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Lepiota atrobrunneodisca sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on collections from Shanxi Province in North China. This species is characterized by the pileus with dark brown to black-brown umbonate disc, irregularly shaped squamules on a whitish surface, annulus often adhering to stipe, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, binucleate basidiospores, numerous cheilocystidia, the absence of pleurocystidia, and the hymeniform pileus covering made up of tightly packed subglobose, sphaeropedunculate to clavate terminal elements. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using ITS and four combined loci (ITS-nrLSU-IGS-mtSSU) datasets, which supported that L. atrobrunneodisca formed a distinct clade.

A sustained load holding period imposed during fatigue loading is detrimental to material performances, causing a sharp decline in the fatigue life of near-α titanium alloys. Therefore, the deformation discrepancies of dwell fatigue (DF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) were studied for Ti834 titanium alloy with bimodal structures in this work. The fractographies after dwell fatigue and low cycle fatigue testing were characterized using scanning electron microcopy (SEM), and the crack propagation paths at the subsurface were investigated using an optical microscope (OM). In order to reveal the mechanism of fatigue damage, detailed dislocation structures were observed using transmission electron microcopy (TEM). The crack propagation paths in microscales and the dislocation distributions were observed in the LCF and DF. The reasons for the discrepancies are also discussed in this work, which effectively enhances the understanding of the dwell failure procedures. The results show that the near basal cracks are formed under dwell fatigue, and the deformation is highly localized at the boundary of αp grains under dwell fatigue. In contrast, during low cycle fatigue, the sample tends to deform homogenously. An intergranular fracture along the primary αp grains is formed due to the localized deformation during dwell fatigue. However, a transgranular fracture is formed in the primary αp grains under low cycle fatigue.

Gymnopus wutaishanensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from north China. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences supported the establishment of the new species and positioned it in Gymnopus sect. Impudicae. Morphologically, this new species is diagnosed by the combination of basidiomata with tangy and unpleasant odor when fresh, pale orange to pinkish brown pileus, white and relatively dense lamellae, hairy stipes and small basidiospores of (4–)5–6(–7) × (2–)2.5–4 μm.

Key to the Lepiota species with a hymeniform pileus covering from China 1. Pileus surface usually smooth, not breaking up into scales.......................................................................................... L. coloratipes 1. Pileus surface covered with scales.....................................................................................................................................................2 2. Basidiospores ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid in side-view......................................................................................................................3 2. Basidiospores subtriangular to triangular in side-view with or without lateral knobs in frontal view..............................................6 3. Annulus covered by minute yellowish brown squamules on lower surface................................................... L. sinorecondita ad int. 3. Annulus white, smooth.......................................................................................................................................................................4 4. Basidia> 22 μm long......................................................................................................................................... L. atrobrunneodisca 4. Basidia L. apalochroa 5. Pileus surface covered by grey to greyish brown small scales.................................................................................... L. micropholis 6. Basidiospores with lateral knobs in frontal view..................................................................................... L. cristata var. macrospora 6. Basidiospores not as above.................................................................................................................................................................7 7. Basidiospores> 6 μm long.............................................................................................................................. L. cristata var. cristata 7. Basidiospores L. cristatanea, Published as part of Mao, Ning, Xia, Lu, Xu, Yu-Yan & Fan, Li, 2023, Lepiota atrobrunneodisca (Agaricaceae, Agaricales), a new species with a hymeniform pileus covering from North China, pp. 186-198 in Phytotaxa 595 (2) on page 196, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7905882

Key to the Lepiota species with a hymeniform pileus covering from China 1. Pileus surface usually smooth, not breaking up into scales.......................................................................................... L. coloratipes 1. Pileus surface covered with scales.....................................................................................................................................................2 2. Basidiospores ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid in side-view......................................................................................................................3 2. Basidiospores subtriangular to triangular in side-view with or without lateral knobs in frontal view..............................................6 3. Annulus covered by minute yellowish brown squamules on lower surface................................................... L. sinorecondita ad int. 3. Annulus white, smooth.......................................................................................................................................................................4 4. Basidia> 22 μm long......................................................................................................................................... L. atrobrunneodisca 4. Basidia 5. Pileus surface covered by brown to yellowish brown small scales.............................................................................. L. apalochroa 5. Pileus surface covered by grey to greyish brown small scales.................................................................................... L. micropholis 6. Basidiospores with lateral knobs in frontal view..................................................................................... L. cristata var. macrospora 6. Basidiospores not as above.................................................................................................................................................................7 7. Basidiospores> 6 μm long.............................................................................................................................. L. cristata var. cristata 7. Basidiospores L. cristatanea

Key to the known species of Hygrophorus subgenus Colorai from China 1. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia absent...........................................................................................................................................2 1. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia present..........................................................................................................................................3 2. Pileus surface dry, raw umber to pale ochre...................................................................................................................... H. robustus 2. Pileus surface glutinous, dark yellow or olivaceous brown...................................................................................... H. viridiflavidus 3. Floccules at the stipe apex absent.......................................................................................................................................................4 3. Floccules at the stipe apex present...................................................................................................................................................13 4. Stipe apex has an annular zone...........................................................................................................................................................5 4. Stipe apex has none annular zone.......................................................................................................................................................7 5. Pileus blackish-brown to brown...................................................................................................................................... H. annulatus 5. Pileus light yellow to yellow..............................................................................................................................................................6 6. Pileus plane, with a broad small umbo........................................................................................................................... H. esculentus 6. Pileus plane, with a depressed center................................................................................................................................ H. xiangjun 7. Pileus has reddish to purplish tinge....................................................................................................................................................8 7. Pileus has brown tinge......................................................................................................................................................................11 8. Pileus> 15 cm diam.; basidiospores small, 5.5–7 × 3.5–4.8 μm.................................................................................... H. orientalis 8. Pileus 9. Pileus> 10 cm diam.; associated with Fagaceae..............................................................................................................................10 9. Pileus 10. Pileus applanate, context thick (up to 2.4 cm.................................................................................................................. H. deliciosus 10. Pileus wavy and uplifted, context thin (0.4–0.9 cm.................................................................................................... H. qinggangjun 11. Pileus broadly convex or flat, slender basidia (41–57 × 6–10 μm)..................................................................................... H. alpinus 11. Pileus plane with a small umbo, shorter and wider basidia (33–45 × 8–11 μm................................................. H. pseudohypothejus 12. Basidiospores broad ellipsoid, Qm = 1.48, surface bacillate ornamentation.............................................................. H. parvirussula 12. Basidiospores narrow ellipsoid, Qm = 1.86, surface smooth...................................................................................... H. yunnanensis 13. Odor sweetish, reminiscent of bitter almonds..................................................................................................................................14 13. Odor indistinct..................................................................................................................................................................................15 14. Associated with Picea spp...................................................................................................................................... H. agathosmoides 14. Associated with Pinus spp............................................................................................................................................. H. pinophilus 15. Habitat in broad-leaved forests....................................................................................................................................... H. atrofuscus 15. Habitat in mixed broadleaf-conifer tree forests................................................................................................................................16 16. Pileus 4–7cm diam., yellowish-brown to brown, margin wavy and ruffled like the hem of a skirt........................... H. brunneiceps 16. Pileus 3–4.5 cm diam., applanate, margin usually uplifted at maturity; fawn-colored to yellowish-brown near the margin, brown at centre............................................................................................................................................................................... H. habaensis

