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PurposeMoney laundering is the process of concealing unlawfully obtained funds by presenting them as coming from a legitimate source. Criminals use crypto money laundering to hide the illicit origin of funds using a variety of methods. The most simplified form of bitcoin money laundering leans hard on the fact that transactions made in cryptocurrencies are pseudonymous, but open data gives more power to investigators and enables the crowdsourcing of forensic analysis. With the motive to curb these illegal activities, there exist various rules, policies and technologies collectively known as anti-money laundering (AML) tools. When properly implemented, AML restrictions reduce the negative effects of illegal economic activity while also promoting financial market integrity and stability, but these bear high costs for institutions. The purpose of this work is to motivate the opportunity to reconcile the cause of safety with that of financial inclusion, bearing in mind the limitations of the available data. The authors use the Elliptic dataset; to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the largest labelled transaction dataset publicly available in any cryptocurrency.Design/methodology/approachAML in bitcoin can be modelled as a node classification task in dynamic networks. In this work, graph convolutional decision forest will be introduced, which combines the potentialities of evolving graph convolutional network and deep neural decision forest (DNDF). This model will be used to classify the unknown transactions in the Elliptic dataset. Additionally, the application of knowledge distillation (KD) over the proposed approach gives finest results compared to all the other experimented techniques.FindingsThe importance of utilising a concatenation between dynamic graph learning and ensemble feature learning is demonstrated in this work. The results show the superiority of the proposed model to classify the illicit transactions in the Elliptic dataset. Experiments also show that the results can be further improved when the system is fine-tuned using a KD framework.Originality/valueExisting works used either ensemble learning or dynamic graph learning to tackle the problem of AML in bitcoin. The proposed model provides a novel view to combine the power of random forest with dynamic graph learning methods. Furthermore, the work also demonstrates the advantage of KD in improving the performance of the whole system.

Exploratory data analysis (EDA), which provides both descriptive and inferential analysis, plays a crucial role in comprehending the significance of the data's hidden information. The text corpus's subjects are identified using the data mining method. The datasets from Yelp, which contain information about businesses, users, ratings, and signups, have been analyzed in this study. In addition to timing of check-ins at company sites, our study also looks at firm performance, regional distribution, reviewer ratings, and other factors. We discovered that Yelp check-ins, tips, and elite users had all declined over time. Additionally, our analysis showed that Canadians have more reliable star ratings and sentiment ratings than Americans. To improve on this effort, we suggest a new project that comprises gathering a dataset, cleaning the data by removing null values, applying a machine learning algorithm with Ada Boosting, and forecasting the accuracy score with MLP. The proposed technique for EDA and data mining on Yelp restaurant reviews has various potential flaws. Because the information was selected depending on the needs of the research, it may not be representative of all restaurants on Yelp. This might lead to skewed findings. Pre-processing processes such as data cleaning and sampling may remove vital information or inject noise into the dataset. The model's performance and generalizability may not be adequately assessed using hold-out and cross-validation procedures.

A detailed study of small-scale Hall magnetohydrodynamic dynamo has been performed both analytically and numerically. Assuming the magnetic field and the current to be separate fields, the contribution of the Hall term has been decomposed into two parts and their individual contributions have been studied separately. Calculating the scale-separated transfer rates described in Dar \textit{et. al.} (Physica D, 157 (207), 2001), it is found that the small-scale current fields are the primary contributors in sustaining large scale magnetic fields. Furthermore, the nature of the scale-to-scale fluxes are found to be globally intact with the ion inertial scale.

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to portray the historical evolution of retailing from 1980 to 2020. The study considers India as the domain as it is one of the fastest growing markets, and the retail growth is anticipated to reach more than one trillion dollars within this decade.Design/methodology/approachThis paper captures the historical growth trajectory of retailing from the pre-online era to the online era and highlights how the retail environment has become modernized and sophisticated in the process in India.FindingsThe study traces the journey of retail from 1980 to the multi-billion-dollar sector it had become by 2020 in India. Furthermore, the article provides an overview of how the different retail forms and players in the Indian retail sector have been shaping the industry over the last four decades. During this period, there has been a transformational change in the format of Indian retailing. The Indian consumers' shopping mindset moved from physical in the 1980s to online, and now “Phygital” (Physical and Digital) in 2020s has become an omni-channel platform in Indian retail.Originality/valueThis paper aims to present a viewpoint of the evolutions of retailing from the unorganized to the organized form and from the physical to the online form over the last 40 years in the Indian retail sector landscape.

