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Introducción: Los trastornos emocionales y del comportamiento que se inician en la infancia llevan a cambios que se extienden hasta la edad adulta, con consecuencias sociales. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de la depresión en la adultez con trastornos mentales de inicio en la infancia y otras condiciones, en Envigado, 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, tipo observacional, transversal con intención analítica. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 737 individuos, entre 18 y 65 años. Se aplicó el instrumento CIDI – CAPI de la OMS. El procesamiento y análisis se llevó a cabo en SPSS v. 21 de la Universidad CES y Epidat 4.2. Resultados: La proporción de depresión en la adultez es de 10,8%, en la población de estudio que tuvo antecedente de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) fue aproximadamente 5,6 veces más que en aquellos que no tenían este antecedente (OR= 6,62; IC95% 1,92–22,7). Conclusiones: El TDAH en la infancia incrementa la probabilidad de presentar depresión en la adultez en la población de Envigado, lo cual soporta la importancia de promover acciones de salud mental en la niñez, para prevenir la depresión en la edad adulta.

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo exponer los ejes metodológicos para la construcción de una propuesta curricular y su énfasis temático en la enseñanza del ecourbanismo en el Programa de Arquitectura de la Corporación Universitaria del Caribe. Lo anterior con el fin de responder a la pregunta: ¿qué aporta incluir en los estudios urbanos-regionales el contexto actual de la realidad latinoamericana y del Caribe con los fundamentos del enfoque ecosistémico en la enseñanza del urbanismo? Así, se inicia desde el aseguramiento de la calidad de los programas de arquitectura asociada a las prácticas curriculares del componente de urbanismo, como objeto de reflexión constante a partir de los fundamentos teóricos que involucran el aprendizaje de la urbanística internacional, sus procesos de conformación conceptual y su confrontación con las acciones plasmadas en contextos de territorios específicos, que exigen un debate a la luz de las realidades ecológicas, medioambientales, históricas y socioculturales de los lugares de estudio e intervención. Los resultados dan cuenta de la discusión del paso consciente del desarrollo competitivo hacia el desarrollo sostenible en las visiones de ciudad como alternativa para la reflexión, construcción estratégica, diseño de proyectos y capacidades de gestión de los territorios en el Caribe colombiano.

Introduction There is a need for biomarkers to monitor the earliest phases of Parkinson's disease (PD), especially in premotor stages. Here, we studied whether there are early gait alterations in carriers of the G2019S mutation of LRRK2 that can be detected by means of an inertial sensor system. Methods Twenty-one idiopathic PD patients, 20 LRRK2-G2019S PD, 27 asymptomatic carriers of LRRK2-G2019S mutation (AsG2019S) and 36 controls walked equipped with 16 lightweight inertial sensors in three different experiments: i/normal gait, ii/fast gait and iii/dual-task gait. In the AsG2019S group, DaT-SPECT (123I-ioflupane) with semi-quantitative analysis was carried out. Motor and cognitive performance were evaluated using MDS-UPDRS-III and MoCA scales. We employed neural network techniques to classify individuals based on their walking patterns. Results PD patients and controls showed differences in speed, stride length and arm swing amplitude, variability and asymmetry in all three tasks (p < 0.01). In the AsG2019S group, the only differences were detected during fast walking, with greater step time on the non-dominant side (p < 0.05), lower step/stride time variability (p < 0.01) and lower step time asymmetry (p < 0.01). DaT uptake showed a significant correlation with step time during fast walking on the non-dominant side (r = ?0.52; p < 0.01). The neural network was able to differentiate between AsG2019S and healthy controls with an accuracy rate of 82.5%. Conclusion Our sensor-based analysis did not detect substantial and robust changes in the gait of LRRK2-G2019S asymptomatic mutation carriers. Nonetheless, step or stride time during fast walking, supported by the observed correlation with striatal DaT binding deserves consideration as a potential biomarker in future studies.

[Background] Previous studies linked disease-progression variables such as age at onset or survival to both genetic, and non-genetic factors in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients., [Objective] The aim of this study was to assess how genetic and non genetic factors act as modifiers of age at onset and survival and in a cohort of 753 PD patients, and to determine how these variables interact to define the overall risk., [Methods] We analyzed the effect of gender, tobacco, alcohol, type of PD (genetic, gPD or idiopathic, iPD) and three genetic variants rs5848- GRN, rs1042522- TP53 and APOE. We studied two cohorts (PPMI and IPDGC) to replicate positive results., [Results] Regarding age at onset, male smokers PD had a significantly lower mean age compared to non-smoker (p = 0.001). APOE-Ɛ4 carriers had a younger onset-age compared to non-carriers (p = 0.03) in the Spanish cohort, but these results were not replicated in the other cohorts. Concerning survival, PD patients with an early onset (below 50 years) had an increased survival rate (p < 0.001)., [Conclusions] Our study showed how several genetic and non-genetic risk factors influenced the age at onset and survival in PD., Irene Rosas was supported by a grant from Fundación Jose Luis Castaño-SEQC. Sergio Pérez-Oliveira is supported by Fundación Parkinson Asturias-Obra Social Cajastur. This study was supported by grant PI 15/00878 (Fondos Feder) to VA.

