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The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)", caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions.To centralize the accumulative knowledge on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium.International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online-survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on incidence and mortality of COVID-19. Survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with log-transformed value of population as an offset value.Majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial mask (94.6% at hospital; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to recommendation to use soap did. Deprivation of mask was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic level. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level.NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease incidence and mortality of COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an uncommon autoimmune bullous disorder, with significant morbidity and mortality. Mortality may be as high as 23.5% in the first year after diagnosis. Clear epidemiologic data across Australasia are lacking.A retrospective, multi-centred cohort study was designed to determine the incidence and mortality of bullous pemphigoid in New Zealand. Data from all histopathologically diagnosed patients with bullous pemphigoid between 2009 and 2015 from the Auckland region were obtained. Demographics, clinical characteristics and outcome 3 years from diagnosis (until 31 December 2018) were collected. Demographic data were compared against a denominator year-matched New Zealand Census population.One hundred sixty-one patients had confirmed bullous pemphigoid, with an incidence rate of 3.03/100 000 person-years [95% CI 2.58-3.54]; 70% were of European ethnicity; 12.4% were Pacific peoples; 11.2% were Asian; and 6.8% were Māori. 45.3% had associated cognitive impairment and/or stroke. In the 3-year follow-up, 25% had treatment complications mostly from prednisone therapy. The mortality rate was 40%, highest in the first year of diagnosis, with age at diagnosis a predictor.The incidence and mortality rates are comparable to the UK/Northern Europe. Knowledge of the epidemiology of bullous pemphigoid in New Zealand and within an international settling informs the provision of future care and treatments.

A significant barrier to the usage of isotretinoin has been concerns regarding its adverse effect profile. The dose-dependent mucocutaneous side effects of isotretinoin are well recognized and easily managed, particularly if a lower dose is used. A possible association with depression has gained widespread media attention and is a source of concern for many patients and their carers, but data from prospective studies and recent meta-analyses have been reassuring. Furthermore, there has been much confusion amongst both patients and physicians regarding a possible association with inflammatory bowel disease, as well the ocular and rheumatological adverse effects of isotretinoin. We provide an update on the evidence surrounding the adverse effects of isotretinoin and discuss practical strategies to prevent and manage these adverse effects. We also discuss appropriate laboratory monitoring for patients taking isotretinoin.

Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccination against the virus.

Discoid (nummular) eczema is a common and distinctive eczema variant, which has not been studied in depth. Although the principles of management are similar to that of classic atopic dermatitis, distinctions are made due to its unique presentation and persistent clinical course in children. Australian and New Zealand dermatologists with an interest in paediatric eczema developed a consensus narrative to assist clinicians in diagnosing and treating this subtype of eczema. Identifying triggers, potent topical corticosteroids under occlusion, skin barrier support and management of pruritus are first-line therapies, however, many eventually require systemic immunomodulatory agents.

Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptance of and willingness to purchase a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine in the general population of Aceh, a holistic Shariah law implementation province in Indonesia. An online cross-sectional study was conducted using a quota sampling technique between 1 to 24 September 2021. To determine hypothetical vaccine acceptance, respondents were asked if they were willing to accept vaccines with combinations of either 50% or 95% effectiveness and either 5% or 20% risk of adverse effects. Willingness to purchase was assessed by asking whether the participants would pay for such vaccines at certain price points. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associated determinants. Out of 377 respondents included in the final analysis, 86.5% were willing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine with 95% effectiveness and 5% adverse effects. The acceptance rate dropped to 45.1% if the risk of adverse effects was 20%. Vaccines with 50% effectiveness and 5% adverse effects were acceptable to 42.2% but the acceptance went down to 17.2% if the risk of adverse effects increased to 20%. Multivariate analysis found that men were twice as likely to accept a vaccine with 95% effectiveness and 5% adverse effects compared to females (aOR: 2.01; 95% CI 1.05–3.86). We found that 156/377 (41.3%) of respondents were willing to purchase a COVID-19 vaccine and of these participants 71.1% were willing to pay between Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) 50,000–150,000 (US$ 3.33–10.00). In conclusion, the acceptance rate of a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine varied based on effectiveness and the risk of adverse effects.

The emergence of acute, severe non hepA–E hepatitis of unknown etiology (ASHUE) has attracted global concern owing to the very young age of the patients and its unknown etiology. Although this condition has been linked to several possible causes, including viral infection, drugs and/or toxin exposure, the exact cause remains unknown; this makes treatment recommendation very difficult. In this review, we summarize recent updates on the clinical manifestations, complemented with laboratory results, case numbers with the global distribution and other epidemiological characteristics, and the possible etiologies. We also provide the proposed actions that could be undertaken to control and prevent further spread of this hepatitis. Since many etiological and pathological aspects of the acute non hepA–E hepatitis remain unclear, further research is needed to minimize the severe impact of this disease.

