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2020-ban a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Levéltára a tartalomközlés új formáját választotta. Az eddigi statikus közlésekkel szemben ezúttal a videógyártás eszközét alkalmazta, amely sokkal inkább kielégíti a mai közönség igényeit. A digitális történetmesélés vizuális és auditív elemek logikai összefűzésével előállított, megosztásra szánt tartalom. Fontosnak tartottuk, hogy az elkészítendő videó középpontjában egy olyan eredeti levéltári irat álljon, amely mind a tartalmat, mind a megjelenést illetően alkalmas a figyelem felkeltésére. A bemutatásra szánt irategyüttes 1949-ben keletkezett. Iskolás gyermekek dolgozatait és rajzait tartalmazza, amelyek Sztálint köszöntik 70. születésnapja alkalmából. Az irat nemcsak látványos megjelenése, hanem történeti forrásértéke miatt is érdeklődésre tarthat számot. A gyermekek szövegei ugyanis a Sztálin köré épített vezérkultusz lenyomatai és hűen tükrözik a korszak propagandáját. A videót a YouTube-on publikáltuk.

While informal relations between economic and political actors are prevalent in post-communist economies, proper tools for their quantitative measurement are lacking. This paper is a starting point for thinking about this issue. Relying on previous research (Magyar – Madlovics 2020), we elaborate the concept of ‘relational economy,’ and discuss the problem of measuring its peculiar phenomena by existing direct and indirect data. Towards a set of indices for relational economy, we consider the use of proxies in three ways: (1) a radar chart composed of specific company data; (2) ‘moments of truth’ when property movements reveal an actor's de facto ownership status; and (3) ‘moments of truth’ when adoption to or exclusion from the informal patronal network is accompanied by a significant change in financial situation. Illustrations to each of the three methods are provided from the case of Hungary after 2010.

When working with hydrological data, the ability to quantify the similarity of different datasets is useful. The choice of how to make this quantification has a direct influence on the results, with different measures of similarity emphasising particular sources of error (for example, errors in amplitude as opposed to displacements in time and/or space). The Wasserstein distance considers the similarity of mass distributions through a transport lens. In a hydrological context, it measures the “effort” required to rearrange one distribution of water into the other. While being more broadly applicable, particular interest is paid to hydrographs in this work. The Wasserstein distance is adapted for working with hydrographs in two different ways and tested in a calibration and “averaging” of a hydrograph context. This alternative definition of fit is shown to be successful in accounting for timing errors due to imprecise rainfall measurements. The averaging of an ensemble of hydrographs is shown to be suitable when differences among the members are in peak shape and timing but not in total peak volume, where the traditional mean works well.

Sucrose and auxin are well-known determinants of root system architecture (RSA). However, the factors that connect the signaling pathways evoked by these two critical factors during root development are poorly understood. In this study, we report the role of MEDIATOR SUBUNIT17 (MED17) in RSA and its involvement in the transcriptional integration of sugar and auxin signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Sucrose regulates root meristem activation through the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN-E2 PROMOTER BINDING FACTOR A (TOR-E2FA) pathway, and auxin regulates lateral root (LR) development through AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR-LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (ARF-LBDs). Both sucrose and auxin play a vital role during primary and LR development. However, there is no clarity on how sucrose is involved in the ARF-dependent regulation of auxin-responsive genes. This study establishes MED17 as a nodal point to connect sucrose and auxin signaling. Transcription of MED17 was induced by sucrose in an E2FA/B-dependent manner. Moreover, E2FA/B interacted with MED17, which can aid in the recruitment of the Mediator complex on the target promoters. Interestingly, E2FA/B and MED17 also occupied the promoter of ARF7, but not ARF19, leading to ARF7 expression, which then activates auxin signaling and thus initiates LR development. MED17 also activated cell division in the root meristem by occupying the promoters of cell–cycle genes, thus regulating their transcription. Thus, MED17 plays an important role in relaying the transcriptional signal from sucrose to auxin-responsive and cell–cycle genes to regulate primary and lateral root development, highlighting the role of the Mediator as the transcriptional processor for optimal root system architecture in Arabidopsis.