Los materiales arqueológicos nos muestran la presencia del dios Serapis en todo el Mediterráneo; siendo considerable el número existente de objetos epigráficos, artísticos y numismáticos. Esta situación es consecuencia de la difusión, en el Mare Nostrum, de los cultos egipcios. En este artículo se estudiará la figura del dios y su relación con los emperadores romanos a través de las acuñaciones de monedas. Archaeological materials show the existence of the god Sarapis throughout the Mediterranean, where a considerable number of epigraphic, artistic and numismatic objects remain. The presence of Sarapis in the Mare Nostrum is the result of the spread of Egyptian cults. This paper looks at Sarapis and his relationship with different Roman emperors, by way of the coins these latter had minted.

One of the challenges posed by renewable energies is the stabilization of parameters related to the quality of electrical energy. This study demonstrates the existence of a relationship between input blocks of hydropower and the variation of the fundamental frequency of the electricity grid. By mapping production data provided by Spanish Electric Network with frequency measured in the laboratory, it is shown that gradients of hydropower are correlated with frequency fluctuations for certain characteristic times. Considering hourly instances of energy input, the study compares two methods for calculating hydropower gradients (linear regression and pseudo-linear regression); and two methods for calculating local frequency extremes (the "specular inertia" method and analysis by comparison with the moving average), in order to corroborate the results.

The LRRK2 G2019S pathogenic mutation causes LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease (L2PD) with incomplete penetrance. LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC) are at PD high risk but predicting pheno-conversion is challenging given the lack of progression biomarkers. To investigate novel biomarkers for PD premotor stages, we performed a longitudinal microRNA (miRNA) assessment of serum samples from G2019S L2NMC followed-up over 8 years. Our cohort consisted of G2019S L2NMC stratified by dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) into DaT-negative (n = 20) and DaT-positive L2NMC (n = 20), pheno-converted G2019S L2PD patients (n = 20), idiopathic PD (iPD) (n = 19), and controls (n = 40). We also screened a second cohort of L2PD patients (n = 19) and controls (n = 20) (Total n = 158). Compared to healthy controls, we identified eight deregulated miRNAs in DaT-negative L2NMC, six in DaT-positive L2NMC, and one in L2PD. Between groups, the highest miRNA differences, 24 candidate miRNAs, occurred between DaT-positive L2NMC and L2PD. Longitudinally, we found 11 common miRNAs with sustained variation in DaT-negative and DaT-positive L2NMCs compared to their baselines. Our study identifies novel miRNA alterations in premotor stages of PD co-occurring with progressive DaT-SPECT decline before motor manifestation, whose deregulation seems to attenuate after the diagnosis of L2PD. Moreover, we identified four miRNAs with relatively high discriminative ability (AUC = 0.82) between non-pheno-converted DaT-positive G2019S carriers and pheno-converted L2PD patients (miR-4505, miR-8069, miR-6125, and miR-451a), which hold potential as early progression biomarkers for PD.

From an economic point of view, the steel industry plays an important role and, when it comes to responding to new challenges, innovation is a crucial factor. This paper proposes a mathematical methodology to solve the slitting problem in a steel company located in Europe. The slitting problem occurs when large width steel coils are slit into narrower coils, known as strips, to meet the requirements of the customers. A major challenge here is defining a slitting plan to fulfil all these requirements, as well as ongoing operational constraints and customer demands. The company looks for a reduction of the leftovers generated in the entire process, while maximising the overall accuracy of the orders. These leftovers may be used in the future as part of new orders provided they are able to respond to specific requirements, or otherwise they are discarded and considered as scrap. This paper introduces a novel mixed integer linear optimisation model to respond to a specific slitting problem. The model is validated with real data and it outperforms the results obtained by the company in different ways: by adjusting the orders that are to be served, by reducing the amount of scrap and by using the retails for future orders. Furthermore, the model is solved in only a few minutes, while the company needs several hours to prepare the scheduling in the current operating process.

El presente artículo pone sobre el papel el trabajo realizado por un grupo de nutricionistas representantes de las asociaciones de los países miembros de FELANPE, quienes a partir de la Declaración Internacional de Cartagena sobre el derecho al cuidado nutricional y la lucha contra la malnutrición, reconocen la importancia del enfoque ético en el cuidado nutricional. De esta manera, y fruto del consenso entre los participantes y asesores, se llega al diseño de un código de ética basado en cinco principios deontológicos: respeto por la dignidad humana, protección a la persona en condición de vulnerabilidad nutricional, respeto por la autonomía del paciente en el ejercicio de la nutrición clínica, adecuación terapéutica en la toma de decisiones e investigación y desarrollo profesional. Dichos principios se acompañan de normas específicas que orientan la conducta moral y guían el ethos profesional, dando espacio a un debate sano en torno a la profesión y a la mejor manera de ejercerla y regularla. Palabras clave: código de ética, nutrición clínica, cuidado nutricional.

En la actualidad los avances científicos y tecnológicos en el área de la salud humana han llevado al límite los alcances del derecho, y en muchas situaciones, si no se miran desde la bioética, como es el caso de la gestación subrogada, contribuyen a la construcción de escenarios donde se explota la capacidad reproductiva de las mujeres, lo que crea condiciones de vulnerabilidad injustificadas para que otra persona pueda satisfacer lo que erróneamente se ha considerado como el derecho humano a la reproducción humana y a la vida familiar. Por tratarse de un problema complejo que involucra además el futuro de la humanidad, se propone la incorporación del principio precautorio, que deriva de la bioética, a la discusión criminológica.