BACKGROUND Patch testing is the gold standard diagnostic test for allergic contact dermatitis and needs to be relevant to the region and the population being tested. The aim of this study was to develop a specific New Zealand baseline series (NZBS). METHOD We performed a retrospective case note review of patients attending four regional patch test centres between 2008 and 2020. Demographic and diagnostic information was collected for each patient along with results of patch testing. Using the results of this review, a group of 11 dermatologists with an interest in contact dermatitis agreed on a core group of allergens for inclusion in an NZBS, based on the frequency of positive reactions and allergens of interest. The remaining potential allergens were ranked by each dermatologist using an online questionnaire, with inclusion in the final NZBS by consensus. RESULTS Results from 2402 patients (67% female, mean age 44 years) from Auckland, Wellington, Palmerston North and Christchurch were collated. The 10 most frequent positive (relevant and non-relevant) allergens were nickel sulfate (22.0%), fragrance mix I (8.6%), cobalt chloride (7.3%), Myroxylon pereirae (5.6%), colophonium (5.1%), p-phenylenediamine (4.9%), methylisothiazolinone/methylchloroisothiazolinone (4.1%), fragrance mix II (3.9%), potassium dichromate (3.5%) and methylisothiazolinone (3.4%). Based on these results, a core series of 30 allergens was developed, with an additional 30 allergens added to form the extended series (total 60 allergens). CONCLUSION The baseline series of patch test allergens for routine use in New Zealand (NZBS) is based on national patch test data and expert consensus.

The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19's case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high-income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries.

The emergence of acute, severe non hepA–E hepatitis of unknown etiology (ASHUE) has attracted global concern owing to the very young age of the patients and its unknown etiology. Although this condition has been linked to several possible causes, including viral infection, drugs, and/or toxin exposure, the exact cause remains unknown; this makes treatment recommendations very difficult. In this review, we summarize recent updates on the clinical manifestations, complemented with laboratory results, case numbers with the global distribution and other epidemiological characteristics, and the possible etiologies. We also provide the proposed actions that could be undertaken to control and prevent further spread of this hepatitis. Since many etiological and pathological aspects of the acute non hepA–E hepatitis remain unclear, further research is needed to minimize the severe impact of this disease.

As the phase III COVID‐19 vaccine trials excluded patients on immunosuppressive treatments, or patients with significant autoimmunity, the Australasian Medical Dermatology Group make the following preliminary recommendations around COVID‐19 vaccination in dermatology patients on immunomodulatory and/or biologic agents. Vaccination against COVID‐19 is strongly encouraged for all patients on immunomodulatory drugs and/or biologic agents.There are currently insufficient data to recommend one COVID‐19 vaccine or vaccine type (mRNA, recombinant, inactivated virus) over another.No specific additional risk in patients on immunomodulatory or biologic therapies has so far been identified.Data on vaccine efficacy in patients on immunomodulatory or biologic therapies are missing, so standard vaccination protocols are recommended until otherwise advised.

Since it was first approved for use in 1982, isotretinoin has revolutionized the management of acne vulgaris. Despite almost four decades of widespread use, uncertainty still exists regarding the manner in which it is best prescribed. In this review, we provide an update on the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, contraindications, interactions, and appropriate dosing schedule of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne. We also discuss the safety of performing concurrent dermatological procedures in patients taking isotretinoin.

Background The COVID‐19 pandemic has disrupted the practice of medicine. Dermatologic laser and energy‐based device (EBD) treatments carry a potential risk for the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 both for the patient and the practitioner. These risks include close practitioner to patient proximity, the treatment of higher viral load areas such as the face, the potential for infective bioparticles being carried by generated plumes and aerosols, and the direct contact between device, practitioner and patient. Objectives SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly infective respiratory pathogen transmitted by respiratory droplets, respiratory/mucosal secretions, medically generated aerosols and via its transfer from contaminated fomites. This requires a review of the appropriateness of infection control protocols in regard to dermatologic laser and energy‐based device treatments. Methods A critical evaluation of patient skin preparation including skin asepsis, device disinfection, laser and electrosurgical plume management and PPE in regard to SARS‐CoV‐2 was performed. Results The adherence to a high standard of skin preparation and asepsis, device disinfection, laser and electrosurgical plume and aerosol management and appropriate PPE should help mitigate or reduce some of the inherent treatment risks. Head and neck treatments along with aerosol and laser plume generating treatments likely carry greater risk. Conclusions COVID‐19 needs to be considered in the clinic set‐up along with the planning, treatment and post‐treatment care of patients utilising EBD procedures. Some of these treatment precautions are COVID‐19 specific; however, most represent adherence to good infectious disease and established laser and EBD safety precautions.