Hygrophorus viridiflavidus, a new species from Shanxi Province in northern China, belonging to subgenus Colorati, section Limacini, is proposed in this study based on morphology and molecular systematics. Hygrophorus viridiflavidus is similar and closely related to H. glutinifer, but can be distinguished from the latter by its shorter and narrower basidia (35.0–46.5 × 8.0–10.5μm). Morphological characteristics and ITS-phylogeny support Hygrophorus viridiflavidus as a distinct species.

Hygrophorus viridiflavidus L. Fan & Y.X. Zhang sp. nov. (Fig. 2, 3) MycoBank:— MB846250 Diagnosis: differs from the other species of subgenus Colorati section Limacini in its medium-sized basidiomata, lamellae partially turning yellowish green when bruised, shorter and narrower basidia 35.0–46.5×8.0–10.5 μm, cystidioid elements absent, and longer and narrower basidiopores (8.5–)9.0–10.5(–11.0) × (4.5–)4.8–5.8(–6.0) μm. Etymology: viridiflavidus, viridi -, meaning green, flavidus, meaning yellowish, referring to the lamellae gradually turning light yellowish green when bruised. Holotype: CHINA. Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Lishan Mountains, Zhongcun Forest Farm, on the ground in forest of Quercus spp., 112°1’27’’E, 35°29’7’’N, elev. 1,680 m, 24 August 2020, collected by H. Liu LH 1116 (BJTC FM978, GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = OP699731, nrLSU = OP699736, tef1-α = OP723351). Description: Basidiomata medium-sized, firm, fleshy, with dark greenish tone. Pileus 41–57(–98) mm, hemispherical or obtusely conical with strongly involute margin at first, then expanded to almost flat with prominent obtuse umbo, first rather dark yellow (#917625) or olivaceous brown (#676700) with dark greyish (#1b1b00) to blackish brown (#424200) centre, then paler especially in marginal zone towards light greyish (#786e4c) or olivaceous brown (#676700), mostly with olivaceous (#9b8957) or dark greenish (#4e4e00) tinge, centre always much darker, very strongly glutinous. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, thick and waxy, white (#ffffff), partly gradually turning light yellowish green (#cccc00) to drying cream (#ffeb07) when bruised. Stipe 38–79 × 10–23 mm, cylindro-clavate to ventricose, often flexuous or bent and tapering-rooting towards the base, connected with margin of cap by a glutinous hyaline veil when young, then veil burst and disappear with maturity, with an unconspicuous annular zone at the apex, pale yellowish white (#ffffd6), smooth or with white (#ffffff) floccules above the annular zone, covered by successive bands of thickly glutinous, dark brown (#856731) or greyish brown (#433419) flocci below, drying greybrown (#686042). Context thick, pure white (#ffffff), in stem also white or slightly yellowish at base. Smell indistinct. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. Basidiopores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid or somewhat ovoid, measuring (8.5–)9.0–10.5(–11.0) × (4.5–)4.8–5.8(– 6.0) μm; Q =1.58–2; Qm =1.79±0.11, with an oblique hilar appendage 1–2 μm long; inamyloid, hyaline and smooth or microguttulate in water, appearing monoguttulate in KOH. Basidia 2-spored or 4-spored, clavate, 35.0–46.5 × 8.0–10.5 μm, some with oily refractive content in KOH; sterigmata 3.5–5.5 μm long. Cystidioid elements absent. Hymenophoral trama divergent, comprised of cylindrical, interwoven, branched hyphae 3–13 μm wide. Pileipellis an ixotrichoderm composed of thick-walled, hyaline or brown-pigmented interwoven hyphae 2.5–4 μm wide, hyaline or with olive green intracellular pigment, sparsely branching and embedded in a gelatinous matrix; incrustations or extracellular pigment not seen. Subpellis composed of more or less parallel hyphae up to 9 μm wide. Stipitipellis an ixotrichoderm, made up of branched hyphae 3–5 μm wide, with yellowish brown intracellular pigment; terminal elements rounded to attenuated, not enlarged. Stipititrama composed of densely packed, more or less parallelly arranged, subhyaline hyphae up to 9 μm wide. Floccules at the apex composed of compact fascicles of branched hyphae with cylindrical or slender clavate terminal elements 37–74 × 5–9 μm. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Ecology & Distribution: associated with Quercus spp. in elevation 1,680 m, only known from Shanxi Province, northern China. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): CHINA. Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Lishan Mountains, Zhongcun Forest Farm, on the ground in forest of Quercus spp., 112°1’21’’E, 35°29’3’’N, elev. 1,680 m, 24 August 2020, collected by H. Liu LH 1139 (BJTC FM999, GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = OP699730, nrLSU = OP738418, tef1-α = OP723352)., Published as part of Zhang, Yu-Xin, Mao, Ning & Fan, Li, 2023, Hygrophorus viridiflavidus sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), from North China, pp. 187-197 in Phytotaxa 579 (3) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7550376