Introducción: en los últimos años, el etiquetado nutricional frontal se ha recomendado como política de protección del derecho a la salud, con el argumento de que permite orientar al consumidor en la elección de alimentos saludables, incentivar a la industria en la reformulación de productos sanos y facilitar el diseño de políticas públicas de alimentación saludable, siendo uno de los principales motivos de su implementación el aumento en la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la dieta. Objetivo: revisar el impacto del etiquetado nutricional frontal en la salud pública y proponer algunas consideraciones bioéticas que favorezcan su efectividad. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, revisando el impacto de dicha medida sobre la salud pública, seguido de una reflexión bioética en torno al tema. Resultados: si bien es cierto, el etiquetado frontal puede incidir en la elección de alimentos, la decisión sobre la compra y el consumo está influenciada por aspectos propios del individuo y su contexto. Se propone considerar el empoderamiento del consumidor, la corresponsabilidad de la industria alimentaria y la protección del estado como fundamentos bioéticos que, acompañados de la discusión en torno a la esencia de la libertad humana y el condicionamiento de los determinantes sociales de salud, favorecerían su efectividad. Conclusiones: la reflexión bioética en torno a la triada consumidor/industria/ estado permite fundamentar una buena praxis en la implementación del etiquetado nutricional frontal de alimentos como política de salud pública. Palabras clave: etiquetado de alimentos, salud pública, bioética.

One of the challenges posed by renewable energies is the stabilization of parameters related to the quality of electrical energy. This study demonstrates the existence of a relationship between input blocks of hydropower and the variation of the fundamental frequency of the electricity grid. By mapping production data provided by the Spanish Electric Network with frequency measured in the laboratory, it is shown that gradients of hydropower are correlated with frequency fluctuations for certain characteristic times. Considering hourly instances of energy input, the study compares two methods for calculating hydropower gradients (linear regression and pseudo-linear regression) and two methods for calculating local frequency extrema (the “specular inertia” method and analysis by comparison with the moving average) in order to corroborate the results.

Objective: To determine the association between psychotic experiences and nonpsychotic mental disorders in the general population. Methodology: Analytical prevalence study with secondary information source applied in the general population aged 15 to 65 years old, randomly selected by probabilistic sampling. The instrument for collecting the information was the Composite International Diagnosis Interview (CIDI), which diagnoses 23 mental disorders according to the DSM-IV criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Sociodemographic and psychiatric clinical variables were assessed, but the main variable evaluated consisted in six psychotic experiences (hallucinations and delusions). The primary study was approved by the University Research and Ethics Committee. The p-value

Esta investigación recopila lecciones aprendidas de procesos de restauración asistida útiles para promover esta actividad en territorios ecológicamente similares. El objetivo fue documentar el contexto histórico y el proceso de cada tratamiento silvicultural, ejecutado por el Programa de Restauración y Silvicultura del Área de Conservación Guanacaste en el Sector San Cristóbal, con edades entre 18 y 22 años. A través de revisión de literatura, visitas y entrevistas a actores clave, esta investigación respalda el hecho de que las plantaciones de Gmelina arborea (como especie nodriza) y las islas de regeneración, son alternativas para acelerar la regeneración del bosque secundario en términos de: eliminación de pastos, recuperación de estructura y especies de bosques húmedos tropicales naturales de la zona.

This paper studies the computation of ensembles of priority rules for the One Machine Scheduling Problem with variable capacity and total tardiness minimization. Concretely, we address the problem of building optimal ensembles of priority rules, starting from a pool of rules evolved by a Genetic Programming approach. Building on earlier work, we propose a number of new algorithms. These include an iterated greedy search method, a local search algorithm and a memetic algorithm. Experimental results show the potential of the proposed approaches.

Blockchain’s benefits and advantages have been extensively studied in literature, but far fewer works can be found on the dishonest uses of them. In this paper, we present the first blockchain-based ransomware schemes, which use smart contracts and simple cryptographic primitives to provide a limited degree of automation and fair exchange. Specifically, the use of smart contracts would enable new capabilities for ransomware, such as the possibility of paying for individual files or the refund of the ransom to the victim if the decryption keys are not received within a specified period of time. To demonstrate their feasibility, both technically and economically, these proposals have been implemented in the Ethereum Ropsten test network. The results show that running a full ransomware campaign similar to WannaCry, with more than 300,000 affected users, would have an additional cost of only 3 cents of a dollar per victim. Finally, we show that there are no feasible countermeasures if these schemes are implemented in public blockchains. Therefore, we firmly believe that it is increasingly urgent to recognize and study this matter, in order to create new policies and technical countermeasures.

