediante análisis permutacional de varianza, se determinaron los géneros de NF cuyas poblaciones en arvenses fueron significativamente diferentes de las de cafetos. Con base en estos resultados, las arvenses se clasificaron como: reservorio, trampa, u hospedante poco susceptible de NF. Este criterio de clasificación, además del ciclo de vida y tipo de parasitismo de los NF, fueron utilizados para asignar valores numéricos a las arvenses. Con los valores numéricos se calculó un Índice de Riesgo Fitosanitario (IRF), el cual presentó un valor máximo de 10 para la arvense Oplismenus burnannii en la finca orgánica, y un valor máximo de 24 para Commelina diffusa, Emilia fosbergii, Delilia biflora y Spermacoce hirta, en la finca convencional. Los resultados indican que la presencia de estas arvenses en cafetales puede constituir un riesgo potencial para los cafetos desde el punto de vista nematológico. Abstract There is potential for weeds to be alternative hosts of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), but a methodology that assesses the phytosanitary risk derived from the presence of weeds in plantations is not available. This research was conducted in order to determine if the presence of weeds in coffee plantations (organic and conventional) represented a phytosanitary risk due to their role as alternative hosts of PPN. The research was developed into two plantations located in Aserrí, San José, Costa Rica during August, 2010. The most important weeds were identified in the plantations, also nematodes of the genera Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus were quantified in soil and roots from selected weeds and coffee plants. A permutational analysis of variance was executed in order to determine the genera of PPN that significantly differed from the ones found in weeds to the ones found in coffee plants. Based on these results, the weeds were classified as: reservoir, trap crop, or weak host of PPN. This classification criterion, in addition to life cycle and type of parasitism of the PPN were used to assign numerical values to the weeds. The values were used to calculate the Phytosanitary Risk Index (PRI) that acquired a maximum value of 10 for the weed Piper umbellatum in the organic plantation, and a maximum value of 24 for Commelina diffusa, Emilia fosbergii, Spananthe paniculata, Delilia biflora, and Spermacoce hirta in the conventional plantation. The results indicated that from a nematological perspective the presence of these weeds in coffee plantation could be a potential risk for coffee plants.

El trabajo presenta la experiencia festiva y pedagógica del Carnaval Soloriental desde la participación que en él tiene la escuela rural Los Soches (suroriente de Bogotá). Este carnaval escolar, que se realiza cada 31 de octubre desde hace más de 20 años, por iniciativa de las maestras, y que ha sido premiado y reconocido en varias ocasiones, se toma como pretexto para pensar las relaciones entre escuela y diversión, y el papel que juegan las festividades en la construcción de lo público en la escuela o en la de una escuela pública. Se problematiza el concepto de escuela pública y se analizan una serie de paradojas que se producen cuando la fiesta entra a ella. Se basa en un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en el año 2008 en el queparticiparon docentes de la Escuela Los Soches, profesionales y profesores universitarios, con financiación del Idep y Colciencias

Plant species can condition the physico-chemical and biological properties of soil in ways that modify plant growth via plant–soil feedback (PSF). Plant growth can be positively affected, negatively affected or neutrally affected by soil conditioning by the same or other plant species. Soil conditioning by other plant species has particular relevance to ecological restoration of historic ecosystems because sites set aside for restoration are often conditioned by other, potentially non-native, plant species. We investigated changes in properties of jarrah forest soils after long-term (35 years) conditioning by pines (Pinus radiata), Sydney blue gums (Eucalyptus saligna), both non-native, plantation trees, and jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata; dominant native tree). Then, we tested the influence of the conditioned soils on the growth of jarrah seedlings. Blue gums and pines similarly conditioned the physico-chemical properties of soils, which differed from soil conditioning caused by jarrah. Especially important were the differences in conditioning of the properties C:N ratio, pH, and available K. The two eucalypt species similarly conditioned the biological properties of soil (i.e. community level physiological profile, numbers of fungal-feeding nematodes, omnivorous nematodes, and nematode channel ratio), and these differed from conditioning caused by pines. Species-specific conditioning of soil did not translate into differences in the amounts of biomass produced by jarrah seedlings and a neutral PSF was observed. In summary, we found that decades of soil conditioning by non-native plantation trees did not influence the growth of jarrah seedlings and will therefore not limit restoration of jarrah following the removal of the plantation trees.

There is potential for altered plant-soil feedback (PSF) to develop in human-modified ecosystems but empirical data to test this idea are limited. Here, we compared the PSF operating in jarrah forest soil restored after bauxite mining in Western Australia with that operating in unmined soil. Native seedlings of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), acacia (Acacia pulchella), and bossiaea (Bossiaea ornata) were grown in unmined and restored soils to measure conditioning of chemical and biological properties as compared with unplanted control soils. Subsequently, acacia and bossiaea were grown in soils conditioned by their own or by jarrah seedlings to determine the net PSF. In unmined soil, the three plant species conditioned the chemical properties but had little effect on the biological properties. In comparison, jarrah and bossiaea conditioned different properties of restored soil while acacia did not condition this soil. In unmined soil, neutral PSF was observed, whereas in restored soil, negative PSF was associated with acacia and bossiaea. Soil conditioning was influenced by soil context and plant species. The net PSF was influenced by soil context, not by plant species and it was different in restored and unmined soils. The results have practical implications for ecosystem restoration after human activities.