Lentil shell (LS) on modification with sulfuric acid (LSAC), formaldehyde (LSFM), and on calcination (LSCL) were used for the adsorption of methylene blue dye in the present study. The sulfuric acid treated LS adsorbent has shown maximum adsorption. The batch adsorption experiments were studied with the effect of adsorbent dose (10–60 mg), pH (4–10), dye concentration (10–80 mg/L), contact time (10–60 minutes), and temperature (303–333 K). The maximum removal of methylene blue was found at pH 10 with adsorption time 60 minutes. The maximum adsorption capacity is measured for LSAC, LSCL, LSFM, and LS untreated (LSUN) are 49.56, 45.79, 42.24, and 42.09 mg/g respectively for 60 mg adsorbent dose with 60 mg/L of initial methylene blue dye concentration. The biosorbents were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, BET-N2 adsorption, and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The adsorption isotherm was studied at the temperature of 303, 313, 323, and 333 K. It was found that the higher temperature suitable for maximum adsorption. Langmuir model and Freundlich model were studied from the obtained results for adsorption mechanism. The pseudo second order kinetic model was found suitable for the present adsorption study in comparison with pseudo first order model and intraparticle diffusion model. The data obtained from the present work showed that LS could be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the adsorption of the dye.

In this review, we describe turbulent drag reduction in a variety of flows using a universal framework of energy flux. In a turbulent flow with dilute polymers and magnetic field, the kinetic energy injected at large scales cascades to the velocity field at intermediate scales, as well as to the polymers and magnetic field at all scales. Consequently, the kinetic energy flux, $ \Pi_u(k) $, is suppressed in comparison to the pure hydrodynamic turbulence. We argue that the suppression of $\Pi_u(k)$ is an important factor in the reduction of the inertial force $\langle {\bf u \cdot \nabla u} \rangle$ and \textit{turbulent drag}. This feature of turbulent drag reduction is observed in polymeric, magnetohydrodynamic, quasi-static magnetohydrodynamic, and stably-stratified turbulence, and in dynamos. In addition, it is shown that turbulent drag reduction in thermal convection is due to the smooth thermal plates, similar to the turbulent drag reduction over bluff bodies. In all these flows, turbulent drag reduction often leads to a strong large-scale velocity in the flow., Comment: 52 pages, submitted to Reviews of Modern Plasma Physics

The solar-powered LED letters display is a versatile and eco-friendly solution for outdoor signage and decoration. The system consists of a solar panel, battery, and LED lights, which work together to provide sustainable lighting. The solar panel absorbs energy from the sun and stores it in the battery, which powers the LED lights at night or during low-light conditions. One of the key advantages of the solar-powered LED letters display is its energy efficiency. Unlike traditional lighting solutions, which rely on grid power and consume a significant amount of energy, this system uses renewable energy sources and requires minimal maintenance. This makes it an ideal solution for off-grid areas, where traditional lighting is not readily available. Another advantage of the solar-powered LED letters display is its customization options. The LED lights can be programmed to display different colours and patterns, providing a unique and eye-catching display. This makes it ideal for advertising and branding, as well as for creating a festive atmosphere for events and celebrations. Overall, the solar-powered LED letters display is a sustainable, energy-efficient, and customizable solution for outdoor lighting and signage. Its ability to operate in off-grid areas and provide customizable lighting makes it an attractive option for businesses, event planners, and individuals looking for a unique and eco-friendly way to illuminate their outdoor spaces.