The Virtual Lesion Clinic (VLC) of Waitematā District Health Board (WDHB) improves melanoma assessment and treatment using teledermatology. The VLC is reserved for pigmented lesions referred as suspected melanoma from primary care but indeterminate at the initial triage.To assess the efficacy of the VLC diagnosis of melanoma.A retrospective audit of suspected melanoma referrals (1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016) was conducted. Lesions were referred to the VLC if diagnostic uncertainty remained at the initial triage. VLC patients attended MoleMap imaging centres, a dermatologist reviewed history and images remotely and suggested a diagnosis and management plan. Post VLC provisional diagnosis of melanoma, all lesions subsequently excised were reviewed. A positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated using concordance between VLC diagnosis of melanoma and histopathological diagnosis of melanoma. Number needed to excise (NNE) for melanoma was derived, as well as an invasive to in-situ melanoma ratio (IM:MIS) and false negative rate (FNR).The VLC received 1874 referrals for 3546 lesions during the 5-year study period. Six hundred and seventy-nine lesions were recommended excision/biopsy or specialist face-to-face assessment, and 504 lesions were subsequently excised. The PPV was 62%, NNE 1.62 and IM:MIS 0.76 for lesions suspected to be melanoma at VLC assessment. The VLC had a melanoma-specific FNR of 7%.The VLC is effective in early diagnosis of melanoma with a high positive predictive value, low number needed to excise and low false negative rate amongst lesions referred as suspected melanoma.

The recent monkeypox or mpox outbreak has been a global concern. The present study evaluated the global research outputs, research trends, and topics of published research on monkeypox using a bibliometric approach. The Scopus database was searched for terms associated with "monkeypox" or "monkey pox" up until 19 November 2022. Maps and bibliometric indicators of the retrieved documents were shown and analyzed. A total of 1,422 documents were obtained from Scopus. Other than monkeypox, the most commonly used terms included epidemic, disease outbreaks, smallpox vaccine, and orthopoxvirus. In total, 90.3% of the documents were published between 2002 and 2022. The United States, the United Kingdom, and India were the top three countries in terms of productivity. Most of the institutions were from the United States. The International Journal of Surgery, the Journal of Medical Virology, and the Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease are some of the top journals currently publishing research on monkeypox. Tecovirimat, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), homosexuality, and pandemic are emerging topics related to monkeypox.

While biological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis should be administered continuously to maximize and maintain efficacy, interruptions in therapy may be necessary for a number of reasons. We reviewed the evidence from clinical trials on efficacy, safety and immunogenicity in clinical trials for approved biologic agents for chronic plaque psoriasis. A systematic search of three major medical databases was performed and a total of 35 articles were included into the analysis, including 13 controlled trials. Trials assessing continuous therapy against dosing as-needed therapy (including infliximab, etanercept and secukinumab) have demonstrated superior efficacy for continuous regimes. However, randomized withdrawal trials for etanercept, adalimumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab, guselkumab, risankizumab and tildrakizumab, showed no significant impact on skin clearance rates in patients who are interrupted once and then re-treated. With the possible exception of infliximab, temporary interruption in biologic therapy appears to be safe and most agents will regain efficacy after re-introduction. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(10):1063-1071. doi:10.36849/JDD.5716.

Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, have traditionally used the kānuka tree as part of their healing system, Rongoā Māori, and the oil from the kānuka tree has demonstratable anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. This trial investigated the efficacy and safety of a 3% kānuka oil (KO) cream compared to vehicle control (VC) for the topical treatment of eczema. The trial was conducted through a nationwide community pharmacy research network.This single-blind, parallel-group, randomised, vehicle-controlled trial was undertaken in 11 research trained community pharmacies across New Zealand. Eighty adult participants with self-reported moderate-to-severe eczema, assessed by Patient Orientated Eczema Measure (POEM) were randomised by blinded investigators to apply 3% KO cream or VC topically, twice daily, for six weeks. Randomisation was stratified by site and eczema severity, moderate versus severe. Primary outcome was difference in POEM scores at week six between groups by intention to treat. The study is registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) reference number, ACTRN12618001754235.Eighty participants were recruited between 17 May 2019 and 10 May 2021 (41 KO group, 39 VC group). Mean POEM score (standard deviation) improved between baseline and week six for KO group, 18·4 (4·4) to 6·8 (5·5), and VC group, 18·7 (4·5) to 9·8 (6·5); mean difference between groups (95% confidence interval) was -3·1 (-6·0 to -0·2),The KO group had a significant improvement in POEM score compared to VC. Rates of adverse events and withdrawals were similar between groups with no serious adverse events reported. Treatment acceptability was high for both groups across all domains. Our results suggest that in adults with moderate-to-severe eczema, the addition of KO to a daily emollient regimen led to a reduction in POEM score compared to VC. KO may represent an effective, safe, and well tolerated treatment for moderate-to-severe eczema in adults.Hikurangi Bioactives (Ruatoria, New Zealand) and HoneyLab (Tauranga, New Zealand), supported by a grant from Callaghan Innovation.

