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The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the scientific literature with a bibliometric analysis to find the main topics, authors, sources, most cited articles, and countries in the literature on virtual reality in education. Another aim is to understand the conceptual, intellectual, and social structure of the literature on the subject and identify the knowledge base of the use of VR in education and whether it is commonly used and integrated into teaching–learning processes. To do this, articles indexed in the Main Collections of the Web of Science, Scopus and Lens were analyzed for the period 2010 to 2021. The research results are presented in two parts: the first is a quantitative analysis that provides an overview of virtual reality (VR) technology used in the educational field, with tables, graphs, and maps, highlighting the main performance indicators for the production of articles and their citation. The results obtained found a total of 718 articles of which the following were analyzed 273 published articles. The second stage consisted of an inductive type of analysis that found six major groups in the cited articles, which are instruction and learning using VR, VR learning environments, use of VR in different fields of knowledge, learning processes using VR applications or games, learning processes employing simulation, and topics published during the Covid-19 pandemic. Another important aspect to mention is that VR is used in many different areas of education, but until the beginning of the pandemic the use of this so-called “disruptive process” came mainly from students, Institutions were reluctant and slow to accept and include VR in the teaching–learning processes.

La creciente epidemia de obesidad ha sido uno de los retos más importantes de salud pública en México durante los últimos años. Con apoyo de la Federación Mundial de Obesidad, en 2021 formamos un grupo de profesionales para identificar y resumir las acciones prioritarias en las que puede enfocarse nuestro país para hacer frente a esta epidemia. Al proceso de desarrollo y discusión de este grupo se sumaron más de 1 000 profesionales de la salud para retomar recomendaciones de documentos y guías de alto nivel previamente publicados. En conmemoración del Día Mundial de la Obesidad, en este 2022 se presenta esta postura como insumo para el desarrollo de acciones en el ámbito profesional y de los diferentes sectores, en la que se incluyen 10 recomendaciones de acción, desde la perspectiva poblacional hasta la atención individualizada, y se enfatiza en la importancia de la participación social, de las intervenciones integrales con visión centrada en la persona y de la sostenibilidad planetaria, además de mejorar la educación y las campañas de difusión, propiciar un ambiente promotor de entornos activos y blindar de conflictos de interés los esfuerzos de prevención y control. La postura hace un llamado para abordar la obesidad de manera seria, con base en la evidencia científica, oportuna e integral, con enfoque de curso de vida, de forma ética y sensible, y sin perpetuar las barreras del estigma de peso en la sociedad.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety of the Fecal Microbial Transplant for Sjogren Syndrome (FMT) trial in individuals with immune-mediated dry eye (DE). Design: Open-label, nonrandomized clinical trial. Methods: The study population included 10 individuals with DE symptoms and signs meeting criteria for Sjogren or positive early Sjogren markers. Procedures were 2 FMTs from a single healthy donor delivered via enema, 1 week apart. The primary outcome measure was safety. In addition, gut microbiome profiles, DE metrics, and T-cell profiles in blood were examined at baseline before FMT, and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after FMT. Results: The mean age of the population was 60.4 years; 30% were male; 50% were white; and 50% were Hispanic. At baseline, all subjects had significantly different gut microbiome profiles from the donor, including higher mean diversity indices. Subjects had a decreased abundance of genera Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus and an increased abundance of genera Alistipes, Streptococcus, and Blautia compared to the donor. Effector and regulatory T-cell profiles were positively correlated with each other and with DE symptom severity (T helper 1 cells [Th1]; r = .76; P = .01; Th17: r = 0.83; P = .003; CD25: r = 0.66; P = .04; FoxP3: r = 0.68; P = .03). No adverse events were noted with FMT. After FMT, gut microbiome profiles in 8 subjects moved closer to the donor's profile. As a group, gut microbiome profiles at all follow-up time points were more similar to the original recipients’ than the donor's microbiome; however, certain phyla, classes, and genera operational taxonomic unit (OTU) numbers remained closer to the donor vs recipients’ baseline profiles out to 3 months. Five individuals subjectively reported improved dry eye symptoms 3 months after FMT. Conclusions: FMT was safely performed in individuals with immune-mediated DE, with certain bacterial profiles resembling the donor out to 3 months after FMT. One-half the subjects reported improved DE symptoms. The most effective FMT administration method has yet to be determined.

Hands-free interfaces are essential to people with limited mobility for interacting with biomedical or electronic devices. However, there are not enough sensing platforms that quickly tailor the interface to these users with disabilities. Thus, this article proposes to create a sensing platform that could be used by patients with mobility impairments to manipulate electronic devices, thereby their independence will be increased. Hence, a new sensing scheme is developed by using three hands-free signals as inputs: voice commands, head movements, and eye gestures. These signals are obtained by using non-invasive sensors: a microphone for the speech commands, an accelerometer to detect inertial head movements, and an infrared oculography to register eye gestures. These signals are processed and received as the user's commands by an output unit, which provides several communication ports for sending control signals to other devices. The interaction methods are intuitive and could extend boundaries for people with disabilities to manipulate local or remote digital systems. As a study case, two volunteers with severe disabilities used the sensing platform to steer a power wheelchair. Participants performed 15 common skills for wheelchair users and their capacities were evaluated according to a standard test. By using the head control they obtained 93.3 and 86.6%, respectively for volunteers A and B; meanwhile, by using the voice control they obtained 63.3 and 66.6%, respectively. These results show that the end-users achieved high performance by developing most of the skills by using the head movements interface. On the contrary, the users were not able to develop most of the skills by using voice control. These results showed valuable information for tailoring the sensing platform according to the end-user needs.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las barreras que existen para la atención de las conductas suicidas, desde la perspectiva de las/los profesionales de la salud mental del primer nivel de atención de la Ciudad de México. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio, basado en 35 entrevistas semiestructuradas, dirigidas a personal de salud de dos unidades de salud mental de referencia nacional. El análisis de la información se hizo mediante el Framework Analysis. Resultados: Las/los participantes consideraron que las conductas suicidas no han sido definidas como una prioridad dentro de los trastornos de salud mental. La ausencia de políticas públicas, la sobrecarga de trabajo, la falta de seguimiento a las/los pacientes, entre otras, fueron identificadas como barreras para una atención adecuada y oportuna. Conclusiones: Los programas de prevención de las conductas suicidas deben tomar en cuenta el contexto socioeconómico de la población y las características de los servicios de salud, así como las necesidades de las personas prestadoras de servicios de salud. Se requiere ampliar el entrenamiento profesional y mejorar el sistema de referencia y contrarreferencia entre los distintos niveles de atención. Abstract Objective: To identify the existing barriers to the care of suicidal behavior from the perspective of mental health professionals at the first level of care in Mexico City. Methodology: Qualitative exploratory study based on 35 semi-structured interviews conducted on health personnel from two national reference mental health facilities. The data were analyzed with Framework Analysis. Results: The participants considered that suicidal behavior has not been prioritized among mental health disorders. The absence of public policies, work overload, lack of patient follow-up, among others, were identified as barriers to adequate and timely care. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior prevention programs should consider the socioeconomic context of the population, the characteristics of health services, and the needs of health care providers. Professional training should be enhanced, and the referral and counter-referral system across levels of care should be improved. Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as barreiras existentes para a atenção das condutas suicidas, desde a perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde mental de atenção básica da Cidade do México. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo exploratório, baseado em 35 entrevistas semiestruturadas, dirigidas a profissionais de saúde de duas unidades de saúde mental de referência nacional. A análise da informação foi feita através do Framework Analysis. Resultados: Os participantes consideraram que as condutas suicidas não têm sido definidas como uma prioridade dentro dos transtornos de saúde mental. A ausência de políticas públicas, a sobrecarga de trabalho, a falta de seguimento aos pacientes, entre outras, foram identificadas como barreiras para uma atenção adequada e oportuna. Conclusões: Os programas de prevenção das condutas suicidas devem considerar o contexto socioeconômico da população e as características dos serviços de saúde, além das necessidades dos profissionais de saúde. É necessário ampliar o treinamento profissional e melhorar o sistema de referência e contrarreferência entre os diferentes níveis de atenção.