OBJECTIVE: T-Flex registry was designed to investigate the safety and clinical performance of the ultrathin (60 μm) strut biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) with a unique long dual Z (LDZ) link design on a cobalt-chromium stent platform (Sahajanand Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Surat, India) in a real-world all-comer population including high-risk subgroups. METHODS: This was an observational, multicenter, single-arm, and investigator-initiated retrospective registry. A total of 1,203 patients treated with an ultrathin biodegradable polymer-coated SES, irrespective of lesion complexity, comorbidities, and acute presentation were analyzed from May 2016 to January 2017. The primary endpoint was the one-year incidence of target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction (TV-MI), and clinically-indicated target lesion revascularization (CI-TLR). Stent thrombosis was assessed as an additional safety endpoint. RESULTS: At the one-year follow-up, TLF was observed in 3.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9–5.1] patients, composed of 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3–1.3) cardiac death, 1.3% (95% CI: 0.8–2.2) TV-MI, and 1.9% (95% CI: 1.3–2.9) CI-TLR. In the high-risk subgroups, TLF at one-year was 6.8% (95% CI: 4.6–9.8) in patients with diabetes, 5.2% (95% CI: 3.4–8) in patients with small-vessel disease, 6.1% (95% CI: 3.9–9.6) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and 4.5% (95% CI: 2.4–8.3) in patients with total occlusion. During follow-up, stent thrombosis was reported in 0.8% (95% CI: 0.4–1.5) patients in the overall population. CONCLUSION: Low event rates of TLF and stent thrombosis at one-year follow-up indicate that this ultrathin biodegradable polymer-coated SES has encouraging safety and clinical performance in real-world all-comer populations as well as in high-risk subgroups.

Introduction: The majority of surgical complications after tissue transfer surgery (Local transposition of the fasciocutaneous flap, Pedicle flap, Free flap or musculocutaneous flap) are related to vascular thrombosis, which usually occurs within 3 days of surgery. Venous congestion usually results in oedema and darkening of the skin colour. During early venous obstruction, a needle stick will cause rapid bleeding of dark blood and arterial obstruction or spasm will cause delayed bleeding. Application of nitroglycerine (NTG) patch in the congested area or ischemic area of the flap may improve the vascularity and clinical features of the flap. It salvages the failing flap or avoids an unnecessary surgical exploration of flaps. Patients and methods: This is prospective study was carried out during the period from January 2018 to February 2021 at the Plastic surgery unit-Chirayu Medical College And Hospital Bhopal, India. This study included patients aged 13 to 70 years undergoing reconstructive surgery with flaps (Fasciocutaneous Pedicle flap, Free flap, local transposition flap or musculocutaneous flap) for the wounds at any part of the body. The NTG patch was applied over the cutaneous surface of the compromised flap and then flap insufficiency was observed. The NTG patch was changed in 12-14 hrs intervals daily. The follow-up was done and finally, the flaps were assessed at 1 week post-operatively. Results: In this study total of 50 patients with flaps reconstruction were included. Among which 34 %( 17 patients) had skin changes and 66 % (33 patients) had congested bleed on needle prick. NTG patches were applied on the flap surface at regular intervals. After 1 week follows up, the changes in 82% (41) flaps were reversed back and the flap remained healthy. 18% (nine) flaps had partial and or complete necrosis. None of the patients experienced any complications (like dizziness, vertigo or fall of blood pressure) during the application of the NTG patch. Conclusion: There was a marked reduction in partial flap necrosis in patients who received nitroglycerin patch. The flap survival was significantly improved and prevents the re-exploration of flaps. Their application is a simple, safe, and effective way to help salvage the flaps.

In magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), there is a transfer of energy from the velocity field to the magnetic field in the inertial range itself. As a result, the inertial-range energy fluxes of velocity and magnetic fields exhibit significant variations. Still, these variable energy fluxes satisfy several exact relations due to conservation of energy. In this paper, using numerical simulations, we quantify the variable energy fluxes of MHD turbulence, as well as verify several exact relations. We also study the energy fluxes of Elsässer variables that are constant in the inertial range.