ResumenLos estándares internacionales inciden en la sostenibilidad corporativa y contribuyen al desempeño y a la gobernanza del negocio. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar esta incidencia desde la óptica de la alta dirección de una empresa del sector energético colombiano. La metodología de investigación es un estudio de caso exploratorio, provisto de 5 entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados muestran que los directivos recurren a los estándares en busca de control y legitimidad desde 2 posturas complementarias: una pragmática frente al desempeño y otra prudente frente a la gobernanza. Se concluye que la adopción de los estándares es el resultado del liderazgo y los valores de los directivos, que confieren identidad a la empresa al mismo tiempo que la ponen frente a nuevos retos de cara a la sociedad.AbstractInternational standards have an effect on corporate sustainability, contributing to the business performance and governance. The aim of this study is to analyse this effect from the senior manager's perception of a Colombian energy firm. The research methodology is an exploratory case study with 5 in-depth interviews. The results show that managers use standards seeking control and legitimacy from two complementary positions: a pragmatic one dealing with business performance and a prudent one dealing with business governance. It is concluded that the implementation of standards is the result of managers’ leadership and values, giving identity to the company while making it face new social challenges.

This conference describes the concept of human and sustainable development, distinguishing of the merely economic thing. The University must be on the one hand an educator ( not only instructing) and on the other hand human (not only professional). The education for which one pleads implies the acquisition of Ethical values contributing the University activity to the human and sustainable development. What has been done in this line up to now? Some important experiences are announced, carried out for different entities compromised with the justice. What way must the University follow? The bases of a curricular system are showed with pupils and teachers like important elements; in the cognitive place, taking charge of the reality. From the attitudinal point of view, to face with the reality and from the procedural point of view, to take charge of the reality.

Aislamiento e identificación de hongos nematófagos nativos de zonas arroceras de Costa Rica. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar hongos nematófagos en fincas arroceras de Costa Rica. El estudio se realizó entre los meses de abril del 2008 a agosto de 2009. Fueron analizadas muestras de suelo provenientes de tres regiones productoras de arroz de Costa Rica: Pacífico Central, Huetar Atlántica y Chorotega, mediante el método de espolvoreado en placa en búsqueda de hongos nematófagos. Los hongos aislados fueron identificados como Trichoderma sp., Penici-llium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tabacinum, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Monacrosporium sp., Gonatobotrys sp., Geotrichium sp., Phythium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Phoma sp., Oomycete y mi-celio estéril. Los resultados sugieren una alta diversidad de hongos nematófagos con potencial para ser utilizados como agentes de control biológico. Isolation and identification of nematophagous fungi from native rice-producing areas of Costa Rica. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify nematophagous fungi from rice-producing areas of Costa Rica. The study was conducted between April 2008 to August 2009. Soil from three rice-producing regions of Costa Rica, Central Pacifi c, Atlantic and Region Huetar Chorotega were analyzed by the sprinkling plate method in search of nematophagous fungi. The fungal isolated were identifi ed as Trichoderma sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tabacinum, Fusarium sp., Monacrosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp., Phythium sp., Cladosporium, Curvularia sp., Phoma sp., Oomycete and sterile mycelium. The results suggest a high diversity of nematophagous fungi with potential for use as biological control agents.

Objetivo. Determinar la actividad depredadora in vitro de cepas de hongos nematófagos autóctonos de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Dieciséis cepas de hongos nematófagos nativos de Costa Rica de los géneros Candelabrella musiformis, Arthrobotrys oligospora y Dactylella sp. Se evaluó in vitro la actividad depredadora de los hongos frente a nemátodos gastrointestinales como Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum sp. y Trichostrongylus sp aislados de pequeños rumiantes. Resultados. La actividad de los hongos fue muy heterogénea, presentándose resultados que van desde 9.8 a 99.6% de depredación. Conclusiones. El análisis estadístico demostró diferencias significativas en la actividad de los hongos; sin embargo, las cepas de A. oligospora mostraron un mejor desempeño en la captura de nemátodos comparado con las cepas de C. musiformis y Dactylella sp. La heterogeneidad encontrada responde a factores como: origen de las cepas, características intrínsecas de las mismas y especies de larvas utilizadas.

