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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-trr-10.1177_03611981221099277 for New Mobility-Assist E-Grocery Delivery Network: a Load-Dependent Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem With Mixed Vehicles by Dan Liu, Hao (Frank) Yang, Xinhua Mao, Vasileia Antonoglou and Evangelos I. Kaisar in Transportation Research Record

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-trr-10.1177_03611981221099277 for New Mobility-Assist E-Grocery Delivery Network: a Load-Dependent Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem With Mixed Vehicles by Dan Liu, Hao (Frank) Yang, Xinhua Mao, Vasileia Antonoglou and Evangelos I. Kaisar in Transportation Research Record

Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (MiniSAR) has been making breakthroughs to effectively overcome the limitations of time and space, and has exhibited superiority with respect to light weight and low- power consumption as well as high flexibility to achieve high-resolution imaging for the Region Of Interest (ROI). However, imaging signal processing for MiniSAR systems still face several technical challenges such as high-resolution imaging of ground targets under complicated trajectories, refocusing of non-cooperative moving targets, and efficient and real-time processing of echo data. In this paper, a series of imaging signal processing and associated hardware designs using Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) architecture have been proposed to realize MiniSAR ultra-high-resolution imaging and real-time processing. Additionally, experimental results utilizing considerable spotlight and stripmap MiniSAR data have been presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed technology.

原著, 社会的スキルは人々が他者と円滑に対人コミュニケーションを展開することができるかどうかに関わっている。そのために、社会的スキルを測定する尺度の存在が重要である。先行研究では、様々な尺度が開発されている。その中の一つとして中国文化社会的スキルを測定する中国大学生の社会的スキル尺度(Chinese Univesity-students Social Skill Inventory : ChUSSI)がある。本研究では、この尺度の短縮版を作成することを試みた。中国人大学生406名のデータを分析の対象とし、ChUSSIの4因子から因子負荷量の高い4〜5項目を抽出し、確認的因子分析を行った。その結果、「相手の面子」、「社交性」、「友人への奉仕」、「功利主義」という4因子の成立を改めて確認することができた上、相対的に高い適合度を示す指標を得ることができた。この適合度は、ChUSSI短縮版を構成している因子の理論的根拠を示した。また、短縮版尺度の各因子のCronbachのα係数や再テスト法の相関係数の確認によって、尺度の信頼性を検証した。さらに、各因子と既存の社会的スキル尺度との相関関係も検討し、尺度の併存的妥当性と弁別的妥当性を確認した上、尺度の個人特性との関連からも尺度の妥当性を確認した。以上のことから、本尺度は、信頼性・妥当性を共に備えた尺度であると考えられる。, The purpose of this study is to develop a short version of a social skills scale of Chinese University-students Social Skill Inventory (ChUSSI). ChUSSI is constructed with four factors which named Partner’s Mianzi(PM), Sociability(SA), Altruistic Behavior(AB), Connection Orientation(CO). 406 undergraduate-students who are different from the sample in the development of ChUSSI were used. One month later, all of the samples were retested. A confirmatory factor analysis was done to 17 items which were extracted from original ChUSSI(4or 5items from each factor). As a result, index of Goodness of Fit showed high value and 4-factor construction was confirmed. The Goodness of Fit showed the rationale of short version of ChUSSI. Moreover, internal consistency of the four factors and test-retest reliability coefficients were confirmed. The significant correlation coefficients of relationships between each factor and existing scales showed the concurrent validity and discriminant validity. The effectiveness of demographic variables on the factorial scores also showed a kind of validity of the scale. Above all, we can conclude the short version of ChUSSI has validity and reliability and can be used in kinds of measurement of Chinese University-students.

Filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm is a popular choice for complicated trajectory SAR image formation processing due to its inherent nonlinear motion compensation capability. However, how to efficiently autofocus the defocused FBP imagery when the motion measurement is not accurate enough is still a challenging problem. In this paper, a new interpretation of the FBP derivation is presented from the Fourier transform point of view. Based on this new viewpoint, the property of the residual 2-D phase error in FBP imagery is analyzed in detail. Then, by incorporating the derived a priori knowledge on the 2-D phase error, an accurate and efficient 2-D autofocus approach is proposed. The new approach performs the parameter estimation in a dimension-reduced parameter subspace by exploiting the a priori analytical structure of the 2-D phase error, therefore possesses much higher accuracy and efficiency than conventional blind methods. Finally, experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method., 14 pages, 24 figures

For real-time autofocus of defocused images produced by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), the twodimensional autofocus approach proposed in this study is used to correct the residual range cell migration and compensate for the phase error. Next, a block-wise Phase Gradient Autofocus (PGA) is used to correct the space-variant phase error. The Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) design procedures, resource utilization, processing speed, accuracy, and autofocus are discussed in detail. The system is able to autofocus an 8K × 8K complex image with single precision within 5.7 s when the FPGA works at 200 MHz. The processing of the measured data verifies the effectiveness and real-time capability of the proposed method.