Aim Aim of the study was to investigate the effect of PRP and MTA individually and combined on in vitro human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) proliferation and osteo/odontogenic differentiation potential. Materials and methods MSCs were cultured in vitro with MTA, 5% PRP, 10% PRP, MTA with 5%PRP, and MTA with 10% PRP. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was used as control. Cell viability and proliferative efficiency were tested with cell adhesion and MTT assay. Osteo/odontogenic differentiation was assessed and quantified with alizarin red staining. Results MTA alone, MTA with 5% PRP, and MTA with 10% PRP showed significantly high proliferation at day 7 and 14 when compared to the control group. Enhanced differentiation and the highest calcium deposition was observed in MTA with the 10% PRP group. Conclusion Within limitations of the in vitro environment, results imply an increased proliferation and induction of MSCs into osteo/odontogenic differentiation by the combination rather than a mere sealing of PRP by MTA. Clinical significance PRP and MTA have the potential for true regeneration of the pulp tissue. Moreover, the combination of PRP and MTA can be utilized to expand the MSCs to generate adequate numbers for clinical applications, without xenogenic contamination. How to cite this article: Vanka A, Vishwakarma SK, Bhat MK, et al. Osteo/odontogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Platelet-rich Plasma and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(10):1171-1178.

Ferrites are proved themselves as the precious materials for energy storage and water splitting applications such as, supercapacitors, electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, etc. Among the various affecting factors on the performance of the ferrites for aforesaid applications, synthesis methods are one of the most important factors. The ferrites, either spinel or inverse spinel, can be prepared using number of synthesis techniques such as, hydrothermal method, sol-gel auto-combustion method, co-precipitation method, spray pyrolysis method, etc. One can optimize the various properties of the ferrites viz. grain size, crystallinity, porosity, etc by following proper protocol during synthesis. Various physical and chemical synthesis techniques with their optimization conditions and protocols are discussed in this chapter briefly.

In recent years, nanomaterials have piqued the interest of the research community due to intriguing claims in a variety of areas, the primary focus being the mode and methods of synthesis of applicative materials. Numerous methods are now used in the production of various nanomaterials, and these processes have an impact on their properties. Considering that we describe a novel biogenic approach for the synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using cow urine as a reducing and stabilizing agent, the confirmation and characterization of the synthesized material were accomplished using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The primary confirmation of bio-fabrication of ZnO NPs was done with UV-DRS and the bandgap was found to be 2.96 keV. The Wurtzite structure with 3.99 nm size was confirmed by the XRD pattern, whereas the morphology and purity were confirmed via SEM and EDX techniques. Furthermore, the disc diffusion method's antibacterial activity of characterized ZnO NPs was tested against different bacterial strains. The radical scavenging activity was studied using the OH and DPPH assays.

The reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the distal third of the leg and ankle joint remains a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Presently, the distally based neurocutaneous flaps are the predominant surgical alternatives to free tissue transfer. In this article, we describe our experience with the distally based saphenous neurocutaneous flap for reconstructing soft tissue defects in this region. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent reconstruction of the leg distal third and ankle joint at our department from January 1996 to June 2016 was carried out. Only patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for acute traumatic injuries were included. The fasciocutaneous pedicle was 3–4 cm wide, and the anatomical structures consisted of the superficial and deep fascia, saphenous nerve, greater saphenous vein and their accompanying vessels together with an islet of subcutaneous cellular tissue and skin. The size of skin islands ranged from 5–7 to 10–14 cm2. A total of 170 patients (142 men and 28 women) were included in this study. The mean follow-up period was 3 months. All flaps survived with partial necrosis in three patients. Severe venous congestion occurred only in five patients. However, the flap was eventually salvaged after limb elevation and interrupted bloodletting. All donor sites were closed using split-skin grafting. The reverse saphenous neurocutaneous flap proved to be a reliable and efficient method for reconstructing soft tissue defects in the distal third of the leg and ankle joint. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study