Key to the known species of Hygrophorus subgenus Colorai from China 1. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia absent...........................................................................................................................................2 1. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia present..........................................................................................................................................3 2. Pileus surface dry, raw umber to pale ochre...................................................................................................................... H. robustus 2. Pileus surface glutinous, dark yellow or olivaceous brown...................................................................................... H. viridiflavidus 3. Floccules at the stipe apex absent.......................................................................................................................................................4 3. Floccules at the stipe apex present...................................................................................................................................................13 4. Stipe apex has an annular zone...........................................................................................................................................................5 4. Stipe apex has none annular zone.......................................................................................................................................................7 5. Pileus blackish-brown to brown...................................................................................................................................... H. annulatus 5. Pileus light yellow to yellow..............................................................................................................................................................6 6. Pileus plane, with a broad small umbo........................................................................................................................... H. esculentus 6. Pileus plane, with a depressed center................................................................................................................................ H. xiangjun 7. Pileus has reddish to purplish tinge....................................................................................................................................................8 7. Pileus has brown tinge......................................................................................................................................................................11 8. Pileus> 15 cm diam.; basidiospores small, 5.5–7 × 3.5–4.8 μm.................................................................................... H. orientalis 8. Pileus 10 cm diam.; associated with Fagaceae..............................................................................................................................10 9. Pileus H. deliciosus 10. Pileus wavy and uplifted, context thin (0.4–0.9 cm.................................................................................................... H. qinggangjun 11. Pileus broadly convex or flat, slender basidia (41–57 × 6–10 μm)..................................................................................... H. alpinus 11. Pileus plane with a small umbo, shorter and wider basidia (33–45 × 8–11 μm................................................. H. pseudohypothejus 12. Basidiospores broad ellipsoid, Qm = 1.48, surface bacillate ornamentation.............................................................. H. parvirussula 12. Basidiospores narrow ellipsoid, Qm = 1.86, surface smooth...................................................................................... H. yunnanensis 13. Odor sweetish, reminiscent of bitter almonds..................................................................................................................................14 13. Odor indistinct..................................................................................................................................................................................15 14. Associated with Picea spp...................................................................................................................................... H. agathosmoides 14. Associated with Pinus spp............................................................................................................................................. H. pinophilus 15. Habitat in broad-leaved forests....................................................................................................................................... H. atrofuscus 15. Habitat in mixed broadleaf-conifer tree forests................................................................................................................................16 16. Pileus 4–7cm diam., yellowish-brown to brown, margin wavy and ruffled like the hem of a skirt........................... H. brunneiceps 16. Pileus 3–4.5 cm diam., applanate, margin usually uplifted at maturity; fawn-colored to yellowish-brown near the margin, brown at centre............................................................................................................................................................................... H. habaensis, Published as part of Zhang, Yu-Xin, Mao, Ning & Fan, Li, 2023, Hygrophorus viridiflavidus sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), from North China, pp. 187-197 in Phytotaxa 579 (3) on page 194, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7550376

Acoustic monitoring has the potential to deliver biodiversity insight on vast scales. Whilst autonomous recording networks are being deployed across the world, existing analytical techniques struggle with generalisability. This limits the insight that can be derived from audio recordings in regions without ground-truth calibration data. By calculating 128 learned features and 60 soundscape indices of audio recorded during 8,023 avifaunal point counts from diverse ecosystems, we investigated the generalisability of soundscape approaches to biodiversity monitoring. Within each dataset, we found univariate correlations between several acoustic features and avian species richness, but features behaved unpredictably across datasets. Training a machine learning model on compound indices, we could predict species richness within datasets. However, models were uninformative when applied to datasets not used for training. We found that changes in soundscape features were correlated with changes in avian communities across all datasets. However, there were cases where avian communities changed without an associated shift in soundscapes. Our results suggest that there are no common hallmarks of biodiverse soundscapes across ecosystems. Therefore, soundscape monitoring should only be used when high quality ground-truth data exists for the region of interest, and in conjunction with more targeted and accurate in-person ecological surveys. By better understanding how to use interpret data reliably, we hope to unlock the scale at which acoustic monitoring can be used to deliver true impact for land managers and scientists monitoring biodiversity around the world.SummaryWhilst eco-acoustic monitoring has the potential to deliver biodiversity insight on vast scales, existing analytical approaches behave unpredictably across studies. We collated 8,023 audio recordings with paired manual avifaunal point counts to investigate whether soundscapes could be used to monitor biodiversity across diverse ecosystems. We found that neither univariate indices nor machine learning models were predictive of species richness across datasets, but soundscape change was consistently indicative of community change. Our findings indicate that there are no common features of biodiverse soundscapes, and that soundscape monitoring should be used cautiously and in conjunction with more reliable in-person ecological surveys.

Accurate and fast estimation of attitude is an important performance criteria for Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS). Although many algorithms for SINS attitude estimation have been proposed by related researchers, most of them take the gravity vector as a known quantity. However, the gravity vector is inaccurate or even unknown in many cases, we have to use normal gravity instead of true gravity, which will bring errors to the mechanics equation of SINS, and reduce accuracy of attitude estimation. The coupling of gravity and attitude has been widely concerned by scholars and lack of effective solutions. In this paper, a new coarse attitude estimation method for dynamic base with decoupling the gravity vector is proposed. The method does not require the participation of gravity vector in attitude estimation process. Numerical simulation based on field test data is employed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in land vehicle navigation. The results indicate that the method improved the error caused by inaccurate gravity vector in traditional SINS attitude estimation and it provides a new idea for the measurement of vertical deviation.

Cyprinids (carps, chubs and minnows) possess well-developed hearing and high sensitivity to sound pressure. The sensitive hearing may assist cyprinids with searching for food, territory defense, and mating behavior. Many paired fishes violently shake in sand and gravel while spawning in rivers. However, no study has examined the ecological importance of the collision sound made by the behavior. This study examined whether cohabitated chubs (Opsariichthys evolans and Zacco platypus) use the collision sound as a signal to locate spawning events so they can be a male satellite or egg eater. Three types of sounds (i.e., collision sound, music noise and ambient noise) were played with or without jerkbaits at the midstream of the Keelung River, Taiwan during the spawning season in 2018 and 2019. Generalized linear mixed models were then built to examine the effects of the sound types and the presence of jerkbaits on the number of individuals that the two chubs attracted. Results showed significantly different levels of attractiveness among the three sound types, with the collision sound attracting most fishes, including both females and males, followed by music noise and ambient noise. The presence of jerkbaits increased the number of fishes attracted, but the effect was only statistically marginally significant. These results suggest that the collision sound as an acoustic signal may be more important than a visual signal for the chubs to locate spawning events of other mating pairs, probably because of the longer transmission distance of the former. The present study demonstrates the ecological meanings of the collision sounds made in association with spawning activities of the chubs and implies that the native chub's spawning activities may be affected by the introduced Z. platypus. More studies on the interactions between these cohabitated chubs will benefit the conservation of native chubs.

