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Nanochannels offer significant practical advantages in many fields due to their interesting characteristics, such as flexibility in shape and size, robustness, low-cost and their ability to be modified based on the required applications. The effectiveness of ion separation in nanochannels can be assessed based on the selective transport of the desired ions and the rate of the transportation process. This paper aims to provide an extensive review of ion-based nanochannels, including their working principles and ion-selective behaviors. Nanochannel fabrication strategies and their applications are discussed. Key nanochannel design factors and their roles in governing ion-selective transport are also reviewed. The contribution of size, charge, wettability, and recognition ability of the nanochannels on the selectivity mechanisms are discussed. Specific consideration is made to nanochannel applications in sensing and biosensing assays. Finally, an attempt is made to address the commercial implementation and future outlook of the nanochannels to guide researchers in emerging avenues of research.

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Post-intubation tracheal stenosis is a serious problem and surgical resection is the method of choice in long segment tracheal stenosis treatment. The aim of this study was to review the results of surgical treatment of long segment post intubation tracheal stenosis and the role of bilateral hyoid bone cutting in supra- hyoid release technique."n"nMethods: Between 2004 to 2008, 14 patients with proximal long segment tracheal stenosis with resection of more than 40% of trachea length were evaluated regarding surgical technique and post-operative results."n"nResults: The mean age of patients was 22.2±0.4 years. Etiology in all patients were head trauma and prolonged intubation and all patients had tracheostomy at the time of trearment. Average time between surgery and first admission was 4.5±0.5 months. Average length of stenosis and resected segment were 3.6±0.5 and 4.3±0.5cm respectively. Average increased length of trachea after bilateral hyoid bone cutting was 1.1±0.3cm. Postoperative complications occurred in one patient with wound infection, and 4 patients had stenosis recurrence which was treated in 3 patients using multiple dilation. Quality of life 2 years after surgery in 71% of patients were classified in good and excellent group. We didn't have any mortality."n"nConclusion: Based on the fact that surgery is the best method of treatment in long and multi segment tracheal stenosis and tension in suture line is a serious problem, we recommend extended releasing technique including bilateral hyoid cutting in surgical treatment of these patients.