Primary suture closure of wounds is often the optimal solution for soft tissue defect closure because of its simplicity and satisfactory outcome, yet it may be impeded by high -tension closure. The customary application of skin grafts, flaps, free tissue transfer, or tissue expansion is often associated with relatively more complex surgical reconstructive procedures, significant morbidity and extended hospitalization and prolonged recovery period. We retrospectively investigated all patients who underwent wound closure using a mechanical wound closure device between 2014 and 2016 in a tertiary hospital center. The device consisted of stainless steel hooks, sutured over the opposite wound edges, and rubber bands for generating tension which is gradually increased. Approximated wound margins were sutured or allowed to heal by secondary intention. The mechanical device was applied in 50 patients. There were 38 males and 12 females. Wound size ranged from 3 to 25 cm. In most of the patients there was a satisfactory wound margin approximation. However, in 6 patients skin hook cut through from wound margins occurred due to excessive rubber band tension. In 5 patients, it was decided to also apply negative-pressure wound therapy along with the device. After application of the wound closure device, a residual raw area remained in other 4 patients in whom a split thickness graft was applied. During follow-up, hypertrophic scar and wound dehiscence were found in 5 patients. The mechanical wound closure device herein presented is a simple and inexpensive technique that allows a significant reduction in surgical costs and surgery-related morbidity. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Dopant-free and cost-effective sprayed cadmium oxide (CdO) conducting base-electrodes, obtained at different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5 M), characterized for their structures, morphologies and conductivities by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electrical conductivity measurements, respectively, are employed as base-electrodes for growing cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH) 2 ) nanoplates using a simple electrodeposition method which further are envisaged for electrochemical supercapacitor application. Polycrystalline nature and mushroom-like plane-views are confirmed from the structure and morphology analyses. Both CdO and CdO–Co(OH) 2 electrodes reveal specific capacitances as high as 312 F g −1 and 1119 F g −1 , respectively, in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte at 10 mV s −1 sweep rate. Optimized Co(OH) 2 –CdO configuration electrode demonstrates energy density of 98.83 W h kg −1 and power density of 0.75 kW kg −1 . In order to investigate the charge transfer kinematics electrochemical impedance measurements are carried out and explored.

Security is one of the pillars of internet technology. Block chain is one of the newest technology which bundles a set of mechanisms such as distributed mechanism, password protection mechanism, decentralized mechanism as well as the scripted mechanism. There is no need of third party to have the validation or the certification. Participants in the block chain need not be known each other. Integrity is ensured as the block chain technology uses asymmetric encryption algorithms such as 3 AES. It has a great impact on Information and network security with respect to many aspects of societal concerns such as healthcare, banks and so on. It records the data and transfers using distributed mechanism. This technology is tamperproof since the integrity and authenticity is maintained., {"references":["M. R. Ogiela and M. Majcher, \"Security of Distributed Ledger Solutions Based on Blockchain Technologies,\" in 32ndInternational Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2018","F. Dai, S. Yue, M. and L. Wei, \"From Bitcoin to Cyber security: a Comparative Study,\" in The2017 4th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2017), China, 2017","S. Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, October 2008","K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, \"Block chains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,\" IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292 - 2303, 2016","C. Ye, G. Li, H. Cai, Y. Gu and A. Fukuda, \"Analysis of Security in Block chain: Case Study in 51%-Attack Detecting,\" in 5th InternationalConference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA), China, 2018"]}

Parks and other green sites improve urban avenue and environment while also crucial to mitigate climate change. Indian cities are now experiencing high level of pollutions, so trees not only act as carbon sinks but also assist in improving the quality of urban life. Cooch Behar town located in northern part of West Bengal is also experiencing upsurge in urban development and population increase. Therefore the community parks and an institutional campus in the town were assessed for their species richness and the ecosystem services they provide. A total of 75 species represented by 39 families and 67 genera were documented from the urban green sites of Cooch Behar town. The dominant family found was Fabaceae followed by Arecaceae and Moraceae while Ficus was listed as dominant genus. The plant species documented were prominently classified under provisioning type of ecosystem services as 36 species were timbers, 26 species were edible and 24 species were fodder. Other services included species for providing shade (34 species), avenue (27 species) and aesthetic (25 species). The list also included plant species under IUCN Red list category of vulnerable species like Saraca asoca; endangered species like Swietenia mahagoni and Borassus flabellifer and Platycladus orientalis as threatened species. The maintenance of these IUCN Red listed species by the community parks and institutional campus of Cooch Behar town supports the belief that the urban green sites are also a crucial refuge for regional plant diversity in crowded, concrete and human dominated landscape.