Chronic hand/foot eczemas are common, but treatment is often challenging, with widespread dissatisfaction over current available options. Detailed history is important, particularly with regard to potential exposure to irritants and allergens. Patch testing should be regarded as a standard investigation. Individual treatment outcomes and targets, including systemic therapy, should be discussed early with patients, restoring function being the primary goal, with clearing the skin a secondary outcome. Each new treatment, where appropriate, should be considered additive or overlapping to any previous therapy. Management extends beyond mere pharmacological or physical treatment, and requires an encompassing approach including removal or avoidance of causative factors, behavioural changes and social support. To date, there is little evidence to guide sequences or combinations of therapies. Moderately symptomatic patients (e.g. DLQI ≥ 10) should be started on a potent/super-potent topical corticosteroid applied once or twice per day for 4 weeks, with tapering to twice weekly application. If response is inadequate, consider phototherapy, and then a 12-week trial of a retinoid (alitretinoin or acitretin). Second line systemic treatments include methotrexate, ciclosporin and azathioprine. For patients presenting with severe symptomatic disease (DLQI ≥ 15), consider predniso(lo)ne 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/day (or ciclosporin 3 - 5 mg/kg/day) for 4-6 weeks with tapering, and then treating as for moderate disease as above. In non-responders, botulinum toxin and/or iontophoresis, if associated with hyperhidrosis, may sometimes help. Some patients only respond to long-term systemic corticosteroids. The data on sequencing of newer agents, such as dupilumab or JAK inhibitors, are immature.

Patients on immunomodulators, including biologic agents and new small molecular inhibitors, for cutaneous disease, represent a potentially vulnerable population during the COVID‐19 pandemic. There is currently insufficient evidence to determine whether patients on systemic immunomodulators are at increased risk of developing COVID‐19 disease or more likely to have severe disease. As such, clinicians need to assess the benefit‐to‐risk ratio on a case‐by‐case basis. In patients with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 disease, all immunomodulators used for skin diseases should be immediately withheld, with the possible exception of systemic corticosteroid therapy, which needs to be weaned. In patients who develop symptoms or signs of an upper respiratory tract infection, but COVID‐19 is not yet confirmed, consider dose reduction or temporarily cessation for 1–2 weeks. In otherwise well patients, immunomodulators and biologics should be continued. In all patients, and their immediate close contacts, the importance of preventative measures to minimise human‐to‐human transmission cannot be overemphasised.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). There is very limited evidence base to formulate specific advice for dermatology patients on immunomodulators with regards to COVID-19. The following is based on expert opinion, taking into account known risks of influenza (a negative sense single-stranded RNA virus) and other, positive-sense single-stranded, RNA virus infections (such as SARS, MERS, and the common cold). An Australia/New Zealand consensus document is in development.

Sequential digital dermoscopic imaging (SDDI) compares surface microscopy images of skin lesions over multiple time points. We utilized a retrospective SDDI cohort to investigate the development of dermoscopic features associated with malignancy in melanoma in situ (MIS). A total of 124 in situ melanomas were assessed from 110 Caucasian patients aged ≥18 years, with ≥2 serial images obtained between 1999 and 2017 and followed for a mean 41 months (3-142). As a positive control group, 58 invasive melanomas from 53 patients were also reviewed. Change in MIS size or number of colours correlated to time (both p

The Australasian Psoriasis Collaboration has developed a clinical practice narrative with respect to the relationship between psoriasis, its treatment and infection. The cutaneous microbiome of patients with psoriasis is different to those without psoriasis, although the significance of this is unclear. Whilst a wide range of microorganisms has been associated with psoriasis (including β-haemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, Chlamydia psittaci, human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus), there is limited evidence that antimicrobial therapy is of direct benefit in preventing flares of psoriasis. Psoriasis is independently associated with an increased risk of serious infection, but the absolute risk is low. The risk of serious infections is further increased with immune-modulatory treatments. The decision whether to, and when to, stop or resume immune-modulatory treatment after a serious infection has occurred depends on risk assessment for that patient, taking into account the infection being treated, the risk of recurrent infection, any interventions that can modify the risk and the need for psoriasis control. Live vaccines (e.g. MMR, varicella, zoster and yellow fever) are generally contraindicated in patients with psoriasis on immune-modulatory agents, but this depends on the degree of immune suppression and individual risk factors. Wound healing in psoriasis is normal. Treatment with infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, methotrexate and ciclosporin can safely be continued through low-risk surgical procedures. For moderate- and high-risk surgeries, a case-by-case approach should be taken based on the patient's individual risk factors and comorbidities.