The influence of trifluoromethanesulfonic (TFSA) superacid on conditions of the synthesis of polybenzimidazoles, such as OPBI and CF3PBI, was studied. It was shown that the polycondensations proceeded smoother and at lower temperatures in the presence of the TFSA in Eaton’s Reagent and that polymers of high molecular weights, and readily soluble in organic solvents, were obtained. The effect was more pronounced for CF3PBI, where the low reactivity monomer, 4,4′ (hexafluoroisoproylidene)bis (benzoic acid), was used. CF3PBI was obtained at a moderate temperature of 140 °C with no gel fraction and exhibited an inherent viscosity twice higher than the one obtained by the traditional method. In fact, the addition of TFSA allows the obtention of soluble N-phenyl substituted CF3PBI by direct synthesis, which had not been obtained otherwise. Thus, the use of TFSA is a good media for the synthesis of N-substituted PBIs under relatively mild conditions.

Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by the progressive failure of the motor system. Currently, these disorders do not have a definitive treatment; therefore, it is of huge importance to propose new and more advanced diagnoses and treatment options for MNDs. Nowadays, artificial intelligence is being applied to solve several real-life problems in different areas, including healthcare. It has shown great potential to accelerate the understanding and management of many health disorders, including neurological ones. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to offer a review of the most important research that has been done on the application of artificial intelligence models for analyzing motor disorders. This review includes a general description of the most commonly used AI algorithms and their usage in MND diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Finally, we highlight the main issues that must be overcome to take full advantage of what AI can offer us when dealing with MNDs.

The present document has the objective to identify whether virtual reality can become a disruptive technology for the promotion of small touristic companies in times of pandemic or financial crisis by implementing the concept of organizational resilience in order to explain the success or failure of touristic Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in La Fortuna, located around and within Arenal Volcano National park in the northern region of Costa Rica by exploring the application of virtual reality as disruptive tool for activities that promote SME’s in times of crisis, as the one we are experiencing due to the pandemic. We are taking into consideration literature related to the term resilience and compile information from local tour operators in order to demonstrate the crisis, the promotion means used, and the option to implement virtual reality in such promotion. Results show that the closure of borders directly affect this area since foreign visitors represent 95% of tourists, so meeting the 80 activities being offered, as well as the specialized culinary services, and the variety of hotels from big and small businesspeople, is affected. Confinement represents a barrier for the national tourist, but it becomes an opportunity for a personalized promotion. Going from the use of social networks, e-commerce, emails, the dependence on big companies operating online, to providing immersive and telepresence experiences, consolidates their brands from a closer relationship to the customer, impacts on emotional aspects, and leans the balance for future visitation intentions.

Resumen: No es muy habitual que los edificios residenciales expresen con tanta claridad sus esquemas de resistencia estructural. Pero cuando se trata de sistemas prefabricados de hormigón - como el que utiliza este edificio -, las dilataciones necesarias entre los distintos elementos obligan a hacer evidente el traspaso de las cargas. Así, la visibilidad del sistema estructural se transforma en el protagonista de unos interiores absolutamente neutrales y flexibles.

Transient expression systems for plants have several advantages for the development of innovative plant-made vaccines. This technology has the potential to render veterinary vaccines against relevant diseases, such as paratuberculosis, a chronic intestinal infectious disease affecting livestock. This study showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of maize seedlings allows the production of the Ag85B antigen from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) at levels up to 11.35 µg g−1 dry weight. Moreover, BALB/c mice orally and subcutaneously immunized with the maize-made Ag85B vaccine produced specific IgG and IgA antibodies. Therefore, this platform is proposed as a rapid approach to produce the functional MAPAg85B antigen at sufficient yields to induce specific humoral immune responses in animal testing, which constitutes the first step in the development of a plant-made oral vaccine against paratuberculosis. This paper describes for the first time, the transient transformation of maize seedlings to produce Ag85B vaccine from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The plant-produced antigen showed strong immunoreactivity in immunized mice.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-perform method for gene amplification under isothermal conditions, and it has served as a powerful diagnostic tool. In this study, we used LAMP to develop a diagnostic protocol for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus in whiteleg shrimp, and Perkinsus spp. in Crassostrea spp. in Mexico. These pathogens are associated with different diseases and are considered a threat in the aquaculture industry. Infected and uninfected oysters and shrimp were obtained from farms in the northwest coast of Mexico to standardize the LAMP assay. We determined the candidate target genes in the first-round analysis of many sets of primers, and then we chose a set of primers that successfully amplified with Mexican samples. We optimized the LAMP reactions for each pathogen with the chosen primer sets using temperature gradients from 61 to 65 ºC, DNA concentrations from 2.5 pg to 250.0 ng, and reaction times from 10 to 60 min. This study established a diagnostic procedure for detecting pathogens in oysters and shrimp from Mexico. Early diagnosis and treatment of pathogens can immensely reduce disease transmission in aquaculture farms.