In this work, the structural and, morphological properties and electrochemical supercapacitor electrode application of manganese ferrite (MnFe 2 O 4 ) thin films deposited onto glass and stainless-steel substrates using chemical spray method are explored. For confirming the spinel structure and nodule-type morphology of obtained MnFe 2 O 4 film X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscopy measurements are used. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum reveals presence of tetrahedral and octahedral peaks. The specific capacitance values, obtained using cyclic-voltammetry plots of as-deposited ferrite electrode in 1 M KOH, NaOH, Na 2 SO 3 , Na 2 SO 4 aqueous solutions at scan rate of 5 mV s −1 are respectively 313, 295, 146.02, 180.51 Fg −1 . The electrochemical impedance spectrum supports for pseudocapacitance behavior in as-deposited MnFe 2 O 4 film electrode.

We attempt to demonstrate comprehensive analysis of experimentally obtained adverse supercapacitive performance of cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2)-polyaniline (PANI) hybrid nanocomposites (HNs), prepared potentiostatically via electrochemical deposition method, compared to phase pure individual nanostructures. Morphologically amorphous Co(OH)2, PANI and HNs are entirely different from one another. The electrochemical properties of the Co(OH)2, PANI and HNs electrodes have been investigated by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The specific capacitances of PANI, HNs and Co(OH)2 are found to be 3.06F/g, 215F/g and 868F/g, respectively, at a sweep rate of 10 mV/s in 1.0 M NaOH electrolyte, whereas the stabilities and voltammetric charges, assigned to these electrodes, are 47%, 60% & 55% (after 1000 cycles) and 17.22 mC/cm2, 836.39 mC/cm2 and 1128.73 mC/cm2, respectively. Obtained adverse (inferior) supercapacitive performance values of HNs electrodes have been demonstrated on occurrence of inner and outer charges concept. Our work demonstrates plausible causes for observed smaller supercapacitor performance in hybrid/composite nanostructured electrodes (not a common practice) and useful to researchers working in composite/hybrid symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor fields.

The eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective synthesis of selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs) by microorganisms is an important branch of nanotechnology and is considered to be a green synthesis. Functional biosynthesized Se NPs find various applications if they are have definite shapes and sizes, which can be obtained by controlling the cultural conditions and physical operation parameters during the biosynthesis process. We depict the rapid (∼12 h) synthesis of Se NPs using a tryptic soy broth culture under the experimental conditions of pH ∼9, temperature ∼50 °C, in sunlight. The optimized conditions helped us to synthesize chemically and environmentally stable Se NPs. The main aim of the present study is to optimize the different cultural media, temperature, pH, light intensity, concentration of selenium dioxide, and the time of reaction for the rapid blend of Se NPs by Pantoea agglomerans.

We investigate the connection between the inertial range and the dissipation range statistics of rotating turbulence through detailed simulations of a helical shell model and a multifractal analysis. In particular, by using the latter, we find an explicit relation between the (anomalous) scaling exponents of equal-time structure functions in the inertial range in terms of the generalised dimensions associated with the energy dissipation rate. This theoretical prediction is validated by detailed simulations of a helical shell model for various strengths of rotation from where the statistics of dissipation rate, and thus the generalised dimensions, as well as the inertial range, in particular the anomalous scaling exponents, are extracted. Our work also underlines a surprisingly good agreement---such as in the spatial structure of the energy dissipation rates and the decrease in inertial range intermittency with increasing strengths of rotation---between solutions of the Navier--Stokes equation in a rotating frame with those obtained from low-dimensional, dynamical systems such as the shell model which are not explicitly anisotropic. Finally, we perform direct numerical simulations of the Navier--Stokes equation, with the Coriolis force incorporated, to confirm the robustness of the conclusions drawn from our multifractal and shell model studies., Comment: 18 pages with 7 figures. We add a figure on scale-by-scale intermittency and supporting evidence for our results, rearrange the text for better readability, and add new references

Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willde. is a globally vulnerable tropical tree species with immense medicinal and aesthetic value. High demand for its bark in pharmacological industry resulted in severe reduction of its population in wild, thus paving way to adulteration. The declining population can only be restored and multiplied through both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. The seeds of the species were reported with less germination. The present study was therefore an attempt to improve the seed germination of the species with mechanical, water based and chemical based presowing treatments, which significantly improved the germination as compared to no presowing treatments (55%) except with boiling water based treatments (11.6618.33%) which significantly reduced germination. Exposing the plumule by rubbing the seed coat with sand paper and soaking the seeds in hot water (70°C) for 12 h significantly enhanced germination. Chemical based presowing treatments with salicylic acid and thiourea also enhanced germination by 1.67–15% and 13.33–31.66%, respectively over control. Higher the concentration of thiourea improved germination than salicylic acid. Temperature of water and exposure time to water also influenced germination. Increasing the temperature of water from room temperature to 70°C increased germination but further increasing the temperature significantly reduced germination over control. Increasing soaking time by 12–24 h, however reduced germination. In terai region of West Bengal, for faster, higher and smoother germination of S. asoca, adaptation of presowing seed treatment may be recommended especially via soaking the seeds in hot water for 12 h.

Wood biomass from forest is the major source of domestic energy in most of the developing countries The present study was an attempt to document information on wood collection consumption and species used for domestic energy needs by residents of both rural and urban villages in Ranchi district of Jharkhand state India in different seasons round the year Wood fuel is the major domestic fuel in the study area which is mainly collected from forests or non ndash forest lands or purchased The fuel need is also supplemented by coal in urban localities The consumption of wood and coal in both urban and rural areas increases during winter and gradually decreases from rainy to summer season The quantity of wood consumption per family in study area varied from ndash Kg day in urban areas while it was ndash Kg day in rural areas The wood of species Mangifera indica Syzigium cumini Gmelina arborea Madhuca indica and Dalbergia sissoo were found mostly used for domestic energy purposes because of their availability Firewood extraction by indigenous rural and urban poor in our study area are no way causing loss to forest or threatening tree species to risk as they are using dead stems twigs or branches of trees either from non ndash forest lands or from forest those species which are in lesser priority list of IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Instead there should be capacity built for involvement of urban poor in more and more afforestation reforestation programmes of multi ndash purpose species in non ndash forest lands and their rights safeguarded so that they can also use firewood solely for their domestic energy need and not supplement hydrocarbon fossils like coal

Thin films of sprayed nickel–manganese ferrite i.e. NixMn1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) were synthesized onto stainless-steel substrate and envisaged for electrochemical supercapacitor application where surface morphology was influenced by ‘x’ factor; confirmed from the scanning electron microscopy digital photo-images and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, respectively. The spinel-type rice-like crystallites of NixMn1−xFe2O4 were 70–80 nm in lengths and 20–30 nm in diameters. Cyclic-voltammograms of NixMn1−xFe2O obtained for different ‘x’ values i.e. morphologies, were used to figure-out the change of the specific capacitance (SC) for different scan rates in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The 147, 120, 131, 185 F g−1 SC values for 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 ‘x’ values were obtained at 5 mV s−1 scan rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of NixMn1−xFe2O4 film electrodes were performed for knowing the charge transport kinetics where composite i.e. 0.4 and 0.6 ‘x’ valued electrodes confirmed least performance than 0.2 and 0.8 ‘x’ values which could be attributed to availability of number of the surface charges.

This paper reports the electrochemical synthesis of nickel oxide (NiO) onto a substrate template of anodized-brass (Cu–Zn). Structurally and morphologically all the electrodes, i.e. pristine, anodized and NiO-covered Cu–Zn electrodes, are different from one another. NiO-covered Cu–Zn electrodes were annealed at different temperatures (300–600 °C at 100 °C intervals) and appear suitable for electrochemical supercapacitors; a wide potential range (0.1–0.6 V) and optimum specific capacitance (91.43 F g−1) are obtained for 400 °C in 0.5 M NaOH electrolyte at 2 mV s−1 scan rate.