Las enmiendas orgánicas han sido utilizadas para estimular la acción antagónica de los hongos nematófagos depredadores (HND) del suelo, sin embargo, su uso ha producido resultados inconsistentes en el control de nematodos parásitos. Las inconsistencias han sido atribuidas parcialmente a la composición de las enmiendas orgánicas, específicamente al contenido de carbono y nitrógeno. Conocer las preferencias de fuentes de carbono podría ser de utilidad para favorecer la fase depredadora de los HND del suelo. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar el crecimiento de HND nativos de Costa Rica en fuentes de carbono diversas. Para esto, cepas de HND de las especies Candelabrella musiformis y Arthrobotrys oligospora fueron cultivadas en medios artificiales con diversas fuentes de carbono. La velocidad de crecimiento desarrollada por los HND en los medios de cultivo fue determinada y comparada. Las cepas de C. musiformis y de A. oligospora desarrollaron velocidades de crecimiento en las fuentes de carbono en el siguiente orden: celulosa>quitina> pectina>almidón>leche descremada. Únicamente hubo diferencias significativas en la velocidad de crecimiento en el medio con celulosa, en comparación con los otros medios de cultivo. En dicho medio ambas especies fúngicas crecieron más rápidamente, pero las cepas de A. oligospora crecieron más rápidamente en comparación con las cepas de C. musiformis. Ambas especies de HND desarrollaron velocidades de crecimiento bajas en los medios que contenían almidón y leche descremada.

There has been an increase in the interest of anti-ageing medicine in the last few years, with a growth in the industry of products that promise to prolong life and restore all the suffering or "defects" produced by age. The understanding of ageing has changed over the years, giving rise to the possibility of intervening in different metabolic and cellular pathways, and thus, delaying the appearance of the degenerative chronic diseases that appear with age, and that are finally the causing factors of the vulnerability that leads to our death. It is hoped that we can help the clinician to orientate their patients, who, due to the overwhelming amount of information they receive by the Internet, arrive at the clinic full of questions, waiting to receive absolute answer from their physician in order to increase their longevity and quality of life. This article presents an analysis of the physical activity, diets, supplements and drugs that are being investigated as anti-ageing measures and of the many clinical studies that have produced encouraging, measurable and reproducible results.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la sobrevivencia de las fases preparasíticas (huevos y larvas) de nematodos gastrointestinales (NG) en bocashi elaborado con estiércol vacuno. La investigación se realizó en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica en el año 2010. Abono orgánico tipo bocashi fue elaborado utilizando estiércol vacuno procedente de una finca lechera localizada en Poasito de Alajuela, Costa Rica. El estiércol contenía 600 huevos por gramo de heces (hpg) de los NG de la suborden Strongylida, < 50 hpg de Strongyloides papillosus y < 50 hpg de Trichuris spp. Cuando el bocashi estuvo elaborado, veinte muestras fueron tomadas aleatoriamente y procesadas mediante el método cualitativo de Sheater y el cuantitativo de McMaster para determinar la presencia de huevos de NG y contabilizarlos. Adicionalmente, se montaron coprocultivos y se extrajeron los nematodos totales para determinar la presencia de larvas de NG. En el bocashi las cantidades de huevos de NG fueron bajas y no fue posible la cuantificación por el método estándar de McMaster. En todos los casos los huevos mostraron signos de degradación. Ninguna larva de NG fue observada en los coprocultivos ni en la extracción de nematodos totales. El bocashi contenía un alto número de nematodos bacteriófagos, cuya presencia es positiva. Las condiciones de elaboración del bocashi lograron disminuir las poblaciones de fases preparasíticas de NG y favorecieron la proliferación de organismos benéficos. The aim of this study was to determine the survival of pre-parasitic stages (eggs and larvae) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GN) in Bocashi made from cattle manure. The study was conducted at the facilities of the National University of Costa Rica (UNA) during 2010. Bocashi was made from cattle manure collected from a dairy farm located in Poasito de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Cattle manure contained 600 eggs from the Strongolyda suborder per gram (epg), specifically < 50 epg from Strongyloides papillosus, and < 50 epg from Trichuris spp. Approximately 20 random samples were taken from finished Bocashi and processed using the qualitative method of Sheater and the quantitative method of McMaster in order to identify and quantify eggs from GNs. Additionally, coprocultures were performed and total nematodes were extracted from Bocashi samples to determine the presence of GN larvae. Eggs from GNs were observed in Bocashi samples at very low concentrations, so quantification by the standard parasitological method was not possible. In all cases the eggs showed signs of degradation. No larvae from GNs were observed in coprocultures or in the total nematode extraction. In contrast, large numbers of bacterial-feeding nematodes were observed in Bocashi samples, whose presence is considered positive. We conclude that the conditions present during the preparation process of Bocashi substantially reduce the number of GNs at pre-parasitic stages and promote an increase in the number of beneficial organisms.