Traumatic events and violence are widespread public health problems. They do not have limits related to age, sex or socioeconomic level. The prevalence of mental disorders and sociodemographic characteristics were compared in the context of traumatic events and types of violence in the general population.Observational prevalence study with a secondary information source, in the general population aged 13 to 65 years, selected at random. The interview was conducted using the Compositum International Diagnosis Interview which generates psychiatric diagnoses according to the DSM-IV. The variables included were traumatic events grouped into five categories: related to armed conflict, sexual violence, interfamily violence, other types of violence, traumas and some mental disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders was compared in the five categories of traumatic events. Statistical significance was defined as a p value of0.05.Sexual and interfamily violence were more prevalent in women (p0.05). In those under age 13, major depression related to armed conflict had a prevalence of 48.3%, with a significant difference from the other trauma groups (p=0.015). All prevalences for childhood-onset disorders showed significantly different prevalences compared with the group for violence related to armed conflict (p0.05) and suicidal ideation was higher in the sexual violence group (p=0.006).High prevalences of mental disorders were found in people who had been exposed to traumatic events and violence. In those who experienced traumatic events related to armed conflict and sexual violence, higher prevalences of certain mental disorders were detected.

Resumen Introduccion Los eventos traumaticos y la violencia son problemas de salud publica generalizados. No tienen limites de edad, sexo o nivel socioeconomico. Se comparo la prevalencia de trastornos mentales y las caracteristicas sociodemograficas desde la perspectiva de eventos traumaticos y tipos de violencia en poblacion general. Material y metodos Estudio observacional de prevalencia, con fuente de informacion secundaria, en poblacion general de 13 a 65 anos, seleccionados al azar. La entrevista se realizo con la Compositum International Diagnosis Interview, la cual genera diagnosticos psiquiatricos segun el DSM-IV. Las variables incluidas fueron: eventos traumaticos agrupados en 5 categorias: relacionadas con el conflicto armado, violencia sexual, violencia intrafamiliar, otras violencias, traumas y algunos trastornos mentales. Se compararon las prevalencias de trastornos mentales en las 5 categorias de eventos traumaticos. Se definio la significacion estadistica en p Resultados La violencia sexual e intrafamiliar fueron mas prevalentes en mujeres (p Discusion Se encontraron altas prevalencias de trastornos mentales en personas con exposicion en la vida a eventos traumaticos y violencia. En quienes experimentaron eventos traumaticos relacionados con el conflicto armado y la violencia sexual, se encontraron las mas altas prevalencias de algunos trastornos mentales.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la gestión de calidad en las empresas públicas de construcción de viviendas de interés social en el occidente venezolano. Estuvo enmarcada en la metodología cuantitativa de tipo descriptivo, bajo un diseño no experimental, de campo y transeccional. La población quedó conformada por sesenta y un (61) gerentes aplicando un cuestionario conformado por setenta y ocho (78) ítems con escala de frecuencia validado través del juicio de expertos con una confiabilidad de 0,96 (Excelente - Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach). El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la estadística descriptiva, a través del estudio de la media aritmética y la desviación estándar, apoyadas en las frecuencias registradas. Se concluye, según la percepción de los encuestados una regular gestión de calidad en dichas empresas, se tiene que existe un moderado cumplimiento de los procesos, un bajo uso de los elementos, una baja presencia de los principios y una baja aplicación de los indicadores de gestión. Por lo cual, se les presenta la necesidad de revisar a fondo sus acciones para alcanzar niveles de calidad, donde es imperante la implementación de mecanismos para gestionar la misma, deben incorporar estrategias y técnicas de gestión empresarial que las oriente hacia el logro de una excelente gestión de calidad, con implicaciones directas y evidentes en las operaciones relacionadas a la construcción de viviendas de interés social.

Small-scale PV generation is particularly affected by the irradiance variability produced by cloud shadows. Accurate predictions of the clouds passing over the PV field are thus necessary for the optimized management and integration of this renewable power source. Two main elements are required to perform these predictions: the local irradiance field and the cloud motion vector. Irradiance sensor networks are positioning as a promising data source at the spatial and temporal scales of the problem, avoiding the irradiance inference problems and costs of image-based instrumentation. This paper proposes a method to infer the cloud shadow motion vector from small-scale irradiance sensor networks data. The method does not require specific network configuration or layout, and the algorithm is computationally simple: graphical solutions are obtained by aggregating mean absolute errors in a diagram/matrix with each element representing a possible displacement of the cloud shadows. The validation is conducted with a fractal cloud model that allows the generation of irradiance time series according to an arbitrary cloud motion vector. The most correlated pair and the linear cloud edge methods are used for benchmarking purposes. Gridded and non-gridded sensors layouts are tested with number of sensors ranging from 9 to 100, monitored areas from 100 to 10000 m2, and sampling periods from 0.3 to 3.3 s. The results show the superiority of the proposed method with a reduction of 50–90% of the root mean square errors respect to the benchmark methods in 75% of the tests. Additionally, the proposed method maintains similar performance as sampling rate decreases, while the benchmark methods exhibit worsening results.