Background Few population-based studies assess both invasive and in situ melanoma. We document all patients with a first biopsied melanoma in a general population in New Zealand (NZ). Methods All residents in a defined area of New Zealand with a biopsy showing a new primary invasive or in situ melanoma from 2010 to 2012 were identified, 974 patients; analysis used multivariate methods. Results Age-standardised incidence rates were 34.3 in females (F) and 41.4 in males (M) for invasive, 20.9 F and 27.6 M for in situ, and 55.2 F and 69.0 M for total melanoma. More in situ melanoma occurred in older patients and on the head and neck. Geometric mean Breslow thickness for invasive was 0.78 mm F and 0.85 mm M, with thicker lesions at ages over 60 and on the lower limb; there was no significant relationship with sex, distance from care or social deprivation assessed from residential address. Nodular melanomas (15%) were more frequent in older and male patients, and on the limbs, and were thicker. The estimated cumulative risk for melanoma is 4.4% F and 4.6% M by age 70. The body site distribution and sex differences were consistent with sun exposure patterns. Estimated incidence of melanoma in New Zealand in 2018 is 2500 invasive and 1700 in situ cases. Conclusions Assessing both in situ and invasive melanoma expands the clinical picture, better estimating health care demand and costs. Results suggest that in situ disease is a more slowly growing lesion than the early phase of invasive disease. The features of thicker or nodular melanoma show priorities for prevention and early detection.

Increasingly, existing evidence indicates that methotrexate-associated liver injury is related to comorbid risk factors such as diabetes, alcoholism, and obesity, rather than to methotrexate itself. Despite this fact, significant effort continues to be expended in the monitoring of low-dose methotrexate in patients with psoriasis. The gold standard investigation has been liver biopsy, but this is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. As methotrexate-induced liver injury is uncommon, the risk/benefit ratio of liver biopsy has been questioned. Fortunately, a number of new technologies have been developed for the diagnosis of chronic liver disease, including transient elastography (TE). TE is a type of shear wave ultrasound elastography, which measures the speed of shear waves used to estimate hepatic tissue stiffness. Several meta-analyses show very high pooled sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis (87% and 91%, respectively) in a variety of chronic liver disorders. It has a negative predictive value for cirrhosis of >90% and a positive predictive value of 75%. Recent European guidelines now advocate the use of TE as the first-line test for the assessment of fibrosis in alcohol- or hepatitis-related liver disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). As the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, including NAFLD, is significantly elevated in patients with psoriasis, TE may be worth considering as a routine investigation for any patient with psoriasis. Although high-quality studies comparing TE with standard liver biopsy in the monitoring of psoriatics on low-dose methotrexate are lacking, the evidence from multiple small cohort studies and case series demonstrates its effectiveness. A recent Australasian position statement recommends that TE should be considered as a routine investigation for monitoring methotrexate therapy, repeated every 3 years if kPa 7.5. Liver biopsy should be considered for patients with a kPa >9.5.

Background/objective To describe the dermoscopic features of melanoma in situ using the Chaos and Clues method. Method Histologically proven primary melanoma in situ (MIS) diagnosed through a specialist teledermoscopy clinic were reviewed by three dermatologists. By consensus they agreed on the global dermoscopic pattern, colours, presence of chaos (asymmetry of colour and structure and more than one pattern), and each of the nine clues described for malignancy. Results One hundred MIS in 92 patients of European ethnicity (45 males) were assessed. Mean age was 67.3 years (range 20-95). The mean dimensions of the lesions were 11.1 × 12.0 mm (range 2.5-31.3 × 2.3-32.3 mm). Using pattern analysis, 82% of the lesions had three or more patterns (multicomponent) and the rest had 2 patterns. Colours included light brown (100%), dark brown (98%) and grey (75%). All MIS demonstrated chaos. The most prevalent clues were thick lines (88%), eccentric structureless areas (88%), and grey or blue structures (75%). Conclusion Dermoscopy can be very helpful in the early diagnosis of melanoma and MIS. The Chaos and Clues method is simple to use. Its unambiguous descriptors can be successfully used to describe MIS. The presence of chaos and clues to malignancy (including thick lines, eccentric structureless areas, and blue/grey structures) should raise a red flag and lead to referral or excision.