BackgroundSex is frequently underestimated as a prognostic biomarker in cancer. In this study, we evaluated a large cohort of patients and public datasets to determine the influence of sex on clinical outcomes, mutational status, and activation of immune pathways in different types of cancer.MethodsA cohort of 13,619 Oncosalud-affiliated patients bearing sex-unrelated cancers was followed over a 20-year period. Hazard ratios (HRs) for death were estimated for female vs. male patients for each cancer type and then pooled in a meta-analysis to obtain an overall HR. In addition, the mutational status of the main actionable genes in melanoma (MEL), colorectal cancer (CRC), and lung cancer was compared between sexes. Finally, a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of publicly available data was conducted, to assess differences in immune processes between sexes in MEL, gastric adenocarcinoma (GC), head and neck cancer (HNC), colon cancer (CC), liver cancer (LC), pancreatic cancer (PC), thyroid cancer (TC), and clear renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC).ResultsOverall, women had a decreased risk of death (HR = 0.73, CI95: 8%–42%), with improved overall survival (OS) in HNC, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, MEL, multiple myeloma (MM), and non-melanoma skin cancer. Regarding the analysis of actionable mutations, only differences in EGFR alterations were observed (27.7% for men vs. 34.4% for women, p = 0.035). The number of differentially activated immune processes was higher in women with HNC, LC, CC, GC, MEL, PC, and TC and included cellular processes, responses to different stimuli, immune system development, immune response activation, multiorganism processes, and localization of immune cells. Only in CCRCC was a higher activation of immune pathways observed in men.ConclusionsThe study shows an improved survival rate, increased activation of immune system pathways, and an enrichment of EGFR alterations in female patients of our cohort. Enhancement of the immune response in female cancer patients is a phenomenon that should be further explored to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has many advantages compared to in-center hemodialysis, which include technical simplicity, and being a home therapy it allows patients significant autonomy for all their daily activities. Nephrologists require trustworthy information from patients for the appropriate management of PD, that is, a careful record of adherence to the prescribed schedule, effective time of dialysis, and a detailed volume of ultrafiltration (UF) is required. All these tasks demand time and commitment from patients, resulting frequently in incomplete or inconsistent information. Development and incorporation of remote monitoring devices to machines for automated PD makes data recovery easy and safe, and provides the medical team the opportunity to be more proactive, and prevent complications due to under dialysis, catheter dysfunction or chronic and acute changes in UF. Remote monitoring devices/machines may be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of peritoneal damage and even in the initial manifestation of peritonitis.

Triphenylmethane-based polyimides and copolyimides containing bulky t-butyl group (tBu) were obtained by one-step high temperature polycondensation of 2,2′-bis-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride with diamines of triphenylmethane (TPM) family. The polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities of 0.45–0.80 dL/g. They exhibited high thermal stability with 5% weight loss above 500 °C and were cast in films with good mechanical properties capable of testing as gas separation membranes. All polyimides were readily soluble in polar aprotic solvents, and the solubility enhanced with the increase in tBu-group content. The amorphous, free-standing membranes were prepared from these polymers, and their permeabilities and selectivities to several gases were measured and discussed with respect to the structural differences in the polymers. It was shown that the presence of bulky tBu-units made the chain packing less efficient; free volume and d-spacing in the polyimides grew accordingly. As a consequence, the membranes with higher content of tBu-groups demonstrated improved permeabilities, showing 1.5–3.0 times higher permeability coefficients depending on the gas tested. The membranes’ separation performance was improved for CO/CH gas pair in comparison with that of structurally similar polyimides, while it did not change for O/N pair. Additionally, the mechanism of formation of triphenylmethane diamines in the reaction between aniline and benzaldehydes was investigated in order to optimize the monomer synthesis and to minimize possible side reactions. It was established that the secondary diamines, so-called aminals, were inevitable side products, particularly important in the condensation between aniline and tBu-benzaldehyde., This work was supported by grants from DGAPA # IN107117 and by Spain’s MINECO (Projects MAT2016-76413-C2-R2, and MAT2016-76413-C2-R1). The authors thank G. Cedillo Valverde, M.A. Canseco Martinez, E. Hernandez Mecinas, E. R-Morales and A. Tejeda Cruz (all from IIM-UNAM) for different kinds of analyses and also would like to acknowledge Sara Rodriguez for the gas separation measurements. R.A.C.B. is grateful to CONACyT for the financial support.

espanolAun cuando Hegel constata graves problemas y conflictos del Estado moderno y los analiza y critica de manera sutil, no los resuelve de forma que se pueda considerar adecuada, satisfactoria y completa. Uno de estos grandes problemas es el de la pobreza y la miseria generadas por el sistema economico del Estado moderno. El texto se ocupa de este problema en la Filosofia del Derecho de Hegel. Primero, presenta elementos irrenunciables de la teoria hegeliana. En seguida se expone y analizan elementos centrales de la sociedad civil estrechamente vinculados con la pobreza. Por ultimo, se llevan a cabo reflexiones criticas de la propuesta de Hegel, principalmente en el sentido de que es necesaria otra forma de sociedad civil, en especifico, del “sistema de las necesidades”, es decir, el sistema economico de produccion, distribucion y consumo de la riqueza generada en y por la comunidad politica (el Estado, en sentido amplio), para poder aspirar a solucionar el problema de la pobreza y la injusticia social. EnglishEven though Hegel finds serious problems and conflicts of the modern State, analyzes and criticizes them in a subtle way, however, he does not solve them in a way that can be considered adequate, satisfactory and complete. One of these great problems is the poverty and misery generated by the economic system of the modern State. The text deals with this problem in Hegel's Philosophy of Law. First it presents the indispensable elements of the Hegelian theory. Next, central elements of civil society closely linked to poverty are exposed and analyzed. Finally, critical reflections of Hegel's proposal are carried out, mainly in the sense that another form of civil society is needed, specifically, of the “system of needs”, that is, the economic system of production, distribution and consumption of the wealth generated in and by the political community (the State, in a broad sense), in order to be able to solve the problem of poverty and social injustice.

β-glucosidases participate (EC 3.2.1.21) in the activation of glycosylated and inactive forms of various compounds during plant response to the environmental conditions. The understanding of regulatory mechanisms for β-glucosidases in each plant species and their functionality is the purpose of various investigations. Our study reports the expression analysis of 10 β-glucosidase genes in corn seedlings after a challenge infection ith Fusarium proliferatum and Ustilago maydis compared with the gene expression analysis after mechanical damage and without damage to the seedlings under in vitro culture conditions. Likewise, the heterologous sequence comparison of the β-glucosidases from Zea mays and the characterized β-glucosidases of Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana were reported. Our results suggest a potential similitude in the functionality of this group of β-glucosidase genes in maize during the response to biotic stress and the mechanical damage that also showed possible tissue-specific regulation. Our results suggest the transcription regulation of these β-glucosidases and their possible influence in the defence mechanism against fungal infections in maize.