El cultivo del frijol se ha visto afectado en nuestra provincia fundamentalmente por hongos, La obtención de aceites esenciales de plantas con propiedades fungicidas como la guayaba (Psidium guajaba L.), para el control de hongos en el tratamiento de semillas proporcionaría una vía menos costosa y más amigable con el medio ambiente. El estudio se realizó en el Laprosav Cienfuegos en la sección de micológia, para la extracción de los aceites esenciales se utilizó el método de hidrodestilación, analizando dos factores los cuales estuvieron representados por tres variedades de frijol (Phaseolis vulgaris L.) y las diferentes concentraciones a utilizar 100, 300 y 500 ppm. El aceite esencial de guayaba (Psidium guajaba L.) en condiciones de laboratorio, ejerció control sobre la mayoría de los hongos patógenos que se manifestaron en las tres variedades de frijol en estudio, Fusarium sp, Cladosporium sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus sp, Rhizoctonia sp y Alternaria sp, excepto en Nigrospora sp y Cercospora sp, de un total de ocho organismos presentes solamente dos no fueron controlados, alcanzando efectividad biológica de más de un 70%, umbral a partir del cual se clasifica una efectividad técnica como buena. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la acción antifúngica de los aceites esenciales de guayaba (Psidium guajaba L.), sobre hongos patógenos de semillas de frijol (Phaseolis vulgaris L.)

Tres investigaciones en pastoral urbana con población en situación de desplazamiento forzado en Ciudad Bolívar, localidad de Bogotá, nos ha dado la pauta para adquirir nuevas comprensiones sobre el quehacer teológico. En este artículo se entrelaza la teología con el mundo simbólico que representa la corporeidad de mujeres cuyos cuerpos se convierten en relatos vivos que, con la ayuda de la estética, se transforman en textos de lectura para abrir caminos de re-significación teológica y de salvación integral.

A case study was conducted to explore public secondary school teachers’ perspectives, practices, and experiences concerning the design and implementation of the English curriculum, as well as the professional development offered by the government in order to implement language policies and curriculum guidelines in the city of Medellin, Colombia. The study lasted one year and included a survey, the analysis of curriculum documents from five selected institutions, and focus group interviews as data collection instruments. Results indicate that the initiatives provided by the government have not been effective in supporting teachers in this endeavor as they have been very limited in terms of curriculum design, and reflect a technical view of teacher learning. In addition, several contextual and social factors have tremendously affected the implementation of language policies and curriculum guidelines in schools. Besides, teachers point to several needs, including that they have more time to appropriate and implement reforms, that they be included in policy-making as affected parties, that professional development initiatives be freed from political and economic interests and that they be offered a preparation that combines improving their language proficiency, English teaching methodologies and curriculum design. RESUMEN: El presente estudio de caso se propuso explorar las perspectivas, prácticas y ex-periencias de maestros en instituciones públicas de educación básica secundaria sobre el diseño y la implementación del currículo de inglés, así como el desarrollo profesional ofrecido por el gobierno para implementar políticas lingüísticas y directrices curriculares en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. El estudio se realizó a lo largo de un año, en el cual se aplicó una encuesta, se analizaron documentos curriculares de cinco instituciones seleccionadas, y entrevistas en grupos focales como instrumentos de recolección de datos. Los resultados indican que las ini-ciativas dadas por el gobierno no han sido efectivas para apoyar a los maestros en su labor, pues han sido muy limitadas en términos de diseño curricular, y reflejan una visión técnica de la formación docente. Además, varios factores sociales y contextuales han afectado la implementación de las políticas lingüísticas y de pautas curriculares en las instituciones. Por otro lado, los docentes señalan varias necesidades, como el tener más tiempo para apropiar e implementar las reformas, que se les incluya en la formulación de políticas como partes afectadas, que se liberen las iniciativas de desarrollo profesional de intereses políticos y económicos y que se les ofrezca una preparación que combine el mejoramiento de su competencia lingüística, las metodologías de enseñanza del inglés y el diseño curricular. RÉSUMÉ: Cette étude de cas a été menée afin d’explorer les perspectives, les pratiques et les expériences d ́enseignants d ́écoles secondaires publiques de Medellín suite à l ́implémentation du curriculum d’anglais langue étrangère et au développement professionnel offert par le gouvernement comme faisant partie des politiques linguistiques et des directrices curriculaires. Cette étude s ́est déroulée sur un an au cours de laquelle nous avons collecté les données suivantes: un questionnaire auprès des acteurs, l ́analyse des documents curriculaires de cinq institutions scolaires et des entretiens de groupe. Les résultats montrent que les initiatives du gouvernement pour appuyer les enseignants n ́ont guère été probantes. En effet, quant à la conception curriculaire, celles-ci sont très restreintes et traduisent une vision technique de la formation des enseignants. De plus, plusieurs facteurs sociaux et propres au contexte affectent énormément la mise en place des poli-tiques linguistiques et des orientations curriculaires. Par ailleurs, les enseignants invoquent différents besoins: celui de disposer de plus de temps pour élaborer les réformes et les mettre en place; celui d’être inclus dans la prise de décision sur les politiques qui influencent leurs pratiques ; celui de séparer les initiatives de formation professionnelle des intérêts politiques et économiques, et celui d ́ une formation qui leur permette d ́actualiser leur compétence linguistique en anglais, leurs méthodologies d’enseignement et la conception curriculaire.