A colondiverticulosis igen elterjedt, elsősorban időseket érintő állapot. Az esetek nagy részében tünetmentes. A diverticulosis megjelenési formái sokfélék, az enyhe irritábilis bél szindrómára emlékeztető klinikai képtől a súlyos, életet veszélyeztető szövődményes diverticulitisig. A diverticulosis rizikófaktorai sokban hasonlítanak a cardiovascularis betegségek kockázati tényezőire, de a genetikának is van szerepe a betegség kialakulásában. A diverticulitis bekövetkeztében is genetikai faktorok, életmódi tényezők és bizonyos gyógyszerek játszanak szerepet. Az akut diverticulitis diagnosztikájában fontosak a gyulladásos laborparaméterek és a képalkotó vizsgálatok, elsősorban a komputertomográfia (CT) és az ultrahang (UH). A kezelés a klinikai képtől függ, megfelelő körülmények között a szövődménymentes betegeket háziorvos is kezelheti. Az azonnali antibiotikum-adás nem mindig indokolt, de szepszis tünetei esetén vagy rossz immunitású, idős, polimorbid betegnél széles spektrumú antibiotikum-kombináció adása szükséges. A szövődményes diverticulitis kezelése kórházi, gyakran sebészi feladat. Elektív műtét csak jól megválogatott esetekben – krónikus szö­vődmények vagy romló életminőség ese­tén – jön szóba. A diverticulumból ere­dő vérzés diagnosztikája és kolonoszkópos vagy embolizációs ellátása ugyancsak kórházi feladat. A diverticulosis és különböző megjelenési formáinak megelőzésében, felismerésében, szekunder prevenciójában és adott esetben gyógyításában sok feladat hárul a háziorvosra.

Prior studies using single-center populations have established associations between social risks and health care utilization among children with asthma. We aimed to evaluate associations between social risks and health care utilization among a nationally representative sample of children with asthma.In this cross-sectional study, we utilized the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health to identify children 2 to 17 years old with asthma. Using the Healthy People (HP) 2030 social determinants of health (SDOH) framework, we identified 31 survey items assessing 18 caregiver-identified social risks as exposure variables and classified them into the 5 HP SDOH domains (Economy, Education, Health care, Community, and Environment). Primary outcome was caregiver-reported health care utilization. Associations between individual social risks and total number of SDOH domains experienced with health care utilization were assessed.The weighted study population included 8.05 million children, 96% of whom reported ≥1 social risk. Fourteen social risks, spanning all 5 SDOH domains, were significantly associated with increased health care utilization. The 3 risks with the highest adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of health care utilization included: experiencing discrimination (aOR 3.26 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.75, 6.08]); receiving free/reduced lunch (aOR 2.16, [95% CI 1.57, 2.98]); and being a victim of violence (aOR 2.11, [95% CI 1.11, 4]). Children with risks across more SDOH domains reported significantly higher health care utilization.Among our national population of children with asthma, social risks are prevalent and associated with increased health care utilization, highlighting their potential contribution to pediatric asthma morbidity.