Ketosis is a common nutritional, metabolic disease during the perinatal period in dairy cows characterized by elevated blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to investigate adaptive changes in adipose tissue during the perinatal period of dairy cows. Blood and tailhead subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) were obtained from ketotic cows (Ket = 8, BHBA ≥ 1.4 mmol/L) and non-ketotic cows (Nket = 6, BHBA < 1.4 mmol/L) 21 d pre-partum and 10 d post-partum. Compared with pre-partum, decreased lipid synthesis due to down-regulation of PCK1 may be in a strong association with clinical ketosis. Simultaneously, PCK2 was downregulated in the Ket postnatally compared to its expression prenatally, and the expression of PCK2 was 2.7~4.2 times higher than that of PCK1, implying a more severe lipid storage impairment in the Ket. Moreover, compared to pre-partum, the upregulated differentially expressed genes post-partum in the Ket were enriched in the inflammatory response biological process. The higher expression of TNC (tenascin C) in the post-partum Ket relative to the Nket suggested that the adipose tissue of ketotic cows might also be accompanied by tissue fibrosis. Notably, pre-partum CD209 was higher in the Ket than in the Nket, which might be used as a candidate marker for the pre-partum prediction of ketosis. Combined with published gene expression traits, these results suggested that inflammation leads to a more widespread downregulation of the lipid synthesis gene network in adipose tissue in ketotic cows. Additionally, sWAT in post-partum cows with ketosis might also be accompanied by tissue fibrosis which could make the treatment of ketosis more difficult.

Gymnopus wutaishanensis L. Fan & N. Mao, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) Mycobank:— MB841244 Diagnosis:—It is distinguished from phylogenetically closest species G. densilamellatus and G. polyphyllus by its tangy odor and stipe covered with white hairs; morphologically, it differ from other species in Gymnopus by its unpleasant favour of basidiomata, pale orange to pinkish brown pileus, crowded lamellae, stipe covered with white hairs, and ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores. Etymology:—‘ wutaishanensis’, Wutaishan Moutains, refers to the type locality. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi province, Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°57’9’’N, 113°30’9’’E, 2070 m elev., 23 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., Y.Y. Xu (BJTC FM484!, holotype). Description:— Basidiomata single or in groups. Pileus 10–60 mm diam, low convex to plane convex when young, then plane to slightly depressed center, not translucently striate or sometimes with fine striate at the margin only, margin cracking with age, surface smooth or radially rugulose, pale orange (#e19e87) to pinkish brown (#cc8263), centre dark orange (#a64929) to brown (#924024). Lamellae close, L = 70–80, l = 1–2, adnate, white (#ffffff); edge smooth, lamellulae concolorous with lamellae. Stipe 30–60 × 2–5 mm, cylindrical or laterally compressed, hollow, equal or sometimes slightly broadened at base, light gray (#cccccc) to pale white (#f7f7f7), sometimes dark grayish orange (#8f857b) at apex when old, surface often densely covered with white hairs. Context concolorous with lamellae. Odor tangy and unpleasant. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores [25/3/3] (4–)5–6(–7) × (2–)2.5–4 μm; [Q = (1.50–)1.67–2.05(–2.22), avQ = 1.82 ± 0.23]; ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled. Basidia 25–35 × 5–8 μm, clavate, hyaline, with four sterigmata. Cheilocystidia numerous, 18–40(–60) × 3–7 μm, variable in shape, cylindrical, clavate, mostly irregular, rostrate, or coralloid at apex, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, made of cylindrical or subinflated 2–9 μm, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae. Pileipellis a cutis composed of cylindrical, 3–10 μm, brownish or hyaline, thinto slightly thick- walled hyphae; terminal cells and lateral projections 25–60 × 4–8 μm, cylindrical, narrowly clavate, sometimes irregular, thin-walled, smooth. Pileocystidia absent. Stipitipellis a thin cutis of parallel cylindrical hyphae of 2.5–8 μm, with hyaline to pale brown content. Caulocystidia 20–40(–55) × 4–6 μm, cylindrical, clavate, sometimes irregular. Hairs of the stipe surface 58–105 μm long, 10–43 μm wide at the base, composed of parallel cylindrical hyphae of 2–6(–9) μm wide, hyaline, thin- walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—solitary, gregarious to cespitose on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, Shanxi province, China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi province, Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°57’9’’N, 111°30’7’’E, 1990 m elev., 23 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, H. Liu (BJTC FM508!). ibid. Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°47’47’’N, 113°48’0’’E, 2060 m elev., 25 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, H. Liu (BJTC FM583!). ibid. Hebei province, Laiyuan county, Baishishan Mountains, 21 August 2019, G.J. Li and Y.B. Guo (HBAU15111!).