The purpose of this study is to find the key factors of influence for the use and acceptance of Virtual Reality (VR) by tourists visiting National Parks in Costa Rica. The aim is to find whether tourists are willing to use VR to contribute to the eco-friendly performance of the area they visit and to determine whether they are willing to use VR in environmental tourism to protect flora and fauna. This study is quantitative and uses the theoretical Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model and a survey as the research instrument to obtain data. Data analysis was carried out using a PLS-SEM statistical analysis. The data collection procedure consisted of 50 people being surveyed in the initial pre-test phase and later 455 tourists in the fieldwork phase with national or foreign people over the age of 18 who visit or have visited the national parks of Costa Rica. The results show that there is a positive relationship between eco-friendly performance and the intention to use VR technology, as well as the actual use of VR for the benefit of the environment. The UTAUT2 model was used to find the effect of eco-friendly performance on the intention to use VR, as well as the use of this technology during visits to tourist destinations. The originality of the work is in answering the question of how to develop sustainable tourism in Costa Rica with the use of VR devices and applications that also allow the conservation of flora and fauna.

The present document has the objective to identify whether virtual reality can become a disruptive technology for the promotion of small touristic companies in times of pandemic or financial crisis by implementing the concept of organizational resilience in order to explain the success or failure of touristic Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in La Fortuna, located around and within Arenal Volcano National park in the northern region of Costa Rica by exploring the application of virtual reality as disruptive tool for activities that promote SME’s in times of crisis, as the one we are experiencing due to the pandemic. We are taking into consideration literature related to the term resilience and compile information from local tour operators in order to demonstrate the crisis, the promotion means used, and the option to implement virtual reality in such promotion. Results show that the closure of borders directly affect this area since foreign visitors represent 95% of tourists, so meeting the 80 activities being offered, as well as the specialized culinary services, and the variety of hotels from big and small businesspeople, is affected. Confinement represents a barrier for the national tourist, but it becomes an opportunity for a personalized promotion. Going from the use of social networks, e-commerce, emails, the dependence on big companies operating online, to providing immersive and telepresence experiences, consolidates their brands from a closer relationship to the customer, impacts on emotional aspects, and leans the balance for future visitation intentions.

Los resultados de las 384 encuestas aplicadas a los consumidores de jitomate de las poblaciones de Ixtepec, Juchitan, Tehuantepec y Salina Cruz, en la region del Istmo Oaxaqueno, Mexico, son los siguientes: en cuanto a consumidores, el 73.06 % compra jitomate Saladet; el 36.6 % compra cada dos dias; el 84.87 % compra de 1 a 2 kg/semana; el 79.34 % compra el jitomate en el mercado local; el 62.73 % lo utiliza para guisar; el 54.98 % dice que la principal caracteristica de compra que busca es su precio. En cuanto a los proveedores, los resultados de las 73 encuestas aplicadas son los siguientes: el 40 % del jitomate lo traen de Oaxaca, el 91.94 % de los consumidores compra Saladet, el 48.39 % vende mas de 21 kg diarios, el 56.45 % fija el precio con base en los costos, el 59.68 % se abastece cada tercer dia.

Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de Maytenus krukovii "chuchuhuasi" a diferentes dosis en pacientes con osteoartrosis leve-moderada. Materiales y Metodos: Ensayo cli­nico aleatorizado, doble ciego. Se incluyeron a 50 pacientes con osteoartrosis leve-moderada (clasificacion de Kellgren-Lawrence) por cuatro semanas; distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: I (40mg/kg/dia de M. Krukovii ); II (80 mg/kg/dia de M. Krukovii ) y III (15 g/di­a de Daucus carota como placebo). Se determino en sangre: Alaninoaminotransferasa (ALT), fosfatasa alcalina (FA), depuracion de creatinina, hematocrito, tiempo de protrombina, velocidad de sedimentacion y recuento leucocitario. Se evaluo la funcion, dolor y recorrido articular mediante el Test de WOMAC antes y despues de la intervencion. Resultados: En el grupo II se encontro una disminucion estadisticamente significativa de los valores de ALT, tiempo de protrombina y velocidad de sedimentacion. El tiempo de Protrombina (p=0.012) y la velocidad de sedimentacion entre el grupo II y el grupo placebo fueron diferentes (p=0.003). El dolor referido fue estadisticamente distinto entre ambos grupos de estudio en comparacion con el placebo (p=0.001; diferencia de medias: 1.3±0.89 en ambos casos). En el caso de la capacidad funcional, solo se encontro diferencia significativa entre el grupo II y el placebo (p=0.001, diferencia de medias: 2.1±1.0). El recorrido articular de rodilla fue diferente entre el grupo I y el grupo III (p=0.004). Conclusion: El uso de M. krukovii “Chuchuhuasi” a dosis de 40 y 80mg/kg p.c. por dia, mostro disminuir el dolor referido y mejorar la capacidad funcional en pacientes con diagnostico de osteoartrosis leve a moderada.

A series of new aromatic polyimides (PIs) and co-PIs containing bulky tert-butyl phenoxy group was synthesized by one-step high-temperature polycondensation of 1,3-diamino-4-(4′- tert-butylphenoxy)benzene ( tBuPDAB) with different commercially available aromatic dianhydrides. The polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities of 0.40–0.70 dL g−1. They exhibited high thermal stability with 10% weight loss above 480°C and were cast in films with good mechanical properties capable to be tested as gas separation membranes. These PIs were compared with analogs bearing phenoxy group (PDAB). The incorporation of tBu improved the solubility of the PIs, their free volume fraction, d-spacing, and gas permeability coefficients in comparison with their analogs obtained from PDAB. The permeability enhancement was from 2.5 to 8 times depended on the gas tested. The PI, based on tBuPDAB and 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphtalic anhydride and, thus, containing two different bulky pendant groups, showed the highest gas permeability coefficient for CO2 (58.3 Barrer) and moderate ideal selectivity to the gas pair CO2/CH4 ( α = 18.0).

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has many advantages compared to in-center hemodialysis, which include technical simplicity, and being a home therapy it allows patients significant autonomy for all their daily activities. Nephrologists require trustworthy information from patients for the appropriate management of PD, that is, a careful record of adherence to the prescribed schedule, effective time of dialysis, and a detailed volume of ultrafiltration (UF) is required. All these tasks demand time and commitment from patients, resulting frequently in incomplete or inconsistent information. Development and incorporation of remote monitoring devices to machines for automated PD makes data recovery easy and safe, and provides the medical team the opportunity to be more proactive, and prevent complications due to under dialysis, catheter dysfunction or chronic and acute changes in UF. Remote monitoring devices/machines may be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of peritoneal damage and even in the initial manifestation of peritonitis.

Resumen. En este articulo se presentan dos alternativas para el control de navegacion de una silla de ruedas electrica en condiciones de espacio reducido. Como primera opcion, se propone una estructura empleando logica difusa con universo de discurso ajustable. Dependiendo de la distancia promedio registrada por tres sensores ultrasonicos, se modifican los parametros de los conjuntos difusos para expandirlos o contraerlos. Posteriormente, con los datos del ajuste maximo y minimo de los conjuntos obtenidos, se definieron funciones difusas tipo 2 y se implemento un controlador de logica difusa tipo 2. Las trayectorias obtenidas en las pruebas realizadas para ambas versiones muestran ventajas en la adaptabilidad al espacio disponible en el escenario de navegacion.