A 2019-ben kirobbant pandémia nem csak a magánszemélyek életét változtatta meg jelentősen, hanem egyúttal a vállalkozásokét is. Az egész világ teljesen felfordult, lezárultak a határok, karanténos helyzetek alakultak ki, pillanatok alatt szűntek meg légi járatok. Voltak olyan ágazatok, amelyek ellehetetlenültek, míg több ágazat épp a sokk hatás okozta helyzet következtében indult gyors növekedésnek. Lehetetlen helyzetbe kerültek a szolgáltatóiparon belül például a fürdők, éttermek, szépségipari vállalkozások, ugyanakkor a gyógyszeripar egyenesen szárnyalni kezdett. A koronavírus okozta gazdasági problémákon való átlendülés és annak megoldásai számos kutatási kérdést, vizsgálati területet tartogatnak napjainkban. Ezért tanulmányunkban olyan kérdésekre keressük a választ, hogy a világjárvány hogyan hatott a Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megyei vállalkozások üzleti stratégiájára. Vajon hogyan és miképp formálódott a vállalatok szervezeti magatartása és ki, milyen stratégiával igyekezett túlélni, alkalmazkodni vagy éppen védekezni. A téma elmélyítése és hipotéziseink megalapozása érdekében a stratégiai menedzsment szakirodalmának tanulmányozását végeztük el. Kutatási kérdéseink alátámasztásához pedig kvantitatív kutatást alkalmaztunk, melynek keretében kérdőíves felmérést végeztünk a Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megyei működő vállalkozások körében. A kutatási eredmények azt bizonyítják, hogy a hirtelen megváltozott helyzetben új stratégiák alakultak ki, hiszen mindenkinek alkalmazkodnia kellett. Még jobban teret nyert a kreativitás, innováció, közösség és család. A túléléshez az állam is próbált hozzájárulni és különböző támogatásokat nyújtott a vállalkozások számára. Ilyen volt a törlesztési moratórium, a Növekedési Hitel Program, a munkavállalói bértámogatás, valamint a kibővített Széchenyi Kártya hitel palettája. Mivel a különböző sokk helyzeteket nem lehet előre jelezni, ezért a vállalkozások működésében kardinális jelentősége van annak, hogy milyen stratégiával reagálnak és milyen eszközöket alkalmaznak a válság kezelésére. A vírust megelőző évben elkészített üzleti tervek, üzleti számok már nem aktuálisak, hiszen az új, soktényezős ismeretlen pandémiás helyzet és a szokatlan változások és változók mindent felülírtak.

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare severe autoimmune bleeding disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Although critical for disease control, there is no consensus for the best immunosuppressive regimen. Most authors use steroids first line, followed by other agents for steroid failures. Upfront combined regimens offer the advantage of reduced steroid exposure and toxicity as well as increased efficacy. We retrospectively analyzed data from 32 patients with AHA treated on an identical such institutional protocol: cyclophosphamide 1000 mg on days 1 and 22, dexamethasone 40 mg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, and rituximab 100 mg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 (the regimen was termed CyDRi). All patients received at least 1 cycle of CyDRi. If necessary, CyDRi was repeated until remission, no sooner than day 43 of the previous cycle. Bleeding control was rapidly achieved. The median time for bleeding control was 15.5 days (range, 0-429 days; interquartile range, 2.5-29.5 days). Thirty-one (96.8%) of 32 patients achieved durable complete remission (CR); 29 (90.6%) of 32 patients were alive at last follow-up, all of them in CR. The median time to reach first CR was 77 days (range, 19-939 days; interquartile range, 31-115 days). Toxicity and side effects were acceptable and milder than those of commonly used, prolonged steroid therapies. In conclusion, the CyDRi regimen produced markedly higher CR rates and overall survival than currently used sequential regimens. Taken together, CyDRi proved to be an attractive option for the immunosuppression of elderly patients with AHA.

Haploinsufficiency of TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (MAP3K7) binding protein 2 (TAB2) has been associated with congenital heart disease and more recently multiorgan structural abnormalities. Missense variant represents a major proportion of non-synonymous TAB2 variants reported in gnomAD (295/576) and Clinvar (16/73), most of which are variants of uncertain significance (VUSs). However, interpretation of TAB2 missense variants remains challenging because of lack of functional assays. To address this issue, we established a cell-based luciferase assay that enables high-throughput screening of TAB2 variants to assess the functional consequence for predicting variant pathogenicity. Using this platform, we screened 47 TAB2 variants including five pathogenic controls and one benign control, and the results showed that the transcriptional activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1) but not nuclear factor kappa B predicts the TAB2 variant pathogenicity. This assay provides accurate functional readout for both loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function variants, which are associated with distinct phenotypes. In all, 22 out of 32 tested VUSs were reclassified. Genotype–Phenotype association showed that most patients with partial LOF variants do not exhibit congenital heart disease but high frequency of developmental delay, hypotonia and dysmorphic features, which suggests that genetic testing for TAB2 is needed for a broader spectrum of patients with more diverse phenotypes. Molecular modeling with Npl4 zinc finger (NZF) domain variants revealed that the stability of the NZF domain in TAB2 protein is crucial for AP-1 activation. In conclusion, we developed a highly effective functional assay for TAB2 variant prediction and interpretation.