Gymnopus wutaishanensis L. Fan & N. Mao, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) Mycobank:— MB841244 Diagnosis:—It is distinguished from phylogenetically closest species G. densilamellatus and G. polyphyllus by its tangy odor and stipe covered with white hairs; morphologically, it differ from other species in Gymnopus by its unpleasant favour of basidiomata, pale orange to pinkish brown pileus, crowded lamellae, stipe covered with white hairs, and ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores. Etymology:—‘ wutaishanensis’, Wutaishan Moutains, refers to the type locality. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi province, Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°57’9’’N, 113°30’9’’E, 2070 m elev., 23 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., Y.Y. Xu (BJTC FM484!, holotype). Description:— Basidiomata single or in groups. Pileus 10–60 mm diam, low convex to plane convex when young, then plane to slightly depressed center, not translucently striate or sometimes with fine striate at the margin only, margin cracking with age, surface smooth or radially rugulose, pale orange (#e19e87) to pinkish brown (#cc8263), centre dark orange (#a64929) to brown (#924024). Lamellae close, L = 70–80, l = 1–2, adnate, white (#ffffff); edge smooth, lamellulae concolorous with lamellae. Stipe 30–60 × 2–5 mm, cylindrical or laterally compressed, hollow, equal or sometimes slightly broadened at base, light gray (#cccccc) to pale white (#f7f7f7), sometimes dark grayish orange (#8f857b) at apex when old, surface often densely covered with white hairs. Context concolorous with lamellae. Odor tangy and unpleasant. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores [25/3/3] (4–)5–6(–7) × (2–)2.5–4 μm; [Q = (1.50–)1.67–2.05(–2.22), avQ = 1.82 ± 0.23]; ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled. Basidia 25–35 × 5–8 μm, clavate, hyaline, with four sterigmata. Cheilocystidia numerous, 18–40(–60) × 3–7 μm, variable in shape, cylindrical, clavate, mostly irregular, rostrate, or coralloid at apex, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, made of cylindrical or subinflated 2–9 μm, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae. Pileipellis a cutis composed of cylindrical, 3–10 μm, brownish or hyaline, thinto slightly thick- walled hyphae; terminal cells and lateral projections 25–60 × 4–8 μm, cylindrical, narrowly clavate, sometimes irregular, thin-walled, smooth. Pileocystidia absent. Stipitipellis a thin cutis of parallel cylindrical hyphae of 2.5–8 μm, with hyaline to pale brown content. Caulocystidia 20–40(–55) × 4–6 μm, cylindrical, clavate, sometimes irregular. Hairs of the stipe surface 58–105 μm long, 10–43 μm wide at the base, composed of parallel cylindrical hyphae of 2–6(–9) μm wide, hyaline, thin- walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—solitary, gregarious to cespitose on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, Shanxi province, China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi province, Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°57’9’’N, 111°30’7’’E, 1990 m elev., 23 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, H. Liu (BJTC FM508!). ibid. Wutai county, Wutaishan Mountains, 38°47’47’’N, 113°48’0’’E, 2060 m elev., 25 July 2019, on the ground in coniferous forest dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii, H. Liu (BJTC FM583!). ibid. Hebei province, Laiyuan county, Baishishan Mountains, 21 August 2019, G.J. Li and Y.B. Guo (HBAU15111!)., Published as part of Mao, Ning, Liu, Hong & Fan, Li, 2022, Gymnopus wutaishanensis (Omphalotaceae, Agaricales) a new species from North China, pp. 63-75 in Phytotaxa 556 (1) on pages 70-71, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6952070

Bonomyces pseudoarnoldii L. Fan & N. Mao, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) MycoBank:— MB841875 Diagnosis:—differing from the phylogenetically and morphologically closest related species B. arnoldii by its crowded lamellae, absence of granules at the top of the stipe, well-differentiated mediostratum and stipitipellis, genetic profile, and distribution in north China. Etymology:—‘ pseudoarnoldii ’, refers to this species being similar to B. arnoldii. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Yicheng County, Zhongtiaoshan Mt., 1950 m elev., 8 July 2021, on the ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 239 (BJTC FM1672). Description:— Pileus 12–49 mm, at first convex, then flat to slightly depressed or umbilicate; margin not striate, revolute or flat when young, later slightly uplifted and wavy, sometimes split; surface dry, finely to coarsely fibrillose near the margin, occasionally cracking into minute squamules towards the center; reddish brown (#b95d30) to dark brown (#a56829), pale orange (#e67028), sometimes light yellow (#f3bc9b) or dark reddish brown (#3f1010) in the center. Lamellae 1.5–3.0 mm broad, L = 40‒60, l = 1‒3, crowded, subdecurrent to decurrent, whitish (#ff0000), becoming beige (#f5f5dc), edge turning reddish brown (#b95d30) with age. Stipe central, 18–45 × 3–9 mm, terete, usually equal, occasionally inflated at the apex and slightly tapering at base, granules absent at the top, sometimes curved, longitudinally fibrillose, solid, pale white (#fafafa) to reddish brown (#b95d30) or pale orange (#ee9e6d), with a cluster of large white rhizomorphs at the base. Context white when young later pale brown under the pileus and stipe surface. Odor not recorded. Taste not recorded. Spore print white. Basidiospores [120/4/3] (6.5–)7–8.5(–9) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6) μm (avg. ± SD = 7.6 ± 0.65 × 4.8 ± 0.57 μm), [Q = (1.35–) 1.40–1.75 (–1.90), Q av = 1.58 ± 0.16], mostly oblong-ellipsoid or amygdaliform in side-view, a few somewhat cylindrical, usually uni-guttulate, smooth, slightly thick-walled (0.3–0.6 µm), with a thick lateral apiculus. Basidia (27–)30–35(–37) × 5–8 μm, mostly 4–spored, occasionally 2–spored, cylindrical to clavate, mostly hyaline, with sterigmata 3–6 μm long. Subhymenium 10–15 µm thick, pavimentous (bottom of hymenophore), weakly developed, made of small polygonal elements 2–4 µm wide. Hymenopodium, 15–20 µm thick, slightly divergent, composed of slender hyphae 1.5–5 µm wide. Mediostratum 70–105 µm thick, well differentiated, regular, composed of parallel hyphae 3–9 μm diam, smooth, colorless. Hymenial cystidia not seen. Pileipellis a trichoderm, 120–150 µm thick, composed of parallel cylindrical to clavate hyphae, 3–11 μm in diam, smooth, with walls sometimes slightly thickened, with yellow to brown minute intracellular pigment, often with numerous cystidioid terminal elements measuring about 30–55 × 5–9(–13) μm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate or sometimes irregular, prostrate or erect, in fascicles. Subpellis not differentiated. Stipitipellis well-differentiated, 90–105 µm thick, composed of parallel hyphae 2.5–6 μm diam. with pale yellow to light brown content, thin-walled. Stipititrama well-differentiated, made of parallel hyaline hyphae 2.5–9.0 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—Solitary or scattered, on the ground in conifer forests dominated by Pinus armandi, known from the north of China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Yicheng County, Zhongtiaoshan Ms., 35°29’41’’N, 111°54’15’’E, 1950 m elev., 8 July 2021, on ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 238 (BJTC FM1671); ibid. 35°29’51’’N, 111°55’1’’E, 1920 m elev., 8 July 2021, on ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 240 (BJTC FM1673).