The Australasian Psoriasis Collaboration has reviewed the evidence for managing moderate to severe psoriasis in those who are pregnant or are breast-feeding, or planning a family. The severity of the psoriasis, associated comorbidities and specific anti-psoriasis treatment, along with other exposures, can have a deleterious effect on pregnancy outcomes. Psoriasis itself increases the risk of preterm and low birthweight babies, along with spontaneous and induced abortions, but no specific birth defects have been otherwise demonstrated. The baseline risk for a live born baby to have a major birth defect is 3%, and significant neuro-developmental problem is 5%. In Australia, pregnant women with psoriasis are more likely to be overweight or obese, depressed, or smoke in their first trimester, and are also less likely to take prenatal vitamins or supplements. Preconception counselling to improve maternal, pregnancy and baby health is therefore strongly encouraged. The topical and systemic therapies commonly used in psoriasis are each discussed separately, with regards to pregnancy exposure, breast-feeding and effects on male fertility and mutagenicity. The systemic therapies included are acitretin, adalimumab, apremilast, certolizumab, ciclosporin, etanercept, infliximab, ixekizumab, methotrexate, NBUVB, prednisone, PUVA, secukinumab and ustekinumab. The topical therapies include dithranol (anthralin), calcipotriol, coal tar, corticosteroids (weak, potent and super-potent), moisturisers, salicylic acid, tacrolimus, and tazarotene. As a general recommendation, effective drugs that have been widely used for years are preferable to newer alternatives with less foetal safety data. It is equally important to evaluate the risks of not treating, as severe untreated disease may negatively impact both mother and the foetus.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES An e-referral system was developed at a tertiary care hospital in Auckland, New Zealand in 2014 for suspected cutaneous malignancy. E-referrals include patient information, a description of the lesion(s), biopsy results and/or attached photograph(s). Experienced surgical oncologists prioritised the referrals and selected a management option or referred them for a teledermatoscopy opinion. Our aim was to review the efficacy of e-referrals for improving diagnostic accuracy for melanoma. METHODS Referrals received in 2016 including images and categorisation as confirmed, likely or suspected melanoma by the triage specialist were evaluated. Concordance of the pathological diagnosis with the triage diagnosis and teledermatoscopy diagnosis was determined for each referral. RESULTS 809 of 3470 e-referrals for skin cancer were categorised as confirmed, likely or suspected melanoma. 230 (28.4%) of these included a referral histopathology confirming melanoma/melanoma in situ. Of the remaining 579 referrals, 315 were sent for urgent diagnostic excision and 264 were referred for teledermatoscopy. 120 of the 315 sent for urgent excision were confirmed as melanoma (53) or melanoma in situ (67) on histopathology: a positive predictive value (PPV) of 38.1% and number needed to excise (NNE) of 2.6. Less than 10% of referrals triaged for teledermatoscopy were confirmed as melanoma (24/264). Almost half of all referrals (374/809, 45.6%) included melanoma/melanoma in situ. The melanoma: melanoma in situ ratio was 1: 1.18. CONCLUSIONS The e-referral and teledermatoscopy service for suspected melanoma has proven fewer unnecessary excisions of benign lesions than previously reported.

Objective: VITALITY, a 6-month, multicenter, prospective, observational study, assessed the effects of originator adalimumab (HUMIRA) on health and disability outcomes in patients with Crohn’s dise...

Background/Objectives Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects up to 10% of the population. Standard treatments include topical azelaic acid and metronidazole or systemic tetracyclines. Isotretinoin has generally been restricted to severe disease, often at a dose of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg/day. Method Retrospective review of open-label isotretinoin (initial dose 20 mg/day, with dose adjustments according to response), in patients with mild to moderate papulopustular rosacea. Results Altogether 52 patients (33 women), mean age 48 years (range 18–86) were treated with isotretinoin over a 5-year period. All patients were commenced on 20-mg isotretinoin/day which was reduced to 10–20 mg once to five times a week (equivalent to 5 mg/day) in 67%, but increased in 15% (who all had additional acne) to 30–40 mg/day. In terms of dose/kg/day, 29% received ≤ 0.1 mg/kg/day, 46% received 0.11–0.25 mg/kg/day and 10% received > 0.5 mg/kg/day. Treatment was continued for 57 weeks (range 9–223). Six patients (12%) did not attend follow up. Of the remainder, in 91% (42/46) the rosacea had cleared or was excellent. One patient stopped isotretinoin because of its adverse effects. Two-fifths (44%) suffered no adverse effect. The most common side-effect was cheilitis in half (52%), which was mild in all but one patient. Conclusion Very low-dose isotretinoin (e.g., 10–20 mg once to five times a week, equivalent to 5 mg/day) is an effective treatment for mild to moderate papulopustular rosacea and is well tolerated.

The Australasian Psoriasis Collaboration reviewed methotrexate (MTX) in the management of psoriasis in the Australian and New Zealand setting. The following comments are based on expert opinion and a literature review. Low-dose MTX (

Background/Objectives The prevalence of melanocytic naevi falls with age. It has been postulated that this could be due to spontaneous involution (fading). Our objective was to provide dermatoscopic evidence of fading naevi and to describe the patterns of fading observed. Methods Serial dermatoscopic images of naevi demonstrating fading were collected from a set of 25 000 images. Any naevi that showed significant fading, as compared to previous imaging of the same lesion, were included in the analysis. Results A total of 47 naevi in 21 patients were found to have significantly faded over a span of 2–11 years. The dermatoscopic fading was observed to occur in two patterns. The most common pattern observed was generalised fading (n = 45), where fading was present over all the naevus. There were two cases of focal fading (n = 2) where fading was present only over one area of the naevus. Conclusions Fading melanocytic naevi are uncommon. Melanocytic naevi fade in recognisable patterns, with generalised fading most commonly observed in our series.

