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Ultrasound diagnostics has been one of the most important additional diagnostic non-invasive techniques in ophthalmology for many decades and is essential for many intraocular and orbital diseases. When echographic investigations and analysis of the echograms obtained are correctly carried out, ultrasound diagnostics demonstrates a high degree of specificity and sensitivity.

Neben der Perimetrie und der intraokularen Augeninnendruckmessung ist die Morphologie mit das wichtigste Standbein der Glaukomdiagnostik. Die Optische Kohärenztomographie hat im letzten Jahrzehnt die Morphometrie der Papille, retinalen Nervenfaserschicht und Ganglienzellen deutlich verbessert.[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], Jahrestagung der Vereinigung Bayerischer Augenärzte BayOG 2016|49. Weihnachtssitzung der Münchner Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft MOG 2016

Hintergrund: Der Augeninnendruck ist in der Praxis der wichtigste Risikofaktor für Glaukom – bei Pseudoexfoliations- und Melanindispersionssyndrom spielt er wohl eine noch größere Rolle. Neben mittlerem Druckniveau und Maximaldruck hatten in einzelnen Studien auch kurz- oder langfristige[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Jahrestagung 2012 der Sächsischen Augenärztlichen Gesellschaft

Aim: To investigate the influence of atypical retardation pattern (ARP) on the distribution of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured with scanning laser polarimetry in healthy individuals and to compare these results with RNFL thickness from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the same subjects. Methods: 120 healthy subjects were investigated in this study. All volunteers received detailed ophthalmological examination, GDx variable corneal compensation (VCC) and Spectralis-OCT. The subjects were divided into four subgroups according to their typical scan score (TSS): very typical with TSS=100, typical with 99≥TSS ≥91, less typical with 90≥TSS ≥81 and atypical with TSS ≤80. Deviations from very typical normal values were calculated for 32 sectors for each group. Results: There was a systematic variation of the RNFL thickness deviation around the optic nerve head in the atypical group for the GDxVCC results. The highest percentage deviation of about 96% appeared temporal with decreasing deviation towards the superior and inferior sectors, and nasal sectors exhibited a deviation of 30%. Percentage deviations from very typical RNFL values decreased with increasing TSS. No systematic variation could be found if the RNFL thickness deviation between different TSS-groups was compared with the OCT results. Conclusions: The ARP has a major impact on the peripapillary RNFL distribution assessed by GDx VCC; thus, the TSS should be included in the standard printout.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the predominant form of chronic glaucoma, but the underlying pathologic mechanisms are largely unknown. Because prostaglandins (PGs) have been introduced into POAG treatment with remarkable success, this study was undertaken to investigate whether a change in the expression of the PG-synthesizing enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG.Expression of COX-1 and -2 was assessed by confocal laser microscopy, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and real-time RT-PCR in human eyes with different forms of glaucoma (primary open-angle, angle-closure, congenital juvenile, and steroid-induced), as well as in age-matched control eyes. Additionally, PGE2 was measured in aqueous humor by means of an enzyme-linked immunoassay as a product of COX activity.In normal eyes, ocular COX-1 and -2 expression were largely confined to the nonpigmented secretory epithelium of the ciliary body. By immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR, COX-2 expression was completely lost in the nonpigmented secretory epithelium of the ciliary body of eyes with end-stage POAG, whereas COX-1 expression was unchanged. By immunohistochemistry, in the ciliary bodies of eyes in five patients with diagnosis of early POAG, eyes in two had complete loss of COX-2 expression and in three showed only a few remaining scattered COX-2-expressing cells. COX-2 expression in the ciliary body was also lost in patients with steroid-induced glaucoma and was reduced in patients receiving topical steroid treatment. Eyes of patients with either congenital juvenile or angle-closure glaucoma showed COX-2 expression indistinguishable from control eyes. Aqueous humor of eyes with POAG contained significantly less PGE2 than control eyes.Both cyclooxygenase isoforms are constitutively expressed in the normal human eye. Specific loss of COX-2 expression in the nonpigmented secretory epithelium of the ciliary body appears to be linked to the occurrence of POAG and steroid-induced glaucoma.