The Mexican Ministry of Health requested the National Institute of Public Health to constitute a group of independent, free of conflict-of-interest academic experts on front-of-pack labelling (FOP). This group was instructed to created a positioning paper to contribute to the development of a FOP system for industrialized products that offers useful information for purchase decision making. This position paper uses the best available scientific evidence, and recommendations from experts of international organizations. The FOP proposal focuses on the contents of energy, nutrients, ingredients and components that if consumed in excess on the diet, can be harmful to people's health, such as added sugars, sodium, total fat, saturated fat and energy. The academic expert group recommends the implementation of a FOP that provides an easy way to quickly assess the quality of a product. It is essential that this FOP provides direct, simple, visible and easily understandable information.La Secretaría de Salud solicitó al Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública la conformación de un grupo de expertos académicos en etiquetado de alimentos y bebidas, independientes y libres de conflictos de interés, que tuvieran la encomienda de emitir una postura para contribuir al desarrollo de un sistema de etiquetado frontal para productos industrializados que proporcione información útil para facilitar la decisión de compra. La postura utiliza la mejor evidencia científica disponible y recomendaciones de expertos convocados por organismos internacionales. Así, la propuesta de etiquetado frontal se centra en el contenido de energía, nutrimentos, ingredientes y componentes cuyo exceso en la dieta puede ser perjudicial para la salud, como azúcares añadidos, sodio, grasas totales, grasas saturadas y energía. El grupo recomienda implementar un etiquetado frontal que, de forma sencilla, permita evaluar de manera rápida la calidad de un producto al momento de realizar una compra; por ello, es indispensable que éste proporcione información directa, sencilla, visible y fácil de entender.

In this article, we present an obstacle avoidance controller implemented in a field programmable gate array for an electric wheelchair. It is based on a traditional approach with ultrasonic sensors and fuzzy logic. Various tests were conducted to characterize the prototype and to evaluate the controller performance. The results showed that the system is able to acquire data from sensors and make decisions 46.16 times per second. The sensors’ coverage extends 3 m to the front, rear, left, and right sides of the wheelchair; moreover, the sensors detect 0.95-cm diameter objects at 40 cm. The power consumption was evaluated, and it was found that the hardware architecture reduces the battery life by only 0.87%. Furthermore, the controller helped to navigate in confined areas, avoiding obstacles with cautious movements and decreasing the likelihood of collision. The proposed methodology uses data from eight sonars distributed around the wheelchair to make navigation decisions, besides the hardware-based architecture guarantees real-time control and on-time response.

Plants exhibit several mechanisms to survive under high salinity conditions. The uptake and compartmentalization of Na+ ion by the NHX antiporter is a crucial mechanism in homeostasis maintenance. Therefore, we evaluated McNHX2 gene expression and several physiological responses induced in three natural genetic variants of ice plants under salt stress. Based on morphology and growth behavior of wild type populations from an arid region of northwestern Mexico, we identified three ice plant natural genetic variants and called P0, P9, and P11. Several physiological parameters, such as water potential, relative water content, chlorophyll, and Na+ and K+ ion contents from all natural genetic variants exhibited a differential response under high salinity conditions. Specifically, the P0 variant showed lower water potential changes and least perturbation of Na+/K+ ratio than those of the P9 and P11 variants under saline conditions, suggesting that the P0 variant is the most salt tolerant. Unexpectedly, McNHX2 expression was repressed in the P11 variant while it was upregulated in the P0 and P9 variants under saline treatments. The McNHX2 gene was sequenced showing 15 introns and 16 exons; polymorphisms were found among the cDNAs sequences from the three natural genetic variants. All these data suggest that differential responses to high salinity involve different mechanisms operating in each variant for counteracting saline stress effects.

This methodology links definition of the footprint of uncertainty to data features.Design parameters are conceptually-congruent with possibility theory.Outputs piece-wise linear MFs from a given density function.Data distribution can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical.Uncertainty can be incremented from a T1-MF to a FOU through a single parameter. Type-2 Fuzzy sets (T2FS) represent a large amount of uncertainty and complexity; however, these benefits are closely related to the definition of its footprint of uncertainty (FOU). The FOU can be so freely designed that difficulties are encountered when trying to compare any two of them, or conclude how a system is improved by varying FOU's characteristics. Consequently, a parametrization method is needed, which permits a systematic analysis and comparison in terms of design criteria. This paper presents a novel method which allows the description of the FOU based on the primary membership function (MF). The provided piecewise-linear output depends only on two design parameters and the underlying primary function. A complete review about the preference for linear functions is also given as well as continuity considerations. In addition, it can be applied to an arbitrary monotonic primary MF around its mean. Close-form equations are derived for normal and Laplace distributions, as well as a regression approach to deal with sampled data where no assumptions are made about symmetry. According to the literature, such an approximation has not been published.

Peruvian school needs take on new educational paradigms and the use of NTICs in the curriculum and teaching practices in the classroom, so that future citizens effective responses to the characteristics and demands of today's society is the knowledge, education and leave behind the nineteenth century that still prevails in Peruvian schools.This essay analyzes the most relevant of the XXI century characteristics, the relationship between the school and the characteristics of this society, the formation and the role of teachers in the XXI century and at the end type is characterized school is required to respond to this demand that today's society, and in which the education faculties of universities play a major role.

The beta-glucosidase (BGLU, EC 3.2.1.21) gene family in B73 maize contains 26 BGLU paralogs of unknown functional redundancy. Promoter sequences revealed that each paralog possesses a distinct set of cis elements and transcription factor binding sites that can modulate transcriptional activity in response to a variety of stimuli. Agrobacterium-mediated fast transient transformation is advantageous for studying large gene families in plants that have rapid recombinant protein expression. In this study, we applied an optimized method from tropical hybrids of maize seedlings in order to characterize some endogenous maize beta-glucosidase gene promoters to produce heterologous proteins. We evaluated germination kinetics and Agrobacterium susceptibility of NS9617, DK2038, and C/05 hybrids and one inbred (B-73) of which C/05 was the most susceptible hybrid to Agrobacterium infection. In order to investigate the promoter-driven gene expressions of BGLU2, BGLU5, BGLU7, and GLU12, 2 kb upstream nucleotides were cloned in pCAMBIA and pKGWFS7 vectors with β-glucoronidase (GUS) reporter (udiA) gene. GUS activity was quantified in root and leaf of C/05 maize seedlings, and two promoters (ZmBGlu2 and ZmBGlu5) were highly active in young maize seedlings comparable to the patented p35S CaMV viral promoter. We propose that the use of 9-day-old seedlings of C/05 for fast transformation assays is a rapid and cost-efficient alternative for protein characterization, functional evaluation of isogenes, and promoters. The maize cisgenic pZmBGlu2 and pZmBGlu5 promoters were expressed during germination (compatible with p35S CaMV), suggesting that they have potential heterologous protein expression and their use avoids intellectual property and biosafety conflicts.