Resumen La adición de abonos orgánicos es una práctica que mejora las propiedades biológicas del suelo; sin embargo, los efectos de estos sobre las cadenas tróficas (CT) del suelo han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el efecto de dos abonos orgánicos comerciales sobre la estructura de las CT asociadas a raíces de plantas de mora ( Rubus adenotrichos ). La investigación se realizó en dos plantaciones de mora en San Martín de León Cortés y Buena Vista de Pérez Zeledón, San José, Costa Rica, durante agosto-diciembre del 2010. En ambas plantaciones las plantas fueron fertilizadas con compost o lombricompost. Se muestreó el suelo que circundaba las raíces de las plantas para cuantificar los grupos de organismos de las CT, mediante las siguientes técnicas: bacterias y hongos filamentosos mediante cuenta directa en placa, protozoarios mediante el número más probable, esporas de hongos micorrizógenos y nematodos mediante flotación-centrifugación, microartrópodos, macroartrópodos y lombrices fueron cuantificados directamente en el suelo. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante análisis de escalamiento multidimensional. La adición de abonos orgánicos causó un efecto diferencial sobre la estructura de las CT (con respecto a suelos sin fertilizar). Dependiendo del tipo de abono, este efecto varió en cada una de las fincas. Los grupos de organismos mayormente afectados fueron actinomicetes y protozoarios, lo cual implica que la estructura de las CT y como consecuencia, las funciones del suelo no fueron afectadas por la adición de abonos orgánicos. Abstract Soil fertilization with organic fertilizers comprises a practice that improves the soil biological properties; however, the effect of these on the soil food web (SFW) has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two commercial organic fertilizers on the structure of the SFW associated with roots of blackberry plants ( Rubus adenotrichos ). The research was conducted in two blackberry plantations located one in San Martín de León Cortés, and the other one in Buena Vista de Pérez Zeledón in San José, Costa Rica, from August to December, 2010. In the two plantations, plants were fertilized with compost or vermicompost. The roots of blackberry plants surrounding soil were sampled in order to quantify groups of the SFW through the following techniques: bacteria and filamentous fungi by plate count, protozoa by the most probable number, spores from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes by flotation-centrifugation, microarthropods, macroarthropods, and worms were directly counted in soil samples. The dataset was analyzed by multidimensional scaling analysis. The addition of organic fertilizers to soil caused a differential effect on the structure of the SFW (as compared with non-fertilized soils). The effect differed in soil from each of the experimental plantations according to fertilizer type. The groups of organisms mainly affected were actinomycetes and protozoa, which implies that the structure of SFW and consequently, the function of soil were not affected by the addition of organic fertilizers.

Se evaluó el parasitismo in vitro de 14 aislamientos de hongos nematófagos (6 Trichoderma sp., 4 Paecilomyces sp., 2 Fusarium oxysporum, y 2 Monacrosporium sp.) contra juveniles y huevos del nematodo agallador Meloidogyne javanica. Los hongos, de 3 regiones productoras de arroz en Costa Rica, (Pacífico Central, Huetar Atlántica y Chorotega), se aislaron mediante el método de espolvoreado en placas, durante abril del 2008 a agosto de 2009. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones por hongo, en agar-agua (AA). Se inoculó una suspensión de 1 a 1,5x10 6 conidios (ufc.ml -1 ) por plato Petri, y al cuarto día se depositó en 0,5 ml una suspensión de 150 juveniles y 100 huevos de M. javanica previamente desinfectados, a temperatura ambiente (23-26°C) y con luz natural. Transcurridas 96 h se contó en cada plato el número de nematodos vivos, muertos ó parasi- tados y de huevos parasitados o no parasitados. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística (RL) para las variables evaluadas, el cual mostró diferencias significativas (pTrichoderma (Tri1, Tri2, Tri3 y Tri4) fueron los más eficientes en el parasitismo sobre juveniles y huevos de M. javanica.

El artículo trata de ofrecer una propuesta de contenidos curriculares como alternativa a los predeterminados por la LOMCE. Son unos contenidos-problema, justificados por una antropología andina frente a la antropología occidental. Mientras aquella habla de interdependencia, totalidad holística, horizontalidad democrática y ecocentrismo, esta se aferra a un tipo de persona, unidimensional o economicista, independiente, distinta y superior a todo lo que no es sujeto racional, originando una escuela y unos contenidos pedagógicos que en nada ayudan a resolver los conflictos humanos, agravados por una cultura occidental en declive histórico. Los contenidos-problema, por el contrario, se presentan por el autor como el reflejo de una escuela re-orientada por los principios de la antropología andina, capaces de contribuir a la construcción del sujeto comunitario. This paper attempts to offer an alternative approach to the curricular contents of the Spanish Organic Law on the Improvement of the Quality of Education (LOMCE). The author proposes «problem-contents», justified by Andean anthropology where interdependency, a holistic approach, democratic horizontality and ecocentrism are the basis of living compared to contents justified by Western anthropology where the model is that of a one-dimensional, economicist, independent and superior individual. The model of school and of pedagogical contents provided by this approach is unable to solve human conflicts, which are, at the moment, magnified by the decline of Western culture. «Problem-contents», on the other hand, reflect a reorientated school that follows Andean anthropological principles that enable the building of a community-focused individual.