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar efectividad biológica y toxicidad del plaguicida Verdadero GD 600 para el control de la Roya (Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome) en el cultivo del café en la zona pre montañosa de Cienfuegos. Se evaluó a dosis de 1 kg/ha de Verdadero GD 600 comparado con Bayfidan Duo GR 1,4 (62,5 kg/ha), Domark CE 100 (2 L/ha) y dos testigos sin tratar. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una finca de productor privado en un área perteneciente al Municipio Cumanayagua en el asentamiento conocido como ¨Las Moscas¨. Se realizó un diseño secuencial al azar estudiando cinco tratamientos con cuatro réplicas cada uno. Se efectuaron dos aplicaciones, la inicial y la segunda a los 60 días para los tres fungicidas, Verdadero GD 600 se aplicó en drench a razón de 50 ml/planta. Se realizó una preevaluación, seguida de ocho evaluaciones, a los 30, 45 y 60 días después de cada tratamiento y dos evaluaciones finales cada 30 días. Se determinó la efectividad biológica con base en la severidad por unidad de muestreo, así como la fitotoxicidad al cultivo de acuerdo con la escala de la EWRS. Durante las nueve evaluaciones realizadas, los tres tratamientos fungicidas fueron efectivos, logrando a partir de la octava evaluación mejores resultados de Verdadero GD 600 estadísticamente, manteniendo valor 0 hasta la evaluación final. No se observaron evidencias de que el producto Verdadero GD 600, a la dosis de 0,8; 1,0 y 1,2 kg/ha sea fitotóxico al cultivo en producción

Cloud-induced photovoltaic variability can affect grid stability and power quality, especially in electricity systems with high penetration levels. The availability of irradiance field forecasts in the scale of seconds and meters is fundamental for an adequate control of photovoltaic systems in order to minimize their impact on distribution networks. Irradiance sensor networks have proved to be efficient tools for supporting these forecasts, but the costs of monitoring systems with the required specifications are economically justified only for large plants and research purposes. This study deals with the design and test of a wireless irradiance sensor network as an adaptable operational solution for photovoltaic systems capable of meeting the measurement specifications necessary for capturing the clouds passage. The network was based on WiFi, comprised 16 pyranometers, and proved to be stable at sampling periods up to 25 ms, providing detailed spatial representations of the irradiance field and its evolution. As a result, the developed network was capable of achieving comparable specifications to research wired irradiance monitoring network with the advantages in costs and flexibility of the wireless technology, thus constituting a valuable tool for supporting nowcasting systems for photovoltaic management and control.

This article presents a unique set of voltage and current data from a public building and acquired using a hybrid measurement solution that combines Python and Grafana. The transversal purpose consists of contributing to the community with a vision of the quality of the supply more oriented to the monitoring of the state of the network, providing a more realistic vision, which allows a better understanding, and the adoption of the best decisions to achieve the efficient energy management and thus optimize the operation and maintenance of power systems. The work focuses on higher order statistical estimators that, combined with exploratory data analysis techniques, improve the characterization of the shape of the stress signal. These techniques and data, together with the acquisition and monitoring system, present a unique combination in the line of low-cost measurement solutions. It also incorporates the underlying benefit of the contribution to industrial benchmarking. The paper also includes a computational comparison between Python and LabVIEW to elicit the performance of the measurement solution.

La principal variable internacional para entender la política exterior de México es su vecindad con los Estados Unidos. La entrada en vigor de la Constitución de 1917 presentó un escenario particularmente difícil en esta relación en la década de 1920. Este artículo argumenta que México utilizó la diplomacia cultural para contener las tensiones con Estados Unidos y facilitar las negociaciones bilaterales. Para ello, primero analiza las estrategias de diplomacia cultural mexicana. En seguida, estudia las acciones concretas llevadas a cabo para la difusión de la cultura mexicana en Estados Unidos. Posteriormente, evalúa la aplicación de estas estrategias de diplomacia cultural, identificando cambios significativos en la actitud hacia México de importantes actores estadounidenses, así como el incremento en la cooperación entre ambos países.

En las ultimas décadas, debido al aumento de la demanda de productos de origen animal y enconsecuencia a la necesidad de aumentar la producción, se ha hecho uso de los antibióticoscomo promotores del crecimiento animal. Sin embargo, esta práctica, prohibida por la UniónEuropea en el año 2006, conlleva un aumento potencial de los procesos de resistencia a losantibióticos para los consumidores de productos de origen animal. En este contexto, y debido algran desarrollo de la nanotecnología en los últimos años, los nanomateriales base plata hansurgido como una alternativa al uso de antibióticos debido a sus propiedades antibacterianas.El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la disponibilidad de posibles especies de plata a partirde muestras de heces de cerdo y gallinaza procedente de pollos que han sido alimentados conun nanomaterial base plata como aditivo en el pienso en sustitución al uso de antibióticos. Conel fin de evaluar su impacto medioambiental, se ha determinado el contenido total de plata enlas heces y gallinaza mediante ataque ácido en microondas y Espectroscopía de Masas conPlasma de Acoplamiento Inductivo (ICP-MS) y mediante digestión alcalina y Espectroscopía deAbsorción Atómica con llama (EAA-Llama). Posteriormente se ha determinado la concentraciónde plata liberada al medio acuoso tras el proceso de lixiviación mediante EAA-Llama e ICP-MS.Además, con el fin de caracterizar la materia particulada presente en los lixiviados se ha hechouso de la Microscopía de Transmisión electrónica (TEM) acoplada a Espectroscopía de Rayos-XDispersiva (EDS).