Background The importance of the cumulative dose of isotretinoin with respect to relapse of acne vulgaris remains controversial. Although guidelines recommend 0.5–1.0 mg/kg/d to a minimum cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg, there has been a trend toward the use of lower daily dosages with no reference to cumulative dose. Objectives This study aimed to determine the influence of daily and cumulative dosage on relapse in acne. Methods Charts of patients with acne treated with isotretinoin were reviewed. Demographic details and daily cumulative doses and duration were compared between patients who received one course and two or more courses, respectively. Results Of 1453 patients, 326 (22.4%) received a second course of treatment (study population). The remainder served as controls (n = 1127). Dosage varied from 10 mg/week to 1.1 mg/kg/d, cumulative dosage from 1 to >300 mg/kg, and duration of treatment from 8 weeks to 5 years. Compared with controls, patients who received a second course were more likely to be women (61 vs. 47%; P < 0.001) and received higher daily (0.71 vs. 0.58 mg/kg/d; P < 0.001) and cumulative (126 vs. 101 mg/kg; P < 0.001) doses. Patients treated with very low doses (e.g. 10 mg three times per week) and/or low cumulative doses (e.g. 25–50 mg/kg) did not relapse more often than controls. Conclusions Neither daily nor cumulative dosages influenced relapse of acne vulgaris in patients treated with varying doses of isotretinoin as long as treatment was continued for ≥2 months after the acne had completely resolved.

Introduction Teledermatology can improve access to specialist dermatological advice. We describe a retrospective review of the first 12 months of Waikato Teledermatology (WT), a low-cost, secure, website-based, store-and-forward teledermatology network using the Collegium Telemedicus platform. Methods We determined specialist response time, referral metrics, patient diagnosis and progress reports from the network’s database. The programme’s value was evaluated by post-pilot online surveys of referrers and specialist dermatologists. Results WT was used by 31 referring doctors for 309 consultations with four dermatologists between July 2013 and June 2014. Mean and median specialist response time was 2.07 hours (range: 0.13–5.64 hours). The researchers categorized the referrals as tumours (56.8%) and rashes (43.2%), including inflammatory dermatoses (51.9%), infection (18.1%), uncertain (16.5%), miscellaneous (7.5%), and of environmental origin (6%). Thirty tumours were biopsied, including nine melanomas and three basal cell carcinomas. A total of 158 progress reports and 35 survey responses were received. Reported advantages included decreased delay, improved accuracy of diagnosis and treatment compared to that made without specialist input, decreased unnecessary procedures such as biopsies of undiagnosed conditions, and increased appropriate referrals for face-to-face assessment, thus leading to cost savings for the patient and the health care system. The major disadvantages were the time burden for clinicians to complete consultations, the lack of integration with the patients’ usual electronic medical record and absence of funding. Discussion WT proved an effective and acceptable approach to improving patient access to dermatologic services.

BACKGROUND Melanocytic naevi have been observed to undergo morphological changes following exposure to narrowband ultraviolet (NB-UV)B radiation. OBJECTIVES To analyse changes in naevi exposed to NB-UVB in a large cohort of patients. METHODS Subjects referred for phototherapy had macroscopic and dermoscopic images taken of prominent melanocytic naevi at the following time points: immediately prior to NB-UVB treatment, after 10 exposures, after 30 exposures or at the end of treatment if earlier, and 3 months after discontinuing treatment. Four dermatologists, by consensus, examined each naevus for specific clinical and dermoscopic features at each time point. The size (area) of each naevus was determined by plenimetry. RESULTS Complete sets of images were taken for 36 out of 51 patients. The most common global dermoscopic patterns in the 440 naevi examined were reticular (50%) and globular (32%). Following NB-UVB exposure, blurring or merging of lines was observed in 45% of reticular naevi. An increase in colour intensity and in the number of dots or globules was observed in 63% of globular naevi, and 167 naevi (40%) underwent a change in size. Of these, 91/167 (54%) decreased in size, with a median area reduction of 8% (0·9-42%); while 76/167 (46%) increased in size, with a median area increase of 9% (1-76%). CONCLUSIONS Around half of naevi exposed to a course of NB-UVB treatment undergo size or morphological changes. Naevi that enlarged tended to revert to pretreatment size 3 months after discontinuation of phototherapy.

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a multi-system syndrome resulting from an idiosyncratic reaction to medication. While it commonly results in multi-organ involvement, particularly the liver, there are few reports of DIHS causing cerebral vasculitis and neurological deficits. We report the case of a 63-year old woman with DIHS secondary to allopurinol leading to multiple neurological deficits with magnetic resonance imaging findings consistent with a cerebral vasculitis.

Teledermoscopy is considered a reliable tool for the evaluation of pigmented skin lesions. We compared the management decision in face-to-face visits vs. teledermatology in a high-risk melanoma cohort using total-body photography, macroscopic and dermoscopic images of single lesions. Patients were assessed both face-to face and by 4 remote teledermatologists. Lesions identified as suspicious for skin cancer by face-to-face evaluation underwent surgical excision. The teledermatologists recommended "self-monitoring", "short-term monitoring", or "excision". A 4-year monitoring was completed in a cohort of participating subjects. The general agreement, calculated by prevalence and bias-adjusted κ (PABAK), showed almost perfect agreement (PABAK 0.9-0.982). A total of 23 lesions were excised; all teledermatologists identified the 9 melanomas. The greatest discrepancy was detected in "short-term monitoring". During 4-year monitoring one melanoma was excised that had been considered benign. In conclusion, melanoma identification by experts in pigmented lesions appears to be equivalent between face-to-face and teledermatological consultation.