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in Moina macrocopa homogenized with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBSS), lead (Pb), crude oil (PO), and their mixtures was investigated. When the homogenized cladoceran were exposed to these compounds in vitro, AChE activity revealed that PO was the most potent anticholinesterase agent, followed by Mixture IV (DBSS-PO), Mixture I (DBSS), Mixture III (PO-DBSS), Pb, DBSS, and Mixture II (Pb-DBSS). All compounds and their mixtures caused inhibition of M. macrocopa homogenized cholinesterase. This bioassay technique seems to have considerable potential as a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive procedure for hazard assessment and environmental evaluation. ©1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 12: 211–215, 1997

Introduction This instructional video presents basic technique for restoring a class I occlusal preparation with amalgam. This video is intended to serve as an adjunctive tool for teaching operative dentistry. The intended audience is any student of operative dentistry. Methods Students can watch this video on their personal computer/media device as a form of self-study or review. The video can also be projected as a stand-alone presentation before a group of viewers in teaching and/or calibration scenarios. The video can be easily paused during presentation to engage in reflection on and discussion of previously presented information. To aid in assessment of comprehension of basic concepts covered in the class I amalgam restoration video, an eight question multiple-choice quiz is also included in this submission. Results This video has become a powerful medium for effectively illustrating operative procedures at our institution. By viewing this video in advance, students are more attentive during lectures, and seem to ask better questions. In addition, they have become more efficient during laboratory sessions and are also able to better self-assess. Discussion Because the resource is a concise demonstration of the technique of class I amalgam restoration, other important related subjects (dental caries and dental materials) could not be covered in detail. For a more comprehensive understanding of dental caries management, further training and collaboration is strongly encouraged.

Introduction This instructional video presents the basic technique for restoring a class I occlusal preparation with composite. This video is intended to serve as an adjunctive tool for teaching operative dentistry. The intended audience is any student of operative dentistry. Methods Students can watch this video on their personal computer/media device as a form of self-study or review. The video can also be projected as a stand-alone presentation before a group of viewers in teaching and/or calibration scenarios. The video can be easily paused during presentation to engage in reflection on and discussion of previously presented information. To aid in assessment of comprehension of basic concepts covered in the class I amalgam restoration video, a multiple-choice quiz is also included in this submission. Results This video has become a powerful medium for effectively illustrating operative procedures at our institution. By viewing this video in advance, students are more attentive during lectures, and seem to ask better questions. In addition, they have become more efficient during laboratory sessions and are also able to better self-assess. Discussion Because the resource is a concise demonstration of the technique of class I composite restoration, other important related subjects (dental caries and dental materials) could not be covered in detail. For a more comprehensive understanding of dental caries management, further training and collaboration is strongly encouraged.

Introduction This resource is intended to serve as an adjunctive tool for teaching operative dentistry. The centerpiece of the resource is a 4-minute instructional video, which presents basic technique for a Class I preparation. The general target audience is dental students, and the video should be presented in the context of a comprehensive operative dentistry curriculum. Methods The video conveys operative concepts via a variety of formats: text, photos, and live video, all with audio narration. Students can watch the video on their personal computer/media device as a form of self-study or review. The video can also be projected as a stand-alone presentation before a group of viewers in teaching and/or calibration scenarios. It can be easily paused during presentation to engage in reflection on and discussion of previously presented information. In addition to the video, a multiple-choice quiz is provided to allow the audience to self-assess. Results This video has become a powerful medium for effectively illustrating operative procedures at our institution. By viewing the video in advance, students are more attentive during lectures and seem to ask better questions. They have also become more efficient during laboratory sessions and are able to better self-assess. Discussion This resource was developed specifically in response to consistent student requests for video demonstration of the procedures covered in operative dentistry courses. Students seemed to be especially interested in the ability to review theory and techniques as many times as necessary before actual live patient encounters. With this in mind, the goal was to create a self-contained resource that could be easily accessible for its audience. The self-contained nature of the video makes it easily adaptable to a number of learning scenarios. In addition, the video can be used as a review in preparing for regional board exams.

"Antecedentes: el cáncer de mama es la primera causa de muerte en México y su tendencia es a la alza. Los factores de riesgo relacionados son los genéticos, la edad, la menarquia temprana y la menopausia tardía, el sobrepeso y la obesidad, entre otros. De 5 a 10% de los casos de cáncer de mama son hereditarios. Objetivo: determinar las características epidemiológicas de pacientes con cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario y cáncer de mama esporádico en una muestra de pacientes del ISSSTE. Material y método: se realizó un estudio transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional en el que se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de 137 casos de cáncer de mama en todos los estadios clínicos. Se utilizaron los criterios del cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario (Colima, México, 2008). Los resultados se analizaron con la prueba estadística ji al cuadrado. Resultados: de 137 mujeres con cáncer de mama, con 47 años de edad en promedio, 46 (33.6%) reunieron los criterios para cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario. El 60% eran mayores de 50 años (premenopáusicas). Según la distribución geográfica, este tipo de cáncer fue más frecuente en el centro de la República Mexicana (49.2%) y en segundo lugar en el sur (31.5%). El promedio del índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 28.6 (de 19.53 a 42.19). Los antecedentes familiares de otros cánceres fueron mayores (42%), con predominio del cáncer cervicouterino, que del de mama (22%). Conclusiones: la frecuencia del cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario fue mayor a la informada en la bibliografía. La obesidad es un factor de riesgo constante en el cáncer de mama, especialmente en el esporádico, y en mujeres posmenopáusicas que tuvieron el IMC más alto (>40). Se puede influir en los factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario para incidir en la morbilidad y mortalidad de esta enfermedad."