The REHAROB robotic upper limb rehabilitation system was improved with a custom-designed and developed hand/finger therapy module. The new module extends the scope of the applicable motion therapy from passive to active reach-to-grasp activities of daily living tasks, and the range of treated anatomical joints was also extended to every proximal and distal upper limb anatomical joint. Finger exercising and object grasping are supported with a pair of two degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic fingers. One of the robotic fingers moves the index/middle/ring fingers together, whereas the other robotic finger moves the thumb. A novel hypothesis was established, analyzed, and tested for setting the orientation of the robotic finger moving the thumb. The robotic thumb is not aligned with the patient's thumb; its orientation is optimized in the patient's hand reference system to maximize the efficiency in the opposite grasping task. While most concurrent systems utilize virtual objects for grasping tasks, the REHAROB system exercises five carefully selected reach-and-grasp type activities of daily living (ADL) with real objects. Actuating the human finger phalanges through custom development finger orthoses is described. An advanced feature of the hand/finger therapy module is the left-right hand side changeover by only alternating the orientation of the robotic fingers and exchanging the finger orthoses.

Lanthanum supported on 4Å molecular sieves proved to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot three-component synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinone-4-carboxylic acid derivatives from homophthalic anhydride, aromatic aldehydes and an amine component, ammonium acetate or aralkyl amines, with good to excellent yields. The catalyst could be recovered easily and reused without significant loss of its initial activity.

Basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites probably tend to replace some carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) applications due to their excellent specific strengths and sustainability. Despite the published early promising results concerning the material properties of BFRP, their application is not widespread, and their machinability is not supported widely by published experiences. The main aim of the present study is to experimentally investigate the drilling-induced geometrical damages of BFRP and CFRP composites. Drilling experiments were conducted at various feed and cutting speed levels using a solid carbide twist drill. The drilling-induced burr was analysed by a Mitutoyo 361–804 digital microscope, a Mitutoyo SJ400 surface tester recorded the surface roughness, and the microstructure was analysed by a Zeiss Evo MA 10 scanning electron microscope. The measured data were evaluated through digital image processing (DIP), response surface methodology (RSM), and analysis of variances (ANOVA). The experimental results show that drilling-induced burr is more severe and surface roughness is worse in BFRP than in CFRP. The composite type influenced the geometrical damages primarily, followed by the feed in the case of burrs and by the cutting speed in the case of surface roughness. The present experimental study suggests that the drilling of BFRP is even more challenging than drilling CFRP from the point of view of burr formation and micro geometrical properties.

We establish pointwise almost everywhere convergence for ergodic averages along polynomial sequences in nilpotent groups of step two of measure-preserving transformations on $\sigma$-finite measure spaces. We also establish corresponding maximal inequalities on $L^p$ for $1, Juan de la Cierva Incorporación 2019, Grant Number IJC2019-039661-I BERC 2022-2025 program

Early peaks of airborne ragweed (Ambrosia L.) pollen concentrations were observed at several monitoring stations in Hungary in June 2017 and 2018, one month before the usual start of the pollen season at the end of July. Backward trajectories were calculated to simulate potential sources of pollen collected at different locations in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region. In a collaboration between aerobiological and phenological networks, a nationwide campaign was conducted to collect field data of ragweed blooming. During field surveys, ragweed plants having extremely early blooming were found most abundantly in a rural site near Vaja (North-East Hungary) and other locations in Hungary. Field observations matched with source areas identified by trajectory analyses ; i.e., early-flowering ragweed plants were found at some of these locations. Although similar peaks of airborne pollen concentrations were not detected in other years (e.g., 2016, 2019–2021), alarming results suggest the possibility of expanding seasons of ragweed allergy.