With 30 years of clinical use, it is appropriate to review the use of isotretinoin. We now understand that retinoids influence cellular growth, differentiation, morphogenesis and apoptosis, inhibit tumour promotion and malignant cell growth, exert immuno-modulatory actions and alter cellular cohesiveness. This has expanded the indications of isotretinoin from just acne and rosacea to a wide range of inflammatory and malignant skin disorders. While the standard dose of 0.5 to 1 mg/kg per day for 4 months to a cumulative dose of 120-140 mg/kg per day has served us well in the management of acne vulgaris, there is emerging evidence that much lower dosages (as low as 5 mg/day) are just as effective but have significantly fewer adverse effects. Relapse of acne vulgaris continues to be a problem but we are beginning to recognise that this is related less to the cumulative dose and more to the length of sebaceous gland suppression. Other factors important for relapse include a macrocomedonal pattern of acne, smoking and age, both younger (under 14 years) and older (over 25 years). After 30 years of use, we now understand why isotretinoin is such an effective drug. Not only does it clear acne in almost all patients, long-term remission can be achieved in 70-80% of patients with a single course. Important changes in the use of isotretinoin include using a lower daily dose for a longer period of time. New indications continue to emerge, particularly as a potential treatment for both intrinsic and extrinsic (photo) aging. Teratogenicity however, remains a very significant concern.

Background/Objectives: A virtual lesion clinic (VLC) using store-and-forward teledermoscopy was introduced to reduce waiting times and improve access for skin lesion assessment by dermatologists. We aimed to review the efficiency and patient acceptance of a new community-based teledermoscopy service by comparing it to hospital-based face-to-face (FTF) skin lesion clinics. Methods: A prospective study compared patient flow through a community-based VLC and a tertiary hospital FTF dermatology clinic. Surveys were sent to patients and their referring doctors after attendance. Waiting times, diagnosis, outcomes, financial costs, patient acceptability and convenience were compared. Results: A total of 300 patients were assessed; 200 were seen in the VLC and 100 in the conventional FTF clinic. Of the 200 patients seen in the VLC, 88% did not require a subsequent FTF clinic assessment to establish the diagnosis. Mean waiting times for first assessment were reduced by two thirds (from 114 days to 39 days) in those seen by the VLC compared to FTF. Financial analysis demonstrated cost savings of 14%. Surveyed patients were highly satisfied and confident in the VLC service. Conclusions: A community-based teledermoscopy service may allow improved management of outpatient referrals while providing a better, quicker and more convenient service. It may also provide cost savings, as teledermoscopy assessment can be cheaper than traditional assessment.

We compared the thickness of both dermis and subcutis (measured using ultrasound) in overweight and obese adults with type 1 (n = 10) or type 2 (n = 8) diabetes mellitus. When adjusted for confounding factors, patients with type 1 diabetes had thicker subcutis than those with type 2 diabetes, with this difference being particularly marked in the abdomen. There were no observed differences in dermal thickness between the groups.

Background/Objectives: Children with atopic dermatitis often have infective exacerbations which are treated with antibiotics and/or antiseptics. The most common infective cause is Staphylococcus aureus with a worldwide trend towards antibiotic resistance. This prospective observational audit aimed primarily to establish the prevalence of S. aureus colonisation in New Zealand children with atopic dermatitis attending a specialised paediatric dermatology clinic. Secondary aims were to assess whether S. aureus colonisation correlated to clinical severity, the sensitivity patterns to antibiotics (in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and to identify any demographic or management risk factors. Methods: Subjects were children aged 18 years or younger attending a tertiary public hospital dermatology clinic with a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Demographic and social data, as well as current and previous systemic and topical treatments, were recorded. Patients were examined and the extent of atopic dermatitis determined using a standardised scale (Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD)). Two skin swabs were taken for culture and standard sensitivities; one from the left antecubital fossa and one from the worst area of atopic dermatitis. Microbiological cultures and density of S. aureus colonisation were recorded. SCORAD and density of S. aureus culture were correlated. Demographic and clinical data from children with S. aureus was analysed. Results: One hundred children were recruited from March 2007 to May 2008. S. aureus was isolated from68 patients. There was a positive correlation between the density of S. aureus culture and severity of SCORAD (Spearman r = 0.55, P

Background Teledermoscopy is a rapidly developing field of dermatology with studies demonstrating excellent agreement with face-to-face diagnosis. However, we are unaware of studies evaluating interobserver variability in diagnosis between dermatologists from different continents. This evaluation is important to determine the robustness of teledermoscopy and allow comparisons to be made between different studies.