Urban noise has become an essential element of environmental analysis in recent years. It is a good tool for assessing environmental quality in urban environments. Residents of large cities are demanding more options of transportation to achieve energy efficiency, low emission of pollutants, and strategic routes, among others. This proposal presents the results of a diagnosis study of urban noise in a heavy traffic avenue in Guadalajara city. The project was performed at the time the infrastructure for the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) was completed and right after the new transportation system started working on Independencia Avenue. The results of the project indicated that the operation of a fast and environmentally friendly bus reduces noise emissions significantly, and it also contributes to the improvement of acoustic quality of the avenue, benefiting both, people and the environment.

Objetivo. Determinar la actividad depredadora in vitro de cepas de hongos nematófagos autóctonos de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Dieciséis cepas de hongos nematófagos nativos de Costa Rica de los géneros Candelabrella musiformis, Arthrobotrys oligospora y Dactylella sp. Se evaluó in vitro la actividad depredadora de los hongos frente a nemátodos gastrointestinales como Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum sp. y Trichostrongylus sp aislados de pequeños rumiantes. Resultados. La actividad de los hongos fue muy heterogénea, presentándose resultados que van desde 9.8 a 99.6% de depredación. Conclusiones. El análisis estadístico demostró diferencias significativas en la actividad de los hongos; sin embargo, las cepas de A. oligospora mostraron un mejor desempeño en la captura de nemátodos comparado con las cepas de C. musiformis y Dactylella sp. La heterogeneidad encontrada responde a factores como: origen de las cepas, características intrínsecas de las mismas y especies de larvas utilizadas.

La carencia de información confiable y actualizada acerca de los suelos y el uso más apropiado de la tierra, ha repercutido negativamente en el avance de procesos tales como el ordenamiento territorial y la elaboración de políticas, planes y proyectos de desarrollo acordes a las restricciones y potencialidades de cada territorio en particular. El presente estudio representa un aporte en el proceso de ordenamiento iniciado en el municipio La Conquista. Tiene por objetivo determinar las restricciones, limitantes y potencialidades de los suelos. La metodología utilizada incluye la revisión de información secundaria, talleres con autoridades y representantes de entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales presentes en el municipio, levantamiento semi-detallado de suelos, procesamiento de la información en Sistema de Información Geográfica y generación de mapas, así como la interpretación de la información generada y la redacción del informe de investigación. Los resultados incluyen la descripción de las características, restricciones, potencialidades de los suelos del municipio y el respectivo Mapa de Series de Suelos, el resultado de la evaluación de los suelos según el grado de limitaciones y repuestas al manejo, representado en el Mapa de clases de capacidad de uso de la tierra. Además, se presenta una confrontación entre el uso actual y la capacidad de uso de la tierra para identificar las áreas que se encuentran en conflicto por uso inadecuado.

Background:Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an enzyme with proteolytic activity on matrix proteins, particularly basement membrane constituents. A single nucleotide polymorphism C>T transition at –1306 displayed a strong association with several cancers. Our study investigated whether or not the MMP-2 –1306C>T polymorphism contributed to the development of breast cancer (BC) in a Mexican population. Methods: 90 patients with BC and 96 control subjects were analyzed to detect MMP-2 –1306C>T polymorphism. Results: The frequency of MMP-2 CC genotype was significantly higher in BC patients when compared with the control group (OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.1–4.1). MMP-2 CC genotype frequency was more pronounced in younger subjects (≤50 years) at diagnosis (OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.04–6.96). Conclusion: The data suggest that MMP-2 –1306C>T polymorphism strongly contributes to the development of BC in the population studied, especially among women 50 years old and younger.

Environmental quality is one of the most important topics for the social well being and must be considered in order to have a healthy social system. Shopping malls have become an essential part of the daily life of Mexican society as recreational and leisure public areas as well as a strong source of employment and economic incomes. However, the shopping malls can also be a huge source of noise, urban waste, and traffic, among other impacts it can cause in the environment. The objective of this study is to recognize and analyze the environmental quality on recreational public areas, including the way these places are managed, and now they manage solid waste, water savings, energy consumption, and measuring the noise levels inside and outside of the building; the registered range was between 60 and 90 dB(A). Another analyzed aspect is the existence or absence of educational programs oriented to visitors. It is important to find applicable strategies to make these recreational areas a place with improved en...

In recent years, urban noise has become an essential element in the environmental analysis since the study allows for a support tool for the analysis of environmental quality in the cities. Additionally, residents of large cities are demanding more options for transportation improvements from the standpoint of energy efficiency, low emissions of pollutants, and strategic routes, among others. This proposal presents the results of a diagnosis of urban noise on an avenue with high traffic flow in the city of Guadalajara, and analyzed during the construction of a rapid rail transit preferential and once it is running. The results of the noise levels actually indicate that the entry of a fast and environmental friendly bus significantly reduces noise emissions and contributes to the acoustic quality of the avenue with the benefits it represents for the people.