Although talking about cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction has traditionally been synonymous with talking about cystic fibrosis (CF) (even the name of the disease itself is included in the name of the molecule), it should be remembered that the term really refers to a continuous spectrum of alterations in the amount and/or function of CFTR, whose genetic basis is known in greater detail and explain, at least in part, the great heterogeneity of CF [1], [2], [3]. At the most severe end of this spectrum lies the loss of function in both copies of the CFTR gene that will cause severe CF while partial reductions in its activity (for example, due to the presence of a deleterious variant) could go unnoticed or have clinical consequences that cannot be classified under the concept of CF, EQG has received honoraria during the last 3 years for lecturing, scientific advice, participation in clinical studies and writing for publications for (in alphabetical order): Chiesi, Teva and Vertex Pharmaceuticals.

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 2α and 1α are the major oxygen-sensing molecules in eukaryotic cells. HIF2α has been pathogenically linked to paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma (PPGL) arising in sympathetic paraganglia or the adrenal medulla (AM), respectively. However, its involvement in the pathogenesis of paraganglioma arising in the carotid body (CB) or other parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck (HNPGL) remains to be defined. Here, we retrospectively analyzed HIF2α by immunohistochemistry in 62 PPGL/HNPGL and human CB and AM, and comprehensively evaluated the HIF-related transcriptome of 202 published PPGL/HNPGL. We report that HIF2α is barely detected in the AM, but accumulates at high levels in PPGL, mostly (but not exclusively) in those with loss-of-function mutations in VHL and genes encoding components of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. This is associated with upregulation of EPAS1 and the HIF2α-regulated genes COX4I2 and ADORA2A. In contrast, HIF2α and HIF2α-regulated genes are highly expressed in CB and HNPGL, irrespective of VHL and SDH dysfunctions. We also found that HIF2α and HIF1α protein expressions are not correlated in PPGL nor HNPGL. In addition, HIF1α-target genes are almost exclusively overexpressed in VHL-mutated HNPGL/PPGL. Collectively, the data suggest that involvement of HIF2α in the physiology and tumor pathology of human paraganglia is organ-of-origin-dependent and HIF1α-independent.

In both prodromal and early symptomatic stages of idiopathic PD (iPD) peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) thinning have been identified. Here we assessed whether these alterations can also be detected in symptomatic and presymptomatic stages of LRRK2-PD.218 eyes belonging to 20 iPD, 19 LRRK2-PD (L2PD), 24 LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC), and 46 controls (HCs). pRNFL, mGCL thickness (squares), and Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width were evaluated by SD-OCT. In L2NMC,Compared to HCs, iPD patients showed significant thinning of the temporal (BMO-MRW and pRNFL), superior-temporal (BMO-MRW), inferior-temporal (BMO-MRW), superior-nasal (BMO-MRW) and central sectors (BMO-MRW) (p 0.05), as well as in five mGCL sectors (p 0.05). No significant differences were found between the L2PD or L2NMC and HCs. BMO-MRW thickness in its temporal-superior, superior-nasal and middle sectors was influenced by disease duration (p 0.05) and mGCL thickness in sectors TS1, TS2, TS3, NS1 and NS3 was influenced by UPDRSIII and age (p 0.05).LRRK2-PD is distinguished from iPD by absent or less retinal nerve involvement, both in clinical and preclinical stages.

Smoking can play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the course of the disease. Previous studies have conflicting or inconclusive results on the prevalence of smoking and the severity of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Observational, multicenter, retrospective cohort study of 14,260 patients admitted for COVID-19 in Spanish hospitals between February and September 2020. Their clinical characteristics were recorded and the patients were classified into a smoking group (active or former smokers) or a non-smoking group (never smokers). The patients were followed up to one month after discharge. Differences between groups were analysed. A multivariate logistic regression and Kapplan Meier curves analysed the relationship between smoking and in-hospital mortality.The median age was 68.6 (55.8-79.1) years, with 57.7% of males. Smoking patients were older (69.9 (59.6-78.0 years)), more frequently male (80.3%) and with higher Charlson index (4 (2-6)) than non-smoking patients. Smoking patients presented a worse evolution, with a higher rate of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (10.4 vs. 8.1%), higher in-hospital mortality (22.5 vs. 16.4%) and readmission at one month (5.8 vs. 4.0%) than in non-smoking patients. After multivariate analysis, smoking remained associated with these events.Active or past smoking is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. It is associated with higher ICU admissions and in-hospital mortality.El tabaquismo puede tener un papel importante en la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y en el curso de la enfermedad. Los estudios previos muestran resultados contradictorios o no concluyentes sobre la prevalencia de fumar y la severidad en la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19).Estudio de cohortes observacional, multicéntrico y retrospectivo de 14.260 pacientes que ingresaron por COVID-19 en hospitales españoles desde febrero a septiembre de 2020. Se registraron sus características clínicas y se clasificaron en el grupo con tabaquismo si tabaquismo activo o previo o en el grupo sin tabaquismo si nunca habían fumado. Se realizó un seguimiento hasta un mes después del alta. Se analizaron las diferencias entre grupos. La relación entre tabaquismo y mortalidad intrahospitalaria se valoró mediante una regresión logística multivariante y curvas de Kapplan Meier.La mediana de edad fue 68,6 (55,8–79,1) años, con un 57,7% de varones. El grupo con tabaquismo presentó mayor edad (69,9 (59,6–78,0 años)), predominio masculino (80,3%) y mayor índice de Charlson (4 (2−6)). La evolución fue peor en estos pacientes, con una mayor tasa de ingreso en UCI (10,4 vs 8,1%), mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria (22,5 vs 16,4%) y reingreso al mes (5,8 vs 4,0%) que el grupo sin tabaquismo. Tras el análisis multivariante, el tabaquismo permanecía asociado a estos eventos.El tabaquismo de forma activa o pasada es un factor predictor independiente de mal pronóstico en los pacientes con COVID-19, estando asociada a mayor probabilidad de ingreso en UCI y a mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria.