INTRODUCTION: Deafness is the most common presenting complaint in patient presenting to ENT OPD with complaints of ear. Deafness is a potentially morbid condition causing significant problem to the patient in their day-to-day life and livelihood. AIM: This study was undertaken to know the incidence of various diseases presenting as deafness, so that, epidemiological data can be secured and it is helpful to channel the resources and treatment modalities in the right direction. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study was carried out in a Teritiary hospital, in Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh. It is a prospective study, undertaken to know the prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients presenting to ENT OPD from Sept 2012 to Sept 2014, with a chief complaint of deafness were included in this study. All the Patients were subjected to thorough clinical examination, necessary investigations, viz. pure tone audiometry, Examination under microscopy and wet mopping by way of syringing. RESULTS: Out of the 400 patients included for this study, 272 patients (68%) were found to be suffering from Conductive hearing loss; whereas 138 patients (34.5%) were found to be suffering from Sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss was most common in 20-30 age group in males and 30-40 age group in females; that too middle ear disease were more common than external ear; i.e. 175 patients out of 262 (66.7%) had a disease in the middle ear, 87 patients (33.2%) had a external ear pathology. External ear disease was earwax or keratosis obturans, (55.1%), the rest contributed by Otomycosis (34.4%) and malformed ears (10.3%). Diseases of middle ear were distributed as Acute otitis media (17.7%), Chronic otitis media (28%), Otitis media with effusion (50.2%), Fixation pathology (15.4%), Other causes (5.1%). CONCLUSION: Conductive hearing loss was most common in the middle age groups, between 20-40 yrs of age, females, and more commonly due to a pathology in the middle ear, Otitis media with effusion/SOM being the major contributing disease. Females were more commonly presenting with deafness in all the categories of the pathologies, barring a few.

Development of abdominal wall begins in the earliest stages of embryonic differentiation from the plate of the embryonic mesoderm, (1) retroperitoneum, covered with peritoneum, only terminal part suspended by the mesentery and it is mobile. The incidences of hollow organ injury is rare compared to non-hollow organ i.e. 1% to 3% of abdominal trauma cases. (2) In that splenic injury, nonoperative protocols result in a significant improvement in splenic salvage in both children and adults. (3) Injuries of the gastrointestinal tract may give rise to a wide variety of presenting symptoms and signs a careful history and physical examination essential in diagnosis and avoid over-investigations. (4) Physical examination is not enough for diagnosis and it was reliable in 30% of blunt trauma injuries, (5) early presentation decreases the mortality and morbidity of cases. In study, we observed spleen is commonly involved organ and incidence is 40% of blunt trauma. OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of splenic injury to other organs involved after blunt trauma abdomen. METHODOLOGY This study was undertaken at S.V.R.R.G. Hospital during the year January 2014 to December 2015 on patients who attended the casualty with blunt trauma to abdomen. RESULTS During one year period, 24 cases were met with blunt trauma to abdomen. In those, 9 cases were noted as splenic trauma, incidence rate is 40%. Commonly liver is the most commonly involved organ, but in my study, observed that spleen is most commonly involved than other organs. CONCLUSION There is less morbidity and mortality after splenic trauma in early presentation of the patient to hospital and automobile (RTA) the main reason of the blunt trauma. If the patient vaccinated during postoperative period the OPSI infections is rare all the patients diagnosed as more than grad 3 injuries so all patients under went splenectomy not possible to treat the patient conservatively.

Various rutile TiO2 nanostructures were grown using a wet chemical deposition method within plastic, glass, stainless-steel, copper, silver, etc., containers and their application in DSSCs was envisaged for the first time. The reaction rate is different in different containers. The effect of container environment on the morphology and optical properties of rutile TiO2 was investigated and can be attributed to the presence of the respective container element in TiO2. The metals (copper, silver, iron, sodium, etc.) are confirmed (in wt%) in the final products. Due to a change in the morphology followed by absorbance, the power conversion and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies are different (higher in the copper container at 1.97% and 16%, and lower in the stainless-steel container at 0.26% and 3%, respectively). This change in performance can be attributed to a difference in the electron life time values, which are consistent with the charge transfer and series resistance values obtained from Nyquist plots.

We perform direct numerical simulations and analyze the ring-to-ring energy transfer in the three-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence rendered anisotropic by rapid rotation. The rotation rate is taken to be so high that the Zeman scale is well beyond the Kolmogorov dissipation scale. Our main result is that, while the anisotropic transfer of energy is equatorward in the case of the decaying rotating turbulence, in the case of the forced rotating turbulence, the transfer is equatorward only for the scales larger than the forcing scale and poleward for the smaller scales. We also discuss in detail how our results are at odds with the corresponding results for the analogous magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.