The city of Tlaquepaque is delimited at the north by Guadalajara city, at the west side by Zapopan, at the south side by Tlajomulco and El Salto, and in its east side by Tonala. Our purpose in this study is to create the first noise map of Tlaquepaque, being the study area between the streets: Avenida Ninos Heroes, Revolucion, Florida, and Marcos Montero. We take 53 points of which 77.3% are above 65 dBA, the Leq average of the points was 69.7 dBA, having as a minium 44.8 dBA and as a maximum 108.6 dBA. Nowadays Tlaquepaque does not have any noise map, so we are trying to identify its more complex areas. The high dB levels found in the study show us how high the noise in the street is, and this is reflected by several citizen complaints about noise received by the municipality. Because of this it is necessary to have an ambient noise diagnostic program, and do the necessary modifications to the current inspection and monitoring system. The preliminary results of this first noise map show a really serious ...

Environmental noise is at the present time a cause of concern, for the serious nuisance that it causes, and also the effects on health and behavior of individuals, on human activities, as well as for the psychological and social consequences. Hospital centers are places where numerous factors of quality and degradation can affect the recovery of patients. Knowing the acoustical conditions in some of the main hospitals of the city will make it possible to suggest measures to assist the present problem. We sampled 7 hospitals. The measurement points were selected at corners and at representative points or areas of pedestrian and vehicular entrance, a minimum of 4 points per block. We detected critical points of environmental noise in the vicinity of the hospitals, that require urgent attention. Some of the critical levels of noise were for LEQ, 93.4 and averages of this around 84.63 and maximum levels of 114.2, caused by an ambulance siren.

The study area is located in the city of Guadalajara, defined by: delimited in the north by the Gonzlez Gallo street; in the south by the Anillo Perifrico street; in the east by Avenida Mezquitan; and in the west by Avenida Alcalde. There were 38 measurement points outside the auditorium and 25 inside. A poll was conducted among the neighbors and visitors in both areas, getting 70 replies. Noise levels were between 41–101 dB(A) on the outside, average Leq on the outside was 64.5 dB(A), and inside was 80.15 dB(A). The conclusion is that the whole area is affected by traffic noise, as well by the huge number of visitors, the electric games, and the electric generators that supply energy to them. On the outside 21 points were above 65 dB(A), which means that 55% were above the average; on the inside, 100% were above 65 dB(A). Thus the neighbors are exposed to high noise levels due to the festivities during October. The biggest problem, however, is the noise exposure of the workers inside the auditorium, due ...

Studies of acoustic conditions are planning tools on which we can diagnose the problem of noise pollution in the cities. The first study on noise pollution made in the city was made by the University of Guadalajara in 1995 and updated in 1998 covering with measuring points the city center. This paper discusses the problem of noise pollution by motor vehicles at critical points and covers a total of 105 points. The study also analyzes the problem of noise pollution base on the community annoyance from which a regulation policy should derive. Results of the study show that the most critical points are located within zone 1 (center) where Leq levels within the range of 70–85 dB were found. Such levels exceed by far the international standard of 65 dB as recommended for ambient noise by the World Health Organization.

En este estudio se estandarizó una metodología para la caracterización molecular de cepas nativas de Bacillus thuringiensis, la cual se basó en la amplificación de los genes cry mediante la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Se utilizaron cuatro mezclas de oligonucleótidos: dos Generales (I y II), los cuales reconocen genes de las familias cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4 y cry1Ia, y dos Específicos (A y B), que identifican los genes de la familia cry1 (cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1Ba, cry1Ca y cry1Da). La calidad y concentración del ADN bacteriano influyó sobre la especificidad y concentración de los productos obtenidos mediante la amplificación de los genes cry. La calidad del ADN purificado a través del método rápido reportado por M. He et al. (Nucleic Ac. Res. 18:1660, 1990) permitió una amplificación eficiente. Para realizar la PCR en condiciones óptimas, se utilizó una mezcla de reacción con un volumen final de 20 µl, la cual contenía 0,4 µM de cada oligonucleótido, 1X PCR buffer (50 mM KCL, wmM Tris-HCl, pH 8,3 y 3,0 mM MgCl 2), 200 µM de cada dNTP y 1U de Taq-ADN-polimerasa, además de 10-100 y 300- 500 ng de ADN bacterial para las mezclas de los oligonucleótidos Generales y Específicos, respectivamente. El programa de amplificación incluyó 30 ciclos de desnaturalización a 94°C, hibridación a 53°C y síntesis a 72°C durante 20 segundos cada uno. La metodología estandarizada se puede utilizar rutinariamente para amplificar los genes cry procedentes de aislamientos nativos de B. thuringiensis, lo cual permite clasificarlos y seleccionarlos de una manera rápida y precisa de acuerdo con su actividad biológica y potencial biotecnológico; adicionalmente, como paso previo de los ensayos de toxicidad contra diversas especies de insectos plaga de interés agrícola.Utilization of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Characterization of Native Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensisA methodology based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques was standardized for the molecular characterization of cry genes in Bacillus thuringiensis. Four oligonucleotides mixes (primers) were used: two General (I and II) -which recognize the genes families cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4 and cry1Ia-, and two Specific (A and B) which recognize the genes family cry1 (cry1Aa, crylAb, cry1Ac, cry1Ba, cry1Ca and cry1Da). The quality of bacterial DNA influenced the amplification product specificity and concentration. The quality of the DNA purified by M. He et al. fast method (Nucleic Ac. Res. 18:1660, 1990) allowed an efficient amplification. The optimum conditions for PCR were achieved using a mixture reaction with a final volume of 20 µL which contained 0.4 µM of each primer, 1X PCR buffer (50 mM KCL, 10mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.3 and 3.0 mM MgCI,), 200 µM dNTP's, 1 U Taq-DNA-polymerase, 10-100 ng of bacterial DNA for the General mixtures and 300-500 ng of bacterial DNA for the Specific mixtures. The amplification program included 30 cycles as follows: denaturation at 94°C, annealing at 53°C and synthesis at 72°C during 20 seconds each one. The standardized methodology could be used routinely in the cry genes amplification of native isolates of B. thuringiensis for the classification, rapid and precise selection according to the potential biological activity as a previous step to toxicity trials against diverse insect pests of agriculture interest.