Co element was doped in Fe-6.5Si alloy and the corresponding soft magnetic composites were fabricated successfully by conventional powder metallurgy techniques in this work. Saturation magnetization of Co-doped Fe-6.5Si powder increases compared to powders without Co and the coercivity increases because of grain refinement. Co addition is helpful to improve the electrical resistivity of Fe-6.5Si alloy. After doping Co, it shows a significant trend towards a decrease for core loss of Fe-6.5Si SMCs by reducing both eddy current loss and hysteresis loss. The effective permeability of Co-doped Fe-6.5Si SMCs decreases monotony with the Co content changing from 0 to 7.0 wt%. Fe-6.5Si-1.0Co SMCs shows best magnetic performances (100 mT/50 KHz) with core loss of 781.03 mW/cm3 and effective permeability of 103.36.

High quality Ti–6Al–4V alloy powders were prepared by plasma rotating electrode process (PREP). Three different rotating speed were selected. After sieved, three kinds of powder with different size distribution were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The phase compositions, morphologies and microstructures of the powders and HIPed samples were characterized. Mechanical properties of HIPed Ti–6Al–4V alloys also were investigated. The results showed that the proportion of small particles increased with the increasing rotating speed. Alloy prepared by powders distributed in 100–150 μm possesses the best mechanical properties.

近年、コミュニケーション・ツールの多様化などに伴って、人間関係の希薄化が懸念されている。そのため、若者が対人関係を一から形成し、円滑なコミュニケーションを進めていくための能力に注目が集まっている。ここでは、そのような対人的な能力を向上させる1つの方法として社会的スキル・トレーニング(SST)を取り上げ、3名の話題提供者が大学や職場でSST を活用した研究について報告した。最初の話題提供者は、日本人大学生に対する社会的スキル・トレーニングの効果とトレーニング・プログラムに対する参加者からの評価について報告した。2番目の話題提供者は、中国人大学生に対するSST の効果と、社会的スキルを異文化間でどのように考えるべきかについて言及した。3番目の話題提供者は、社会人を対象としたSST の効果とその可能性について言及した。その後、2名の指定討論者からのコメントをふまえ、トレーニングの目的や効果測定の方法という観点からSST の問題点を、またSSTとwell-being の関連性という観点からSSTの今後の可能性を議論した。, Recently, there have been fears that interpersonal relationships are being diluted by the diversification of communication tools. Therefore, there should be more emphasis on the ability to build interpersonal relationships and communicate smoothly. Studies on the practice of social skills training (SST) in universities and offices were reported by three speakers. The first speaker reported the effects of SST on Japanese university students and presented details of the participants’ evaluation of the training program. The second speaker verified the effects of SST on Chinese university students. The third speaker introduced the practice of SST to members of society. On the basis of comments made by two discussants, the problems with, and possibilities for, SST were discussed from the viewpoint of the purpose of SST, ways to measure its effects, and the relationships between SST and well-being.

近年、中国と日本の間で、人的交流が盛んに行われている反面、異文化コミュニケーションのトラブルも続出している。このようなトラブルの解決策を講じる前段階として、中国と日本の社会的スキルの内容の比較を通して、両者の共通性と独自性を解明する必要がある。そこで、本研究では、このような比較を可能にするために、中国人大学生社会的スキル尺度の作成に用いられた中国人の社会的スキルの特徴を描く項目リストに基づき、日本人大学生を対象に調査を行った。日本人大学生から4つの因子が得られた。これらの因子の信頼性と妥当性を確認した上、既存研究の中国人大学生の結果と比較した。その結果、「社交性」因子の内容は両国の間で大きな違いはないが、他の因子の比較(中国の「相手の面子」因子と日本の「思いやり」因子、中国の「友人への奉仕」因子と日本の「つきあい」因子)では、重なる項目が存在するものの、因子を代表する他の項目の内容と合わせて考えることによって、それぞれの社会的文脈において、因子が異なるように解釈される。また、重なる項目の得点の比較においては、いずれも中国人大学生は日本人大学生より高いという結果になった。しかし、先行研究で指摘した日本人大学生の質問紙回答において自己卑下の傾向があることを配慮して、中国人大学生が日本人大学生より社会的スキルを備えているという結論には慎重であるべきであろう。, With expansion of human exchange between China and Japan, the troubles in cross-cultural communication increased in the two countries. Before resolve these problems, it is necessary to clarify the differences of characteristics in interpersonal relationship between Chinese and Japanese university-students by using the clues of social skills. In order to practice the comparison, a questionnaire survey with items list that reflect Chinese social skills was filled out by 490 Japanese university-students. Base on the items list, 4 factors were extracted from Japanese university-students. The 4 factors were compared with Chinese students that were extracted in previous study to each other. There was not a significant difference in “Sociability” that is present in both the Chinese and Japanese university-students. Although the items in other factors between Chinese and Japanese are crossover partially, the other items in the factor define the meaning of factors in each culture context. Comparing between the score of crossover items showed that Chinese university-students were high than Japanese. But, with consideration to the trend of Japanese abasement in questionnaire survey, the result of score comparison should be considered carefully.