Magyarországon a kronosztratigráfia tudománya az 1980-as és 1990-es évek során szembesült azzal a jelenséggel, hogy klinotémákkal kitöltött medencékben, mint amilyen a Pannon-tó medre is volt, Steno települési törvényei nem, vagy csak nagyon korlátozott értelemben érvényesek. A pannóniai emeletet nem eredetileg vízszintes, hanem dőlő, több száz méter vertikális kiterjedésű, klinoform geometriájú időrétegtani felületek tagolják. Szeizmikus értelmezéssel ezek a klinoformok leképezhetőek, kronosztratigráfiai korrelációjuk az endemikus élővilágra alapozott biokronológiai markerekkel valósítható meg, datálásuk pedig radiometrikus kormérésekkel és mágnesrétegtani értelmezéssel. A pannóniai klinotémákra kidolgozott időrétegtan modellként szolgálhat más nem-tengeri medencék kronosztratigráfiai tagolására a Paratethys-régióban és azon túl is.

Barleria albostellata C.B. Clarke (grey barleria, Acanthaceae) is an indigenous shrub to South Africa and has been relatively understudied. This shrub is a valuable medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Detailed studies on the floral and pollen morphology on B. albostellata are rare. This study was conducted to observe the morphology of the flower and pollen grains using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological observations showed numerous non-glandular trichomes on the bracteoles and bracts of B. albostellata. Three types of trichomes were identified on these structures: I—unicellular, II—multangulate-dendritic branched non-glandular trichomes, and III—capitate glandular trichomes. A taxonomical description of the floral structures using stereo and SEM micrographs is provided. SEM micrographs revealed the pollen grains as globose tricolporate with a rough honeycomb exine, and small granules inside the lumina. The diameter of the pollen grains was 77.53 ± 5.63 μm, whereas the aperture of these grains was 14.31 ± 0.59 µm. This study provides insight into the floral biology of B. albostellata, and the results presented here will add to the body of knowledge and encourage further research on this species.

Cyphostemma hypoleucum (Harv.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B. Drumm is a perennial climber, indigenous to Southern Africa, and belongs to the Vitaceae. Although there have been many studies of Vitaceae micromorphology, only a few taxa have been described in detail. This study aimed to characterize the micro-morphology of the leaf indumentum and determining its possible functions. Stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to produce images. Micrographs of stereomicroscopy and SEM showed the presence of non-glandular trichomes. In addition, pearl glands were observed on the abaxial surface using a stereo microscope and SEM. These were characterized by a short stalk and a spherical- shaped head. The density of trichomes decreased on both surfaces of leaves as the leaf expanded. Idioblasts that contained raphide crystals were also detected in tissues. The results obtained from various microscopy techniques confirmed that non-glandular trichomes serve as the main external appendages of the leaves. Additionally, their functions may include serving as a mechanical barrier against environmental factors such as low humidity, intense light, elevated temperatures, as well as herbivory and insect oviposition. Our results may also be added to the existing body of knowledge with regard to microscopic research and taxonomic applications.

Grewialasiocarpa E. Mey. Ex Harv., Malvaceae (forest raisin) is a tropical small tree or shrub valued for its ecological importance as well as its nutritional, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties as well as its ecological and ornamental importance. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes are present on the fruits, stem bark and leaves of G. lasiocarpa and these trichomes are the first line of defense. They are important structures that plants use to combat biotic and abiotic stress. The development of G. lasiocarpa trichomes and the biomechanics of the exudates present in the glandular (capitate) trichome were investigated for the first time using advanced microscopy techniques [Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM)]. The pressurized cuticular striations may play a role in the exudates’ biomechanics, i.e., releasing secondary metabolites present in the capitate trichome, which was observed to be multidirectional. The presence of many glandular trichomes on a plant implies an increase in the amount of phytometabolites. A common precursor for the development of trichomes (non-glandular and glandular) was observed to be DNA synthesis associated with a periclinal cell division, thus the final fate of the cell is determined by cell cycle regulation, polarity, and expansion. The glandular trichomes of G. lasiocarpa are multicellular and polyglandular, while the non-glandular (glandless) trichomes are either single-celled or multicellular. Since, trichomes ‘house’ phytocompounds of medicinal, nutritional, and agronomical benefits; the molecular and genetic study of the glandular trichomes of Grewia lasiocarpa will be beneficial to humanity.