Nota TécnicaBACILLUS thuringiensis (Bt) es el microorganismo más utilizado para el control biológico de insectos plagas en la agricul­ tura. Recientemente, se ha reportado el aislamiento de nuevas cepas de Bt con diferentes especificidades contra insectos lepidópteros, coleópteros y dípteros, así como contra nemátodos, platelmintos y protozoarios (Schnepf, 1995). Con el objetivo de caracterizar molecularmente el banco de cepas nativas colombianas de Bacillus thuringiensis de CORPOICA (Resultados sin publicar), se estandarizó una metodología basada en la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), utilizando un grupo de oligonucleótidos generales que reconocen genes de las familias cryI, cryIIA, cryIIIA, cryIVA y cryV en aislamientos de Bt. Esta metodología permite una rápida evaluación de cepas nativas de Bt y la predicción de su actividad biológica como un paso previo a los ensayos de toxicidad de insectos.La PCR ha sido utilizada con éxito para la caracterización molecular de cepas nativas de Bt (Carozzi et al., 1991; Bourque et al., 1993; Gleave et al., 1993; Cerón et al. 1994), debido a su alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Generalmente, el tiempo requerido para una reacción de amplificación estándar de 30 ciclos es de aproximadamente 3 horas, con tiempos de denaturación, hibridación y extensión de 1 minuto cada uno. Tomando como base la experiencia reportada por Liu y Shearn (1995), se realizó un ensayo con el objetivo de disminuir estos tiempos a 1 segundo cada uno. Utilizando un termociclador de bloque (PTC­ 100, MJ Research, USA), se amplificaron los genes cryI, cryIA, IIA, IIIA, IVA y V de Bt, en mezclas de reacción que contenían 100 ng de DNA, 0.5 mM de cada oligonucleótido, 200 mM de cada dNTP (Amersham, UK), 1X PCR Buffer (50 mM KCl; 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3; 1.5 mM MgCl2) y 2.5 U de AmpliTaq DNA Polimerasa (Perkin Elmer, USA). Los parámetros para la amplificación consistieron en 1s a 94°C, 1s a 53°C y 1s a 72°C por 30 ciclos.Los resultados muestran que es posible reducir a menos de la mitad el tiempo re­ querido para amplificar fragmentos por PCR, de 3 horas a 1hora y 15 minutos. Utilizando esta PCR extra rápida se han amplificado fragmentos de hasta 800 pares de bases (pb) (Figura 1). Una denaturación y una extensión de 1 segundo es suficiente para obtener un buen producto de amplificación. Esto es debido a que hay un tiempo de transición entre las temperaturas de denaturación, hibridación y extensión de aproximadamente 30 segundos, que es suficiente para una síntesis completa de los fragmentos de genes cry amplificados. Este novedoso avance tecnológico está siendo implementado para la caracterización molecular de cepas nativas de Bt y puede ser empleado para otros propósitos en donde se requiera amplificar por PCR fragmentos de DNA menores de 800 pb.

Se evaluó el parasitismo in vitro de 14 aislamientos de hongos nematófagos (6 Trichoderma sp., 4 Paecilomyces sp., 2 Fusarium oxysporum, y 2 Monacrosporium sp.) contra juveniles y huevos del nematodo agallador Meloidogyne javanica. Los hongos, de 3 regiones productoras de arroz en Costa Rica, (Pacífico Central, Huetar Atlántica y Chorotega), se aislaron mediante el método de espolvoreado en placas, durante abril del 2008 a agosto de 2009. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones por hongo, en agar-agua (AA). Se inoculó una suspensión de 1 a 1,5x10 6 conidios (ufc.ml -1 ) por plato Petri, y al cuarto día se depositó en 0,5 ml una suspensión de 150 juveniles y 100 huevos de M. javanica previamente desinfectados, a temperatura ambiente (23-26°C) y con luz natural. Transcurridas 96 h se contó en cada plato el número de nematodos vivos, muertos ó parasi- tados y de huevos parasitados o no parasitados. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística (RL) para las variables evaluadas, el cual mostró diferencias significativas (p