社会的スキルに関する研究が盛んに行われている最中、社会的スキル尺度KiSS-18(Kikuchi’s Scale of Social Skills : 18items)は日本における社会的スキルに関する多くの基礎的そして応用的研究に広く用いられた。さまざまな社会事情により、若者の社会的スキルを研究することが急務となっている中国において、これまで、KiSS-18 を中国の高校生に適用してきた。しかし、適用する対象が限られているという欠点がある。そこで、本研究では、KiSS-18 をより多くの中国の若者に適用するために、中国人大学生に焦点を当て、尺度の適用を試みた。その結果、尺度全体の信頼性が確認され、属性要因による得点の変化パターンおよび他の社会的スキル尺度との相関関係は日本の大学生を対象としていた先行研究の結果と類似していた。ただし、尺度全体の平均得点においては、本研究の中国人大学生は日本人大学生より高くなっていた。また、本研究の中国人大学生を対象とする因子分析では、18項目は1因子構造となり、日本人大学生および中国の高校生の結果のいずれとも異なっている。KiSS-18 の中国人大学・高校生への適合具合を鑑みて、中国文化、中国人の価値観および行動様式などに基づく中国版の社会的スキル尺度を開発する際の重要な参照枠として、また中国における社会的スキルの応用的研究の指標として、KiSS-18 の適用可能性が考えられた。, In the boom of studies of social skills, a social skill scale named Kikuchi’s Scale of Social Skills 18 items(KiSS-18) which is used in basic and the applied studies became popular in Japan. Previous studies had suited the KiSS-18 to Chinese senior high school students(CSHS) because the social skills of Chinese youths should be studied at once due to varying social circumstances of China. However, it is less than adequate to suite KiSS-18 to CSHS when applying this scale to a wider range of Chinese youth. To solve this problem above, in this research, KiSS-18 was suited to Chinese university students(CUS). As a result, high reliability(α=.82) of scale, score fluctuations based on the basic attributes(e.g.sex, age) and correlation between KiSS-18 and other social skill scales were confirmed. Moreover, these results were similar with previously reported results of Japanese university students(JUS). However, the average score of the CUS in this scale is much higher than the average score of JUS. Furthermore, the single-factor structure of CUS was different not only from the composition in JUS, but also from CSHS. In viewing the applicability of KiSS-18 to CSHS and CUS, we think that the scale can help us to develop an original social skills scale based on Chinese culture, Chinese values and behavior pattern, and also can be used as a reference point in our applied studies for Chinese youth in the future.

Due to uncertainty on target's motion, the range cell migration (RCM) and azimuth phase error (APE) of moving targets can't be completely compensated in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing. Therefore, moving targets often appear two-dimensional (2-D) defocused in SAR images. In this paper, a 2-D autofocus method for refocusing defocused moving targets in SAR images is presented. The new method only requires a direct estimate of APE, while the residual 2-D phase error ( or RCM) is computed from the estimated APE by exploiting the analytical relationship between the 2-D phase error ( or RCM) and APE. Because the parameter estimation is performed in the reduced-dimension space by exploiting prior knowledge on phase error structure, the proposed approach offers clear advantages in both computational efficiency and estimation accuracy., 11 pages, 5 figures

Conventional two-dimensional (2-D) autofocus algorithms blindly estimate the phase error in the sense that they do not exploit any a priori information on the structure of the 2-D phase error. As such, they often suffer from low computational efficiency and lack of data redundancy to accurately estimate the 2-D phase error. In this paper, a knowledge-aided (KA) 2-D autofocus algorithm which is based on exploiting a priori knowledge about the 2-D phase error structure, is presented. First, as a prerequisite of the proposed KA method, the analytical structure of residual 2-D phase error in SAR imagery is investigated in the polar format algorithm (PFA) framework. Then, by incorporating this a priori information, a novel 2-D autofocus approach is proposed. The new method only requires an estimate of azimuth phase error and/or residual range cell migration, while the 2-D phase error can then be computed directly from the estimated azimuth phase error or residual range cell migration. This 2-D autofocus method can also be applied to refocus moving targets in PFA imagery. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