There are two types of secretory cells in the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF): (a) interfollicular epithelial cells (IFE), and (b) bursal secretory dendritic cells (BSDC) in the medulla of bursal follicles. Both cells produce secretory granules, and the cells are highly susceptible to IBDV vaccination and infection. Before and during embryonic follicular bud formation, an electron-dense, scarlet-acid fuchsin positive substance emerges in the bursal lumen, the role of which is unknown. In IFE cells, IBDV infection may induce rapid granular discharge, and in several cells, peculiar granule formation, which suggests that the glycosylation of protein is injured in the Golgi complex. In control birds, the discharged BSDC granules appear in membrane-bound and subsequently solubilized, fine-flocculated forms. The solubilized, fine-flocculated substance is Movat-positive and can be a component of the medullary microenvironment, which prevents the medullary B lymphocytes from nascent apoptosis. Vaccination interferes with the solubilization of the membrane-bound substance, resulting in: (i) aggregation of a secreted substance around the BSDC, and (ii) solid lumps in the depleted medulla. The non-solubilized substance is possibly not “available” for B lymphocytes, resulting in apoptosis and immunosuppression. In IBDV infection, one part of the Movat-positive Mals fuse together to form a medullary, gp-containing “cyst”. The other part of Mals migrate into the cortex, recruiting granulocytes and initiating inflammation. During recovery the Movat-positive substance appears as solid, extracellular lumps between the cells of FAE and Mals. Possibly the Mals and Movat-positive extracellular lumps glide into the bursal lumen via FAE to eliminate cell detritus from the medulla.

Currently, the use of sustainable products and technologies is growing; consequently, mineral-origin basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites are becoming more popular in industries. Although BFRP parts require mechanical drilling operations for manufacturing holes for assembly, many challenges make the drilling process difficult. Considering that the cutting force is one of the main parameters characterising the drilling process, this study aims to analyse the influence of feed (mm/rev) and cutting speed (m/min) on the thrust force and model the thrust force in the drilling of BFRP composites through response surface methodology (RSM) and advanced statistical modelling methods. In order to determine main and interaction effects and to calculate the regression coefficients and model parameters, mechanical drilling experiments were performed, and the thrust force was recorded. The raw force data were processed using fast Fourier transformation-based low-pass filtering, and then the calculated thrust force parameters were evaluated relative to various feeds and cutting speeds. In addition, results were compared with those of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The results of the validation experiments show that both RSM and advanced statistical models accurately predict the thrust force in BFRPs of 96.74% and 95.01%, respectively. However, the advanced statistical model can describe not only the maximum values of the force but also its characteristics at a coefficient of determination of 0.68.

The isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N2O) reveals valuable information on the biological production sources that contribute to N2O accumulation in the atmosphere, i.e. denitrification, nitrifier-denitrification and nitrification1. Isotopic fingerprints for each of these microbial pathways have been identified in past work, however, overlapping signatures of co-occurring N2O production processes2, and limitations in the robustness of associated fractionation factors under varying growth/environmental conditions3 still pose significant challenges.We will present data from the initial phase of our project, where we study N2O production and associated N and O isotopic fractionation by the denitrifier Pseudomonas aureofaciens, grown in the laboratory under different growth conditions and thus different reaction kinetics. N2O production was quantified on-line by Fourier-Transformation IR-spectroscopy (FTIR), and the isotopic composition of produced N2O was determined by quantum cascade-laser-absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS). The combination of N2O production and isotope data (continuously measured) allowed us to elucidate changes in N and O isotope fractionation in response to changing reaction kinetics.In a later phase of the project, we will expand our isotope-analytical capability by including also the doubly-substituted molecules of N2O, 15N15N16O (556), 14N15N18O (458) and 15N14N18O (548). More specifically, we will interrogate the symmetry of N – N bond formation, verify combinatorial effects during N2O production, and we will test whether Δ556, Δ458, and Δ548 (and the preference for 15N substitution in the central/terminal N-position) can be applied as proxies for reaction kinetics4, 5. 1 Yu, L., Harris, E., Lewicka Szczebak, D., Barthel, M., Blomberg, M.R., Harris, S.J., Johnson, M.S., Lehmann, M.F., Liisberg, J., Müller, C. and Ostrom, N.E., 2020. What can we learn from N2O isotope data?–Analytics, processes and modelling. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 34(20), p.e8858.2 Kantnerová, K., Tuzson, B., Emmenegger, L., Bernasconi, S.M. and Mohn, J., 2019. Quantifying isotopic signatures of N2O using quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy. Chimia, 73(4), pp.232-232.3 Haslun, J.A., Ostrom, N.E., Hegg, E.L. and Ostrom, P.H., 2018. Estimation of isotope variation of N2O during denitrification by Pseudomonas aureofaciens and Pseudomonas chlororaphis: implications for N2O source apportionment. Biogeosciences, 15(12), pp.3873-3882.4 Yeung, L.Y., 2016. Combinatorial effects on clumped isotopes and their significance in biogeochemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 172, pp.22-38.5 Kantnerová, K., Hattori, S., Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., Emmenegger, L., Bernasconi, S.M. and Mohn, J., 2022. Clumped isotope signatures of nitrous oxide formed by bacterial denitrification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 328, pp.120-129.

