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1. Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across Amazon Basin forest-savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of tropical woody vegetation structure and function

Author

Lloyd, J., Domingues, T.F., Schrodt, F., Ishida, F.Y., Feldpausch, T.R., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Schwarz, M., Torello-Raventos, M., Gilpin, M., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Ratter, J.A., Grace, J., Nardoto, G.B., Veenendaal, E., Arroyo, L., Villarroel, D., Killeen, T.J., Steininger, M., and Phillips, O.L.

Subjects
15. Life on land
Abstract

Sampling along a precipitation gradient in tropical South America extending from ca. 0.8 to 2.0 ma$^{-1}$, savanna soils had consistently lower exchangeable cation concentrations and higher C / N ratios than nearby forest plots. These soil differences were also reflected in canopy averaged leaf traits with savanna trees typically having higher leaf mass per unit area but lower mass-based nitrogen (N$_{m}$) and potassium (K$_{m}$). Both N$_{m}$ and K$_{m}$ also increased with declining mean annual precipitation (P$_{A}$), but most area-based leaf traits such as leaf photosynthetic capacity showed no systematic variation with P$_{A}$ or vegetation type. Despite this invariance, when taken in conjunction with other measures such as mean canopy height, area-based soil exchangeable potassium content, [K] $_{sa}$, proved to be an excellent predictor of several photosynthetic properties (including $^{13}$C isotope discrimination). Moreover, when considered in a multivariate context with P$_{A}$ and soil plant available water storage capacity (θ$_{P}$) as covariates, [K]$_{sa}$ also proved to be an excellent predictor of stand-level canopy area, providing drastically improved fits as compared to models considering just P$_{A}$ and/or θ$_{P}$. Neither calcium, nor magnesium, nor soil pH could substitute for potassium when tested as alternative model predictors (ΔAIC > 10). Nor for any model could simple soil texture metrics such as sand or clay content substitute for either [K]$_{sa}$ or θ$_{P}$. Taken in conjunction with recent work in Africa and the forests of the Amazon Basin, this suggests – in combination with some newly conceptualised interacting effects of P$_{A}$ and θ$_{P}$ also presented here – a critical role for potassium as a modulator of tropical vegetation structure and function.

2. Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents. How different are co-occuring savanna and forest formations?

Author

Veenendaal, E.M., Torello-Raventos, M., Feldpausch, T.R., Domingues, T.F., Gerard, F., Schrodt, F., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Djagbletey, G., Ford, A., Kemp, J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Ratter, J.A., Maracahipes, L., Sasaki, D., Sonke, B., Zapfack, L., Villaroel, D., Schwarz, M., Ishida, F.Y., Gilpin, M., Nardoto, G.B., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arroyo, L., Bloomfield, K., Ceca, G., Compaore, H., Davies, K., Diallo, A., Fyllas, N.M., Gignoux, J., Hien, F., Johnson, M., Mugin, E., Hiernaux, P., Killeen, T., Metcalfe, D., Miranda, H.S., Steininger, M., Sykora, K., Bird, M.I., Grace, J., Lewis, S., Phillips, O.L., and Lloyd, J.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land

3. Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses

Author

Steidinger, B. S., Crowther, T. W., Liang, J., Van Nuland, M. E., Werner, G. D. A., Reich, P. B., Nabuurs, G., de-Miguel, S., Zhou, M., Picard, N., Herault, B., Zhao, X., Zhang, C., Routh, D., Peay, K. G., Abegg, Meinrad, Yao, C. Yves Adou, Alberti, Giorgio, Zambrano, Angelica Almeyda, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Anton-Fernandez, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo, Baker, Timothy, Balazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David, Colletta, Gabriel, Condit, Richard, Coomes, David, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, Andre L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Geraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Ieda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurelie, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adande Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finer, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G. P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Euridice N., Huber, Markus, Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Kohl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal, Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver, Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schongart, Jochen, Searle, Eric, Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonke, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Sterenczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, ter Steege, Hans, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Tran Van Do, Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua-Feng, Watson, James, Westerlund, Bertil, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Valladares, Fernando, Stanford University, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Purdue University [West Lafayette], Beijing Forestry University, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Western Sydney University, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universitat de Lleida, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National Polytechnique Yamoussoukro, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Stanford University [Stanford], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Western Sydney University (UWS), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Organization, Forêts et Sociétés (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Steidinger B.S., Crowther T.W., Liang J., Van Nuland M.E., Werner G.D.A., Reich P.B., Nabuurs G., de-Miguel S., Zhou M., Picard N., Herault B., Zhao X., Zhang C., Routh D., Peay K.G., Abegg M., AdouYao C.Y., Alberti G., AlmeydaZambrano A., Alvarez-Davila E., Alvarez-Loayza P., Alves L.F., Ammer C., Anton-Fernandez C., Araujo-Murakami A., Arroyo L., Avitabile V., Aymard G., Baker T., Balazy R., Banki O., Barroso J., Bastian M., Bastin J.-F., Birigazzi L., Birnbaum P., Bitariho R., Boeckx P., Bongers F., Bouriaud O., Brancalion P.H.S., Brandl S., Brearley F.Q., Brienen R., Broadbent E., Bruelheide H., Bussotti F., Cazzolla Gatti R., Cesar R., Cesljar G., Chazdon R., Chen H.Y.H., Chisholm C., Cienciala E., Clark C.J., Clark D., Colletta G., Condit R., Coomes D., CornejoValverde F., Corral-Rivas J.J., Crim P., Cumming J., Dayanandan S., de Gasper A.L., Decuyper M., Derroire G., DeVries B., Djordjevic I., Ieda A., Dourdain A., Obiang N.L.E., Enquist B., Eyre T., Fandohan A.B., Fayle T.M., Feldpausch T.R., Finer L., Fischer M., Fletcher C., Fridman J., Frizzera L., Gamarra J.G.P., Gianelle D., Glick H.B., Harris D., Hector A., Hemp A., Hengeveld G., Herbohn J., Herold M., Hillers A., Honorio Coronado E.N., Huber M., Hui C., Cho H., Ibanez T., Jung I., Imai N., Jagodzinski A.M., Jaroszewicz B., Johannsen V., Joly C.A., Jucker T., Karminov V., Kartawinata K., Kearsley E., Kenfack D., Kennard D., Kepfer-Rojas S., Keppel G., Khan M.L., Killeen T., Kim H.S., Kitayama K., Kohl M., Korjus H., Kraxner F., Laarmann D., Lang M., Lewis S., Lu H., Lukina N., Maitner B., Malhi Y., Marcon E., Marimon B.S., Marimon-Junior B.H., Marshall A.R., Martin E., Martynenko O., Meave J.A., Melo-Cruz O., Mendoza C., Merow C., MonteagudoMendoza A., Moreno V., Mukul S.A., Mundhenk P., Nava-Miranda M.G., Neill D., Neldner V., Nevenic R., Ngugi M., Niklaus P., Oleksyn J., Ontikov P., Ortiz-Malavasi E., Pan Y., Paquette A., Parada-Gutierrez A., Parfenova E., Park M., Parren M., Parthasarathy N., Peri P.L., Pfautsch S., Phillips O., Piedade M.T., Piotto D., Pitman N.C.A., Polo I., Poorter L., Poulsen A.D., Poulsen J.R., Pretzsch H., RamirezArevalo F., Restrepo-Correa Z., Rodeghiero M., Rolim S., Roopsind A., Rovero F., Rutishauser E., Saikia P., Saner P., Schall P., Schelhaas M.-J., Schepaschenko D., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Schongart J., Searle E., Seben V., Serra-Diaz J.M., Salas-Eljatib C., Sheil D., Shvidenko A., Silva-Espejo J., Silveira M., Singh J., Sist P., Slik F., Sonke B., Souza A.F., Sterenczak K., Svenning J.-C., Svoboda M., Targhetta N., Tchebakova N., Steege H., Thomas R., Tikhonova E., Umunay P., Usoltsev V., Valladares F., van der Plas F., Van Do T., VasquezMartinez R., Verbeeck H., Viana H., Vieira S., von Gadow K., Wang H.-F., Watson J., Westerlund B., Wiser S., Wittmann F., Wortel V., Zagt R., Zawila-Niedzwiecki T., Zhu Z.-X., Zo-Bi I.C., Systems Ecology, Steidinger, BS, Crowther, TW, Liang, J, Van Nuland, ME, Werner, GDA, Reich, PB, Nabuurs, G, de-Miguel, S, Zhou, M, Picard, N, Herault, B, Zhao, X, Zhang, C, Routh, D, Peay, KG, Keppel, G, GFBI consortium, and Valladares, Fernando [0000-0002-5374-4682]

Subjects
symbiosi, 0106 biological sciences, Forest Ecology, SOM decomposition, biogeography, forest-tree symbioses, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biome, 01 natural sciences, forest-tree symbioses, Microbial ecology, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, forest ecosystems, PE&RC, séquestration du carbone, Biometris, Biogeography, Forêt, Écosystème forestier, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Climate control, Forest Ecology, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Symbiose, 010603 evolutionary biology, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Symbiosis, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Forest ecology, Temperate climate, Symbioses, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Forest, climate, Vegetatie, biogeography, Changement climatique, decomposition, Vegetation, Forest inventory, симбиозы, P34 - Biologie du sol, FUNGI, климат, 15. Life on land, Arid, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, SOM decomposition, forest inventory plots, лесные экосистемы, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

[EN] The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools, sequester carbon and withstand the effects of climate change. Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables—in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition—are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species, constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers—which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)—are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species., This work was made possible by the Global Forest Biodiversity Database, which represents the work of over 200 independent investigators and their public and private funding agencies (see Supplementary Acknowledgements), Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1128-0.

Published
2019

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