Bonomyces pseudoarnoldii L. Fan & N. Mao, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) MycoBank:— MB841875 Diagnosis:—differing from the phylogenetically and morphologically closest related species B. arnoldii by its crowded lamellae, absence of granules at the top of the stipe, well-differentiated mediostratum and stipitipellis, genetic profile, and distribution in north China. Etymology:—‘ pseudoarnoldii ’, refers to this species being similar to B. arnoldii. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Yicheng County, Zhongtiaoshan Mt., 1950 m elev., 8 July 2021, on the ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 239 (BJTC FM1672). Description:— Pileus 12–49 mm, at first convex, then flat to slightly depressed or umbilicate; margin not striate, revolute or flat when young, later slightly uplifted and wavy, sometimes split; surface dry, finely to coarsely fibrillose near the margin, occasionally cracking into minute squamules towards the center; reddish brown (#b95d30) to dark brown (#a56829), pale orange (#e67028), sometimes light yellow (#f3bc9b) or dark reddish brown (#3f1010) in the center. Lamellae 1.5–3.0 mm broad, L = 40‒60, l = 1‒3, crowded, subdecurrent to decurrent, whitish (#ff0000), becoming beige (#f5f5dc), edge turning reddish brown (#b95d30) with age. Stipe central, 18–45 × 3–9 mm, terete, usually equal, occasionally inflated at the apex and slightly tapering at base, granules absent at the top, sometimes curved, longitudinally fibrillose, solid, pale white (#fafafa) to reddish brown (#b95d30) or pale orange (#ee9e6d), with a cluster of large white rhizomorphs at the base. Context white when young later pale brown under the pileus and stipe surface. Odor not recorded. Taste not recorded. Spore print white. Basidiospores [120/4/3] (6.5–)7–8.5(–9) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6) μm (avg. ± SD = 7.6 ± 0.65 × 4.8 ± 0.57 μm), [Q = (1.35–) 1.40–1.75 (–1.90), Q av = 1.58 ± 0.16], mostly oblong-ellipsoid or amygdaliform in side-view, a few somewhat cylindrical, usually uni-guttulate, smooth, slightly thick-walled (0.3–0.6 µm), with a thick lateral apiculus. Basidia (27–)30–35(–37) × 5–8 μm, mostly 4–spored, occasionally 2–spored, cylindrical to clavate, mostly hyaline, with sterigmata 3–6 μm long. Subhymenium 10–15 µm thick, pavimentous (bottom of hymenophore), weakly developed, made of small polygonal elements 2–4 µm wide. Hymenopodium, 15–20 µm thick, slightly divergent, composed of slender hyphae 1.5–5 µm wide. Mediostratum 70–105 µm thick, well differentiated, regular, composed of parallel hyphae 3–9 μm diam, smooth, colorless. Hymenial cystidia not seen. Pileipellis a trichoderm, 120–150 µm thick, composed of parallel cylindrical to clavate hyphae, 3–11 μm in diam, smooth, with walls sometimes slightly thickened, with yellow to brown minute intracellular pigment, often with numerous cystidioid terminal elements measuring about 30–55 × 5–9(–13) μm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate or sometimes irregular, prostrate or erect, in fascicles. Subpellis not differentiated. Stipitipellis well-differentiated, 90–105 µm thick, composed of parallel hyphae 2.5–6 μm diam. with pale yellow to light brown content, thin-walled. Stipititrama well-differentiated, made of parallel hyaline hyphae 2.5–9.0 µm wide. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—Solitary or scattered, on the ground in conifer forests dominated by Pinus armandi, known from the north of China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Yicheng County, Zhongtiaoshan Ms., 35°29’41’’N, 111°54’15’’E, 1950 m elev., 8 July 2021, on ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 238 (BJTC FM1671); ibid. 35°29’51’’N, 111°55’1’’E, 1920 m elev., 8 July 2021, on ground under Pinus armandi, N. Mao MNM 240 (BJTC FM1673)., Published as part of Mao, Ning, Lv, Jing-Chong, Zhao, Tao-Yu & Fan, Li, 2022, Bonomyces pseudoarnoldii (Biannulariaceae, Agaricales), a new species from China revealed by morphology, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, pp. 69-78 in Phytotaxa 545 (1) on pages 72-76, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6520388

Key to the species of Bonomyces known in the world. 1. Pileus covered by fibrillose to squamulose........................................................................................................................................2 1. Pileus smooth.................................................................................................................................................................... B. sinopicus 2. Subpellis present and distinctly differentiated, 25–30 µm thick................................................................................ B. afrosinopicus 2. Subpellis absent or weakly differentiated...........................................................................................................................................3 3. Terminations cylindrical to clavate in pileipellis................................................................................................................................4 3. Terminations cylindrical, not clavate in pileipellis...................................................................................................... B. squamulosus 4. Lamellae slightly distant, L = 30‒40, having granules at the top of the stipe.................................................................... B. arnoldii 4. Lamellae slightly crowded, L = 40‒60, no granules at the top of the stipe............................................................. B. pseudoarnoldii, Published as part of Mao, Ning, Lv, Jing-Chong, Zhao, Tao-Yu & Fan, Li, 2022, Bonomyces pseudoarnoldii (Biannulariaceae, Agaricales), a new species from China revealed by morphology, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, pp. 69-78 in Phytotaxa 545 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6520388

Eggs and nests are two critical traits for the ecological success of birds. Their functional interactions, however, remain unclear. Here, we examined the functional connections between egg stiffness and nest attachment, site and structure for 1350 avian species. We revealed high eggshell stiffness for eggs in nests with a pensile attachment, located on non-tree vegetation or having a domed shape, suggesting that birds produce stiffer eggs in response to higher egg-collision risk in unstable or enclosed nests. Interdependence models suggested that the evolution of eggshell stiffness was more likely to be driven by than drive that of nest characters. Our results implied a trade-off between investment in competing for established nesting niches and producing stiff eggs to explore novel niches with high collision risk, possibly mediated by predation or thermoregulation. This study highlights an overlooked connection between nests and eggshells that may have broadened the ecological niches of birds.

The discovery of quantum spin Hall effect has ignited the field of topological physics with vast variety of exotic properties. Here, we present the emergence of doubled quantum spin Hall effect in two dimensions characterized with a high spin Chern number of ${\mathcal C_S}=2$ and two pairs of helical edge states. Although is overlooked and invisible in topological quantum chemistry and symmetry indicator theory, the already experimentally synthesized $\alpha$-antimonene and $\alpha$-bismuthene are revealed as realistic material candidates of predicted topological states with band inversions emerging at generic $k$-points, rather than the high-symmetry momenta. Remarkably, the nontrivial energy gap can be as large as 464 meV for $\alpha$-bismuthene, indicating the high possibility of room-temperature observation of the doubled quantum spin Hall effect. Moreover, a four-band effective model is constructed to demonstrate further the feasibility of attaining this type of nontrivial topology. Our results not only uncover a novel topological character of antimony and bismuth, but will also facilitate the experimental characterization of the previously overlooked hidden topology., Comment: 4 figures

Additional file 5. Supplementary Table 1. Primers used for RT-PCR analysis.