The most representative indicator of vitamin D status in clinical practice is 25(OH)D3, but new biomarkers could improve the assessment of vitamin D status and metabolism. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of serum vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D metabolite ratios (VMRs) with potentially influential factors in premenopausal women. This is a cross-sectional study based on 1422 women, aged 39-50, recruited from a Madrid Medical Diagnostic Center. Participants answered an epidemiological and a food frequency questionnaire. Serum vitamin D metabolites were determined using an SPE-LC-MS/MS platform. The association between participant's characteristics, vitamin D metabolites, and VMRs was quantified by multiple linear regression models. Mean 25(OH)D3 concentration was 49.2 + 18.9 nmol/L, with greater deficits among obese, nulliparous, dark-skinned women, and with less sun exposure. A lower R2 ratio (1,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3) and a higher R4 (24,25(OH)2D3/1,25(OH)2D3) were observed in nulliparous women, with high sun exposure, and those with low caloric intake or high consumption of calcium, vitamin D supplements, or alcohol. Nulliparous women had lower R1 (25(OH)D3/Vit D3) and R3 (24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3), and older women showed lower R3 and R4. Vitamin D status modified the association of the VMRs with seasons. VMRs can be complementary indicators of vitamin D status and its endogenous metabolism, and reveal the influence of certain individual characteristics on the expression of hydroxylase enzymes. This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (EC11–273) and by the Carlos III Institute of Health (PI15CIII/0029). The article presents independent research. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Carlos III Institute of Health. Sí

This article proposes a measurement solution designed to monitor instantaneous frequency in power systems. It uses a data acquisition module and a GPS receiver for time stamping. A program in Python takes care of receiving the data, calculating the frequency, and finally transferring the measurement results to a database. The frequency is calculated with two different methods, which are compared in the article. The stored data is visualized using the Grafana platform, thus demonstrating its potential for comparing scientific data. The system as a whole constitutes an efficient low cost solution as a data acquisition system.

This paper proposes an easy-to-implement method for detecting and assessing two of the most frequent PQ (Power Quality) problems: voltage sags and swells. These can affect sensitive equipment such as computers, programmable logic controllers, contactors, etc. Therefore, it is of great interest to implement it in any laboratory, not only for protection reasons but also as a safeguard for claims against the supply company. Thanks to the actual context, in which it is possible to manage big volumes of data, connect multiple devices with IoT (Internet of Things), etc., it is feasible and of great interest to monitor the voltage at specific points of the network. This makes it possible to detect voltage sags and swells and diagnose which points are more prone to this type of problems. For the detection of sags and swells, a program written in Python is in charge of crawling all the files in the database and target those RMS values that fall outside the established limits. Compared to LabVIEW, which might have been the most logical alternative, being the acquisition hardware from the same company (National Instruments), Python has a higher computational performance and is also free of charge, unlike LabVIEW. Thanks to the libraries available in Python, it allows a hardware control close to what is possible using LabVIEW. Implemented in MATLAB, the ITIC (Information Technology Industry Council) power acceptability curve reflects the impact of these power quality disturbances in electrical power systems. The results showed that the combined action of Python and MATLAB performed well on a conventional desktop computer.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) may exist before or occur early in the course of pulmonary embolism (PE). We determined the PE outcomes based on the presence and timing of AF. Methods and Results Using the data from a multicenter PE registry, we identified 3 groups: (1) those with preexisting AF, (2) patients with new AF within 2 days from acute PE (incident AF), and (3) patients without AF. We assessed the 90‐day and 1‐year risk of mortality and stroke in patients with AF, compared with those without AF (reference group). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 792 had preexisting AF. These patients had increased odds of 90‐day all‐cause (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; 95% CI, 2.33–3.38) and PE‐related mortality (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.37–4.14) and increased 1‐year hazard for ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 5.48; 95% CI, 3.10–9.69) compared with those without AF. After multivariable adjustment, preexisting AF was associated with significantly increased odds of all‐cause mortality (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.57–2.32) but not PE‐related mortality (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85–2.66). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 445 developed new incident AF within 2 days of acute PE. Incident AF was associated with increased odds of 90‐day all‐cause (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.75–2.97) and PE‐related (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.01–6.59) mortality but not stroke. Findings were similar in multivariable analyses. Conclusions In patients with acute symptomatic PE, both preexisting AF and incident AF predict adverse clinical outcomes. The type of adverse outcomes may differ depending on the timing of AF onset.