Este articulo explica el efecto de mezclas de combustible convencional con mayor concentracion de biocombustible en motores de combustion interna. Los parametros de operacion de un motor de combustion interna fueron medidos mediante un freno de corrientes parasitas y equipo auxiliar. Se hicieron pruebas con mezclas de gasolina-alcohol carburante en un motor de ciclo Otto y de petroleo diesel-biodiesel en un motor de ciclo Diesel. Los resultados de la medicion de los parametros fueron analizados y se concluyo que un mayor contenido de biocombustible en las mezclas produce leve efecto en los valores de los parametros del motor.

espanolEl trabajo analiza dos ciclos de relajamiento monetario en Mexico, el primero en 2009 con la crisis mundial y el segundo en 2013−2014 cuando la economia mexicana perdio dinamismo; para evidenciar las acciones de Banco de Mexico por estabilizar en dos momentos el producto y el empleo, restandole importancia al combate a la inflacion y en los hechos adoptando un mandato jerarquizado. La abundante liquidez mundial que se genero en los paises desarrollados por la gran recesion facilito la flexibilizacion monetaria en Mexico. Mediante una revision de informacion oficial de Banco de Mexico en 2009 y 2013−2014, se presentan los recortes a la tasa de referencia, su periodicidad y su cuantia. Los dos ciclos de expansion monetaria disminuyeron el costo del dinero con el proposito de incentivar la inversion y el consumo y contrarrestar la debilidad de la economia mexicana. EnglishThis paper provides an analysis of two cycles of monetary easing in Mexico. The first took place in 2009, during the global financial crisis, and the second occurred in 2013−2014, when the Mexican economy lost dynamism. In both periods, the actions taken by the Bank of Mexico provide ample evidence of its efforts to stabilize output and employment, while ceding importance to the fight against inflation and, in doing so, adopting a hierarchical mandate. The abundant global liquidity generated in developed countries by the great recession facilitated the monetary flexibilization in Mexico. A revision of official information from the Bank of Mexico in 2009 and 2013−2014 provides data on the cuts made to the reference rate, their periodicity, as well as their quantity. The two cycles of monetary expansion diminished the cost of money with the goal of incentivizing investment and consumption while counteracting the weakness of the Mexican economy.

ResumenEl trabajo analiza la fundación del Sistema de la Reserva Federal en Estados Unidos en 1913 para resaltar que esta institución pretendía dotar de una moneda elástica y de movilidad de reservas que hiciera frente a las quiebras bancarias que se extendieron en todo el territorio durante el siglo xix y principios del xx, suscitando pánicos financieros que empujaban a la economía a una crisis. La creación del Sistema de la Reserva Federal representó el tercer intento por contar con un banco central. The First Bank en 1791 y The Second Bank en 1816 fueron sus antecedentes, los cuales evidentemente no lograron sobrevivir. Casi 100 años después, se presentó una nueva oportunidad, de la cual emergieron 12 bancos regionales que hoy día conforman la maquina monetaria de Estados Unidos.AbstractThis work analyzes the foundation of the United States Federal Reserve System in the year 1913 in order to highlight that this institution claimed to provide an elastic currency and the mobility of the reserves that would address bank failures throughout the country during the 19th and early 20th century, raising financial panic that pushed the economy into a crisis. The creation of the Federal Reserve System represents the third attempt to have a central bank. The First Bank, in 1791, and The Second Bank, in 1816, were its antecedents, neither of which, obviously, have survived. Almost 100 years later, a new opportunity presents itself: the emergence of 12 regional banks that today conform to the monetary model of the United States.

Este estudio está encaminado a entender la diversidad funcional existente en una familia de proteínas β-glucosidasas de Zea mays. La familia de genes que codifica para β-glucosidasa (BGLU EC 3.2.1.21) en Zea mays cv. B73 se compone de 26 genes parálogos de redundancia funcional desconocida. En otras especies de plantas se ha descrito que las BGLU cumplen diferentes funciones: activando reguladores de crecimiento como el jasmónico, salicílico y abscísico en respuesta a estrés biótico y abiótico; además de actuar en otras moléculas que participan directamente en la defensa contra patógenos, reciclaje de la pared celular, señalización y metabolismo secundario. En este trabajo se realizaron análisis bioinformáticos que permitieron: (1) asociar posibles funciones de los miembros ZmBGLU a partir de la homología con ortólogos de Arabidopsis y arroz; (2) revelar la redundancia y los patrones de expresión de estos genes así como los niveles máximos y mínimos de expresión en diferentes tejidos de la planta, al analizar la expresión durante el desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo del Z. mays; (3) el análisis de regiones promotoras de 2000 pb rio arriba del codón de inicio en 4 genes ZmBGlu los cuales mostraron posibles sitios de unión a factores de transcripción (TFBS), con afinidad a los siguientes factores de transcripción (TF): DOF, O2, Interlower, DRE, MYB, entre otros; asociados a la respuesta al ataque por patógenos y algunos en respuesta a estrés abiótico. A continuación se evaluó la expresión de 10 miembros ZmBGlu en plántulas de maíz B73 bajo estrés biótico (condiciones biotróficas y necrotróficas) y abiótico (salinidad, sequía y radiación UV) (...) This study was directed to understand functional diversity in a protein family of the β-Glucosidases in Zea mays. The family of genes that codify for β-glucosidase (BGLU EC 3.2.1.21) in Zea mays cv. B73 is composed of 26 paralogs genes of unknown functional redundancy. In other plant species, it has been described that BGLU have different functions, such as activating growth regulators as jasmonic, salicilic, and abscisic acids in response to biotic and abiotic stress besides acting in other molecules that participate directly in defense against pathogens, recycling the cellular wall, signaling, and secondary metabolism. Bioinformatic analyses were performed in this work allowing: (1) associating possible functions of ZmBGLU members starting from homology with Arabidopsis and rice orthologs; (2) revealing redundancy and expression patterns of these genes as well as maximum and minimum expression levels in different plant tissues by analyzing expression during vegetative and reproductive development stages of Z. mays; (3) analyzing promoting regions of 2000 pb above the starting codon in 4 genes of ZmBGlu, which showed the following transcription factors (TF): DOF, O2, Interlower, DRE, MYB, among others, associated to pathogen attack response and some in response to abiotic stress. After that, the expression of 10 members of ZmBGlu was assessed in B73 maize seedlings under biotic stress (biotrophic and necrotrophic conditions) and abiotic (salinity, drought and UV radiation) (...)

Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) exhibit the ability to transfer lipids between membranes in vitro, and have been implicated in diverse physiological processes associated to plant growth, reproduction, development, biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, their mode of action is not yet fully understood. To explore the functions of the OpsLTP1 gene encoding a LTP from cactus pear Opuntia streptacantha Lem., we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants to overexpress OpsLTP1 and contrasted our results with the loss-of-function mutant ltp3 from A. thaliana under abiotic stress conditions. The ltp3 mutant seeds showed impaired germination under salt and osmotic treatments, in contrast to OpsLTP1 overexpressing lines that displayed significant increases in germination rate. Moreover, stress recovery assays showed that ltp3 mutant seedlings were more sensitive to salt and osmotic treatments than wild-type plants suggesting that AtLTP3 is required for stress-induced responses, while the OpsLTP1 overexpressing line showed no significant differences. In addition, OpsLTP1 overexpressing and ltp3 mutant seeds stored lower amount of total lipids compared with wild-type seeds, showing changes primarily on 16C and 18C fatty acids. However, ltp3 mutant also lead changes in lipid profile and no over concrete lipids which may suggest a compensatory activation of other LTPs. Interestingly, linoleic acid (18:2ω6) was consistently increased in neutral, galactoglycerolipids and phosphoglycerolipids of OpsLTP1 overexpressing line indicating a role of OpsLTP1 in the modulation of lipid composition in A. thaliana.

Resumen Este ensayo pretende analizar desde los enfoques sociológicos la incidencia de la situación socioeconómica de los maestros en la calidad educativa del país, las concepciones que tiene la sociedad hacia los profesionales de la educación, en especial a los del nivel preescolar, y la priorización que le dan las políticas educativas a este nivel educativo. El método que se aplicó para recoger evidencias que sustenten este ensayo fue el cualitativo mediante entrevistas realizadas a docentes de preescolar, trabajadores del MINED (Ministerio de educación) y madres de familia, la observación directa realizada en dos centros escolares y además se recurrió a la investigación documental. Lo que se recoge de la presente investigación es que hay una total invisibilización y subestimación del trabajo docente desde las políticas educativas. La sociedad nicaragüense no reconoce la labor del docente y en especial de la educación preescolar. En Nicaragua se puede ver que ser un profesional de la educación no da estatus económico ni académico. Y eso trae como consecuencia el enorme atraso social y económico en que está inmerso el país. Para contrarrestar todo esto, el ministerio de educación debe replantear su estructura de trabajo y en conjunto con las universidades buscar una reivindicación de la labor docente, principalmente en la etapa preescolar. El estado debe priorizar el rubro educación y asignarle más presupuesto para incidir en la mejora de la calidad educativa. Abstract This essay aims to analyze form sociological approaches the impact of socioeconomic status of teachers in the educational quality of the country, the conceptions that society has toward education professionals and especially those in preschool and prioritization the educational policies give to this level. The method was applied to collect evidence to support this trial was the qualitative interviews with preschool teachers, workers of the MINED (Ministry of education) and mothers, of direct observation conducted in two schools and also made an searching, locating and processing information on documentary research. That is obtained is that a total invisibility and underestimation of teaching from educational policies. Nicaraguan society does not recognize the work of the teachers especially of education in kindergarten. In Nicaragua one can see that being a professional education does not give economic status or academic. And that results in the enormous social and economic backwardness that is immersed the country. To counter this, the ministry of education must rethink its structure of work and together with universities to seek a vindication of the teaching, especially in preschool. The state must prioritize the sector and provide further education budget in this way have an impact improvement of educational quality.

This paper presents the evaluation, under standardized metrics, of alternative input methods to steer and maneuver a semi-autonomous electric wheelchair. The Human-Machine Interface (HMI), which includes a virtual joystick, head movements and speech recognition controls, was designed to facilitate mobility skills for severely disabled people. Thirteen tasks, which are common to all the wheelchair users, were attempted five times by controlling it with the virtual joystick and the hands-free interfaces in different areas for disabled and non-disabled people. Even though the prototype has an intelligent navigation control, based on fuzzy logic and ultrasonic sensors, the evaluation was done without assistance. The scored values showed that both controls, the head movements and the virtual joystick have similar capabilities, 92.3% and 100%, respectively. However, the 54.6% capacity score obtained for the speech control interface indicates the needs of the navigation assistance to accomplish some of the goals. Furthermore, the evaluation time indicates those skills which require more user's training with the interface and specifications to improve the total performance of the wheelchair.

Las nuevas tendencias educativas y la necesidad del uso de las nuevas tecnologías educativas en el currículo y en las prácticas pedagógicas, hace que la escuela peruana necesite adecuarse a estos cambios para que los futuros ciudadanos den respuestas efectivas a las características y demandas de la sociedad actual, y dejar atrás la educación del siglo XIX que todavía impera en las escuelas peruanas. Por lo que el presente artículo analiza las características más relevantes de la sociedad del siglo XXI, la relación de la escuela peruana con las características de esta sociedad, la formación y el rol que debe tener el docente y al final se caracteriza el tipo de escuela que se requiere para que se responda a lo que demanda la sociedad actual, y en la que las facultades de educación de las universidades desempeñarían un rol preponderante, The new educational trends and the needs of the use of new educational technologies in the curriculum and teaching practices, the Peruvian schools must adapt to these changes so that the future citizens give effective responses to the characteristics and demands of current society and leave behind the nineteenth century that still prevails in Peruvian schools. So this paper analyzes the most relevant characteristics of the knowledge society, the relation between the school and the characteristics of this society, the teacher education and the role of teachers and at the end it mentions what school is required to respond to this demand that today's society, and in which the education faculties of universities have a major role

The new educational trends and the needs of the use of new educational technologies in the curriculum and teaching practices, the Peruvian schools must adapt to these changes so that the future citizens give effective responses to the characteristics and demands of current society and leave behind the nineteenth century that still prevails in Peruvian schools. So this paper analyzes the most relevant characteristics of the knowledge society, the relation between the school and the characteristics of this society, the teacher education and the role of teachers and at the end it mentions what school is required to respond to this demand that today's society, and in which the education faculties of universities have a major role.

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo. ¿Es posible llevar la interpretación de las regulaciones urbanas al ámbito del "hágalo Ud. mismo"? Este software acorta la distancia entre habitante, arquitecto y normativa, en un intento por acelerar y facilitar la renovación del tejido urbano del casco histórico de Colonia. Is it possible to interpret urban regulations under the "do it yourself" model? This software brings resident, architect and regulations closer together in an attempt to accelerate and facilitate the renewal of the urban fabric of Cologne's historic quarter. http://ref.scielo.org/kq8239

Para Hegel la autorreflexividad de la razón es principio de la filosofía; ella es determinación fundamental del pensar racional en general y constitutiva del pensar filosófico como tal. Se destaca así la necesidad de la autorreflexión de la razón o de la razón autorreflexiva como base fundamental de la sistematización filosófica de Hegel, y a su vez, como aquella sin la cual, acorde con la pretensión hegeliana, no sería posible ninguna reflexión filosófica que pretenda ser tal. Se aborda: 1. La realidad y necesidad de la razón autorreflexiva en relación con el concepto y la tarea del pensar humano en general y del pensar filosófico como tal en tanto pensar lógico; 2. En relación con el problema de la determinación filosófica del concepto de “ciencia filosófica”, del conocimiento filosófico en general y del método, lo cual lleva a la necesidad de la autofundamentación de la filosofía; 3. Por último se aportan algunos elementos sobre la importancia de la razón fundamentadora para el presente.