Recordings of bat echolocation and social calls are used for many research purposes from ecological studies to taxonomy. Effective use of these relies on identification of species from the recordings, but comparative recordings or detailed call descriptions to support identification are often lacking for areas with high biodiversity. The ChiroVox website (www.chirovox.org) was created to facilitate the sharing of bat sound recordings together with their metadata, including biodiversity data and recording circumstances. To date, more than 30 researchers have contributed over 3,900 recordings of nearly 200 species, making ChiroVox the largest open-access bat call library currently available. Each recording has a unique identifier that can be cited in publications; hence the acoustic analyses are repeatable. Most of the recordings available through the website are from bats whose species identities are confirmed, so they can be used to determine species in recordings where the bats were not captured or could not be identified. We hope that with the help of the bat researcher community, the website will grow rapidly and will serve as a solid source for bat acoustic research and monitoring.

The discovery of quantum spin Hall effect has ignited the field of topological physics with vast variety of exotic properties. Here, we present the emergence of doubled quantum spin Hall effect in two dimensions characterized with a high spin Chern number of ${\mathcal C_S}=2$ and two pairs of helical edge states. Although is overlooked and invisible in topological quantum chemistry and symmetry indicator theory, the already experimentally synthesized $α$-antimonene and $α$-bismuthene are revealed as realistic material candidates of predicted topological states with band inversions emerging at generic $k$-points, rather than the high-symmetry momenta. Remarkably, the nontrivial energy gap can be as large as 464 meV for $α$-bismuthene, indicating the high possibility of room-temperature observation of the doubled quantum spin Hall effect. Moreover, a four-band effective model is constructed to demonstrate further the feasibility of attaining this type of nontrivial topology. Our results not only uncover a novel topological character of antimony and bismuth, but will also facilitate the experimental characterization of the previously overlooked hidden topology., 4 figures

Additional file 2.

Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility (TaiBIF) was established in 2001 as one of the first Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) nodes. Funded by Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology and Forestry Bureau, TaiBIF’s missions are to: Develop infrastructures for biodiversity-related data, Promote the open data concept, Facilitate the publication and integration of biodiversity information, Support biodiversity-related research and policy-making, and Connect Taiwan and international biodiversity information. Develop infrastructures for biodiversity-related data, Promote the open data concept, Facilitate the publication and integration of biodiversity information, Support biodiversity-related research and policy-making, and Connect Taiwan and international biodiversity information. As part of the work to fulfill its missions, TaiBIF develops and maintains infrastructures such as a data portal, Taiwan Catalogue of Life (TaiCoL), and a tool for scientific name-checking - NomenMatch, for public and researchers to use as needed. Additionally, as the only GBIF data hosting centre currently available in Asia, TaiBIF offers all services mentioned in the GBIF’s data hosting criteria. Briefly, this includes a regularly maintained Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) and help desk for supporting users in dataset and data paper publishing process. In the continuous effort to promote open biodiversity data, TaiBIF organises workshops annually for students, researchers, and any governmental or non-governmental organisations, providing hands-on training focusing on data standardising and the publishing process. As of June 2022, Taiwan has exposed more than 13 million occurrence records and 83 datasets through GBIF's data platform, contributed mostly by 19 data publishing units, making it the second-largest data contributor in Asia (after India). These data have been used in many peer-reviewed studies on various topics and for guiding conservation policies. TaiBIF has maintained close interactions and cooperation with GBIF, regularly assisting in the Biodiversity Information Fund for Asia (BIFA) projects, regional workshops and communications between members from Asian countries. TaiBIF’s current active tasks include allying with the Taiwan Biodiversity Information Alliance (TBIA), a national biodiversity network aimed at the integration of local biodiversity data from various governmental agencies and museums. Furthermore, a volunteer training system is being developed to support workloads at the TaiBIF office. Recognising the importance of data coverage, a data review study of open biodiversity data status in Taiwan is ongoing.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X221132417 for Chelerythrine Ameliorates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Suppression of Inflammation and Oxidation by Jun-Song Wu, He-Jing Liu, Si-Jie Han, Ning-Feng Mao and Xue-Feng Liu in Natural Product Communications

Additional file 1.

Nonsymmorphic symmetry can induce exotic wallpaper fermions, e.g., hourglass fermion, fourfold-degenerate Dirac fermion, and M\"obius fermion, as commonly believed only in nonsymmorphic wallpaper groups. Here, we extend the notion of wallpaper fermions to symmorphic wallpaper groups, and remarkably uncover the emergence of long-awaited third-order topological insulators. The symmetry analysis and k $\cdot$ p models reveal that nonessential symmetries play an essential role for obtaining the previously overlooked hidden surface spectrum. Based on this, we present the hourglass fermion, fourfold-degenerate Dirac fermion, and M\"obius fermion in the (001) surface of Tl$_4$XTe$_3$ (X = Pb/Sn) with a symmorphic wallpaper group $p4m$. Remarkably, 16 helical corner states reside on eight corners in Kramers pair, rendering the first real electronic material of third-order topological insulator. A time-reversal polarized octupole polarization is defined to uncover the nontrivial third-order topology, as is implemented by the 2$^{nd}$ and 3$^{rd}$ order Wilson loop calculations. Our results could considerably broaden the range of wallpaper fermions and lay the foundation for future experimental investigations of third-order topological insulators.

Mao, Ning, Xu, Yu-Yan, Fan, Li (2021): Three new species of Tricholomopsis (incertae sedis) from North China based on morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 507 (2): 155-166, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.507.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.2.3

To promote the application of bedroom TAC to a larger region, task/ambient air conditioning (TAC) system was applied to different climate zones in China. In this study, China as a typical country which has a very large area and significantly different climate zones, was selected as the investigated country. Firstly, five cities in different climate zones were selected. Secondly, the CFD study was carried out on the bedroom TAC using the environmental parameters. Thirdly, predictive models of energy consumption were established using RSM method. Afterwards, the energy performance of the TAC system in different cities were predicted and analyzed. The results showed that the energy consumption in the typical day was from 0 kJ in Kunming to 4588.30 kJ in Shanghai.