大方の人は円滑な「人づきあい」を求めている。「円滑な人づきあい」には社会的スキルが有効である。このようなスキルは万国共通の部分もあれば、文化によって異なる部分もあると先行研究で示唆されている。文化に特有の社会的スキルを測る尺度は欧米および日本においては、すでに多く開発されたのに対して、中国では、その必要性があるにもかかわらず、オリジナルなものが存在しない。そこで、本研究では、中国人を対象とした尺度を開発する前段階として、中国人の人づきあいを第三者的な立場から認識できると考えられる日本に滞在している中国人留学生(滞在経験者も含む)と中国に滞在している日本人留学生(滞在経験者も含む)を対象にして、自由記述調査を通して、中国の若者の人づきあいスタイルをまとめた。まとめた内容には多文化で用いられる尺度と一致する内容が存在すると共に、独自に中国文化に基づくものも見られた。本研究の知見を踏まえて、今後、通文化的なスキル内容を含んだ中国文化を反映した社会的スキル尺度作成をさらに進めていく必要性が示唆された。, Almost all people expect for smooth human relations, and social skills would be the one to help people engage in that smooth communication. As previous studies have suggested, social skills have some contents which seem to be similar throughout the world and have some contents which seem to be different between cultures. In order to measure social skills within one culture, a lot of scales have been developed in U.S. and Japan. But there is no original one in China in spite of its necessity. For the first stage to develop an original scale in China, item collection was done in this research. Chinese students in Japan and Japanese students in China completed an open-ended questionnaire, and the human relations style of Chinese youth was shaped. Some of contents were consistent with former-already-developed cross-cultural social skill scale, and some were particular only within Chinese culture. The importance and possibility to develop an original social skill scale that reflects Chinese culture as well as cross-culture aspects was discussed.

近年、中国では、「一人っ子政策」の継続や、IT 技術の進展による間接的なコミュニケーションの増加などの社会事情により、若者の社会的スキルが懸念されるようになった。そこで、若者の社会的スキルを測定し、問題を発見・解決することが急務となる。若者の社会的スキルの測定にあたって、これまで、日本でも、欧米でも多くの社会的スキル尺度が開発されてきたが、中国においては、この種の尺度はまだ開発されていない。そこで、本研究では、中国の若者に適用できる社会的スキル尺度を開発する試みとして、中国と同じ集団文化に属する日本で開発された、若者の社会的スキルを測定する「KiSS-18(Kikuchi’s Social SkillScale ・ 18 項目版)」という尺度が中国で適用できるかどうかを検討した。中国の高校生を対象として検討を行った結果、尺度全体の信頼性がある程度確認できた一方、下位尺度の信頼性は必ずしも高くなかった。また、尺度全体の平均得点、および因子構造に関して、日本における先行研究との間に違いが存在していた。今後、中国文化、中国人の価値観および社会的行動などの特徴を考慮した検討が必要であろう。, A lot of social skill scales were developed in the U.S. and in Japan. However, there were obtained few in China. Before developing an original social skill scale for the Chinese, we would examine whether the Japanese social skill scale named KiSS-18 can be suitable to Chinese teenagers or not because a lot of similarities exist between Japan and China. Factor analysis was done by using 741 students of senior high school in China, and it was found that the factor structure was different from the composition of the KiSS-18 scale in Japan. In spite of high reliability that we confirmed through the whole scale, those of subscales were not so high. Moreover, average score through the whole scale of the Chinese students is much higher than their Japanese partners. These results suggested that it is uncertain when apply a Japanese social skill scale to Chinese. To increase the validity and reliability, it is necessary to develop an original social skill scale based on Chinese culture and values in the future.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are often blurred by phase perturbations induced by uncompensated sensor motion and /or unknown propagation effects caused by turbulent media. To get refocused images, autofocus proves to be useful post-processing technique applied to estimate and compensate the unknown phase errors. However, a severe drawback of the conventional autofocus algorithms is that they are only capable of removing one-dimensional azimuth phase errors (APE). As the resolution becomes finer, residual range cell migration (RCM), which makes the defocus inherently two-dimensional, becomes a new challenge. In this paper, correction of APE and residual RCM are presented in the framework of polar format algorithm (PFA). First, an insight into the underlying mathematical mechanism of polar reformatting is presented. Then based on this new formulation, the effect of polar reformatting on the uncompensated APE and residual RCM is investigated in detail. By using the derived analytical relationship between APE and residual RCM, an efficient two-dimensional (2-D) autofocus method is proposed. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method., Comment: 29 pages, 14 figures

The back-propagation (BP) network is widely recognized as a powerful training tool of the multilayer neural networks (MLNNs). Usually it suffers from a slow convergence rate and often results in local minimums, since it applies the steepest descent method to update the network weights. A variety of related algorithms have been introduced to address that problem. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is one of the fastest types of these algorithms. This paper presents an approximation calculation for Hesse matrix to train the neural networks when the second order item can not be omitted, and the improved algorithm is successfully used in the surface flaws evaluation of the conductive materials based on eddy current testing (ECT).