The analysis of shape is a key part of anatomical research and in the large majority of cases landmarks provide a standard starting point. However, while the technology of image capture has developed rapidly and in particular three‐dimensional imaging is widely available, the definitions of anatomical landmarks remain rooted in their two‐dimensional origins. In the important case of the human face, standard definitions often require careful orientation of the subject. This paper considers the definitions of facial landmarks from an interdisciplinary perspective, including biological and clinical motivations, issues associated with imaging and subsequent analysis, and the mathematical definition of surface shape using differential geometry. This last perspective provides a route to definitions of landmarks based on surface curvature, often making use of ridge and valley curves, which is genuinely three‐dimensional and is independent of orientation. Specific definitions based on curvature are proposed. These are evaluated, along with traditional definitions, in a study that uses a hierarchical (random effects) model to estimate the error variation that is present at several different levels within the image capture process. The estimates of variation at these different levels are of interest in their own right but, in addition, evidence is provided that variation is reduced at the observer level when the new landmark definitions are used.

En su Ética de la liberación en la época de la globalización y la exclusión, Dussel formula y pretende justificar un “principio ético material universal”. Con ello resalta y asume la relevancia ética de la vida humana, de la corporalidad viviente de cada sujeto humano y efectúa una crítica a la racionalidad argumentativa. Este artículo pone en cuestión la adecuación y consistencia de su crítica a la razón. El objetivo principal es mostrar que la argumentación dusseliana conlleva problemas de conceptualización y de consistencia. Frente a Dussel, se defiende el concepto de razón argumentativa, y se intenta demostrar que éste es presupuesto lógicamente por él mismo, de modo que no puede consistentemente impugnarlo con base en su principio ético.

Osteoid osteoma represents approximately 10% to 11% of all the benign bone tumors. The localization at the articular and juxta-articular level of the knee is an atypical picture that causes both diagnostic and therapeutic problems. We present the case of an osteoid osteoma of the lateral tibial plateau just beneath the joint level. The lesion was removed by a rear-entry computed tomography (CT)-guided drill under arthroscopic control and the bony defect filled with bone graft harvested from the proximal tibial metaphysis. Postoperative CT scans at 3 months, and 1 and 2 years were performed. The result of the kneeling test to evaluate donor-site morbidity 1 year after the surgery was negative. There were no immediate or delayed complications. Currently (2 years postoperatively), the patient has no pain and has gone back to his normal active daily lifestyle and routines. The follow-up CT scan 2 years after surgery showed complete excision of the lesion and perfect positioning of the bone graft. This new approach/technique enabled us to avoid damaging the proximal structures, to examine the lesion, and to fill the bony defect. Moreover, as shown by CT scan at follow-up, iatrogenic lesions to the cartilage of the tibial plateau were not reported.

Es inevitable que en el desarrollo de la relación laboral el trabajador se encuentre expuesto a actos provenientes de sus compañeros de trabajo, superiores, inclusive del personal bajo su dirección, que afecten su estado emocional. Con el propósito de evitar la proliferación de esa práctica dentro de las relaciones de trabajo, el legislador ha empeñado sus esfuerzos en proteger al trabajador acosado; igualmente la Corte Constitucional, en defensa de los derechos fundamentales del trabajador, ha desarrollado una línea jurisprudencial al respecto. El objeto de este artículo es conocer los alcances de las disposiciones legales y de los pronunciamientos judiciales sobre la protección del trabajador acosado en el trabajo y las sanciones dirigidas al acosador.

Con la reforma al procedimiento laboral contenida en la Ley 712 de 2001 se introdujo el principio de la consonancia, que indica que el juez laboral de segunda instancia al resolver el recurso de apelación sólo debe limitarse a las materias objeto del recurso. Este principio restringe la aplicación del contenido del principio constitucional sobre la irrenunciabilidad de los mínimos de derechos y garantías consagrados a favor del trabajador. Esta situación plantea un conflicto normativo de una disposición de origen legal y una norma constitucional. En sentencia C- 968 de 2003 –en la que los autores fueron los demandantes– se declaró la constitucionalidad condicionada del mencionado principio en el entendido que las materias objeto del recurso de apelación incluyen siempre los derechos laborales mínimos irrenunciable del trabajador. Abstract With the reform to industrial procedure, the Law 712 from 2001 introduced the consonance principle, which indicates that the second instance industrial judge when solving an appeal against sentence must just limit himself to the matters subject of the appeal. This principle restricts the application of the content of the constitutional principle about the non-renounceability of minimal rights and guarantees consecrated in favor of workers. This situation poses a conflict of norms between a legal and a constitutional disposition. In sentence C- 968 of 2003 –where the authors were–, it was declared the conditioned constitutionality of the above mentioned principle understanding that the matters object of the appeal of sentence always include the worker’s minimal non-renounceable industrial rights

La intermediación laboral es el conjunto de acciones que tienen por objeto poner en contacto los oferentes de trabajo con los demandantes de empleo para su colocación. La legislación laboral colombiana confía la actividad de intermediación laboral en manos de las empresas de servicios temporales, en las agencias de empleo y en el simple intermediario. El objeto de este artículo es el estudio legal y jurisprudencial de cada una de estas formas de intermediación. Abstract Labor intermediation is the set of actions designed to facilitate labor placement. The Colombian labor legislation entrust the activity of labor intermediation to firms which provide temporary job services, to employment agencies, and to individuals. This article offers a legal and jurisprudential analysis of each of these forms of intermediation.

Our objective is to investigate which factors and patient characteristics are associated with success in Trabectome surgery. A total of 658 phakic cases with at least of 12 months follow-up were included in the analysis. Baseline demographics and medical data were collected. The main outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication (Rx), and secondary glaucoma surgery if any. Success was defined as IOP reduction of 20% or more from preoperative IOP and IOP < 21 mm Hg with no secondary surgery throughout the follow-up period. Risk factors for failure were determined by using univariate and multivariate cox regression. At baseline, the average IOP was 23.6 ± 7.8 mm Hg and the average number of medications was 2.6 ± 1.3 for all cases. At 12 months, the average IOP was 16.0 ± 3.6 mm Hg (P