For an air source heat pump (ASHP) unit, uneven frost distribution would result in mal-defrosting, or adversely degrade system defrosting efficiency. Previous investigations demonstrated that, for an ASHP unit with a multi-circuit outdoor coil, when the frosting evenness value (FEV) on its surface of outdoor coil is higher, the defrosting efficiency would also be higher. On the other hand, as reported, the downwards flowing melted frost during defrosting would also play negative effects on defrosting performance. Although the comprehensive influence of the two factors, uneven frost distribution and the downwards flowing melted frost, had been experimentally investigated, the influence of uneven frost distribution or the FEV on negative effect of downwards flowing melted frost was still unknown. As a fundamental and interesting problem, it is meaningful to be explored. It was therefore quantitatively analyzed here basing on six experimental cases. Water collecting trays were used to take away the melted frost during defrosting in three cases, and the other three ones without trays installed stood for the traditional status. Meanwhile, their FEVs of two groups were separately adjusted to be at three different levels. Results clearly showed the positive effects of increasing FEV and taking away the melted frost on system defrosting efficiency. After the melted frost was taken away, the FEV effects was increased. The increase of defrosting efficiency seems unchanged, but the reduction of defrosting duration was obviously increased from 17 s to 22 s. However, the differences of defrosting duration and efficiency changed were too small when melted frost was locally drained or not. More experimental cases with lower FEVs should be carried out.

In the present paper, an environmental fire retardant with core-shell structure ammonium polyphosphate (APP) @ Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) (microencapsulated APP with nanoscale ATH via coprecipitation) was obtained and employed to flame-retard wood pulp paper (WPP). The factors that influence the synthesis of the microcapsule were discussed, and the products with the average diameter of less than 100 nm of the ATH particles formed on APP was obtained at a mutual compound of Al2(SO4)3•18H2O and Al(NO3)3•9H2O with Al molar ratio of 1:9. The optimum reaction conditions including APP kind and amount were studied and 15%APPII@nano-ATH exhibited optimized surface morphology, evenly dispersed state, enhanced water resistance and strong interaction with vapor water. Fundamentally, it imparted WPP excellent flame resistance: for 15 mm * 150 mm WPP, the smoldering rate value of WPP was 100.08 s/150 mm at 1 mg additive amount of the flame retardant, indicating an improvement of 17.7% compared to 85.04 s/150 mm of pure paper; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of WPP increased from 19.0 to 27.6% at a relatively low 15%APPII@ATH addition of 6 mg. This high-efficient flame retardant performance could be explained by the direct contact and sufficient interaction between APP and ATH which gives full play to their synergy and accelerated the formation of cross-linked P-O-C/Al-O-Al/Al-O-C/Al-O-P/P-O-P structures, leading to a strong and compact char layer with a result of dramatic reduction in heat release rate and smoke production. The specific decomposition and interaction mechanism was conducted associated with the analysis results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) etc.

Additional file 8: Figure S1. Hub gene networks. Figure S2. Confirmation of five types AS events by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR methods.

Species traits affect how a species interacts with the environment and other species and thus determine the role of the species in an ecosystem. They affect not only population dynamics of a species across space and over time, but also community structure and function through their key role in the community assembly processes. Information on species traits is also highly relevant for conservation planning as they determine the adaptive ability of a species in the face of environmental changes. However, information on species traits is usually scarce and sparsely distributed amongst diverse types of literature and sources. Difficulty in accessing comprehensive information on species traits has formed an essential knowledge gap, limiting our understanding of biodiversity patterns and ecosystem functioning and preventing effective conservation. Even for birds, a well-studied taxon, comprehensive trait information is still unavailable or distributed across different sources for many species. In this study, we compiled information from a variety of sources on 23 traits for all breeding birds, including 157 resident and 14 summer visiting species, in Taiwan and surrounding islands. The 23 traits include those related to the movement patterns, morphology, geographic distributions, activity patterns, feeding behaviour, habitat use, and breeding behaviour and strategies of the species. The trait information was obtained, not only from published literature and datasets, but also from unpublished banding records and specimen measurements. The dataset also contains derived traits, including the elevation and temperature boundaries of species distribution ranges in Taiwan. In addition, structured information on nest characters, which is seldom compiled in trait datasets, has been made available, for the first time, for the breeding birds in Taiwan. Therefore, the most comprehensive trait dataset to date on breeding birds in Taiwan will allow trait-based research and applications in diverse topics and thus enhance our understanding of the patterns and dynamics of breeding bird diversity and its functions in Taiwan.

Additional file 6: Table S2. Primer sequences.

Additional file 7: Table S3. Serum TNF-α levels in patients with grade II–IV aGVHD after bone marrow transplant.

Additional file 4:Supplementary Table 1. Demographic, clinical, and imaging characteristics of the donors. Supplementary Table 2. Primer sequences for RT-qPCR.

In applications, the defrosting operation of an air source heat pump (ASHP) unit is always started with a pre-set time, corresponding to a fixed mass of frost accumulation, and thus resulting in series of mal-defrosting phenomenon. The exact defrosting initiation time is hard to be quantitatively given due to the dynamic and uneven frosting conditions. For an ASHP unit with a multi-circuit outdoor coil, when the melted frost was locally drained during defrosting, the optimization of start defrosting control strategy becomes more complicated. Here, this fundamental problem was experimentally investigated, with frost evenly distributed on the surface of the outdoor coil at the start of defrosting. Defrosting performance of the experimental ASHP unit at different frost accumulations were then comparatively analyzed, with the melted frost local drainage specially considered. These physical parameters include the temperature of tube surface and melted frost, compressor suction and discharge pressures and their difference, thermal energy taken from indoor air and electricity inputs on compressor and fans during defrosting, etc. Results suggest that, the defrosting efficiency reached its peak at 46.05% when frost accumulation was at 930 g. After the melted frost was locally taken away during defrosting, it reached its peak at 51.80% when frost accumulation was at 933 g. Thus, the time-based start defrosting control strategy was demonstrated to be fundamentally optimized with this method. Contributions of this study could be used for adjusting the control strategy of ASHP units, which are valuable to energy saving in industrial applications.

Task/ambient air conditioning (TAC) system is reported to be an energy efficient technology with available methods to control thermal comfortable level for sleeping environments. However, the variation of indoor thermal environment will directly affect the performance of the TAC system, especially the set of operation parameters. Therefore, an optimization study on the TAC system operation considering the effects of envelope thermal load was carried out in this paper. Firstly, a full factorial design method was used to construct the models of the energy consumption and thermal comfort. Secondly, comfort lines were obtained to calculate the optimum operating parameters at which the energy consumption was at the lowest. Finally, the energy consumption at the optimum status was calculated.