Five winter oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties were set in a small-plot field experiment to examine the abiotic stress considering silicone and sulphur foliar fertilization treatments under temperate and dry climatic conditions in Hungary. Numerous in situ and laboratory measurements were performed to describe the crop's condition at various phenological stages. Drones with multispectral, thermal and LiDAR payloads monitored the field both with high temporal and spatial resolution. A high level of GIS data assimilation was performed in order to handle the different spatial-related parameters in one interface. It is a multi-purpose experiment, and for all of them it is an important criterion whether the study was carried out in a truly homogeneous area. Practically, it means that we ignore the patterns of the crop or the soil. If this is not the case, the various parameters measured should be evaluated accordingly. Hence, our study's main goal here is to reveal the soil and crop heterogeneity level. For this, all the measured parameters are involved in the multi-parameter analysis by which the heterogeneity level of the site can be assessed.Practically, by this, we can answer the main question: is the field suitable to carry out analysis such as abiotic stress studies or yield prediction modelling on it or shall we handle certain parts differently?Based on the example of our experiment we design a workflow by which the heterogeneity level of a small-plot field can be assessed and provide a solution for how to handle it in order not to involve data which may mislead analysis.

A governance perspective of the European Union, that increasing efforts are dedicated towards reducing emissions of air pollutants, including ammonia. To reach this goal, Directive 2016/2284 (NEC) has been adopted, which sets a total annual emission limit value for all EU countries to be achieved by 2030. To contribute to the ambitions of sustainable agriculture, Hungary needs to reduce ammonia emissions by 32% compared to 2005 levels. Since 90% of ammonia emissions are related to agriculture, change in agrotechnical practices is needed to reach the target.Our goal is to find optimal land use management practices in order to minimize ammonia emission, thus creating interactions between land degradation reduction and climate neutrality. A small-scale plot field trial was set up to demonstrate the possibilities of reducing ammonia emissions from urea fertilizer (46.6% active N ingredient), due to agrotechnical treatment combinations [split dose (60-40%) fertilizer application and incorporation] taking into account different test crops (wheat, triticale, grain sorghum, maize, sunflower), soil properties, climatic factors and vintage effect. In the experiment, urease inhibitor (Limus Yellow) was tested, which was designed to inhibit the urease enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea, thus reducing and slowing the formation of ammonium, and reducing the loss of ammonia. Treatment combinations were set up in 4 replicates in a randomized design, with a total of 32 plots and 4 controls on four different soil types (Arenosol in Őrbottyán, Chernozem in Nagyhörcsök, Luvisol in Keszthely and Gleyic Chernozem in Karcag – according to WRB) with sand, loam, clayey loam and clayey loam texture, respectively. The volatilized ammonia was investigated using a passive chamber method (phosphoric - acid and glycerol mixture as trap to NH3) for 6 weeks in the case of hoe culture and for 12 weeks in the case of cereals, during which the ammonia release was determined at 2-week intervals.The inhibitor delayed the rate of ammonification in all soil types, thus reducing ammonia emissions in the weeks following application, but at a decreasing rate. The order of the soils from high to low ammonia reduction due to the inhibitor (2-year averages) was Arenosol (52%) > Chernozem (50%) > Luvisol (46%) > Gleyic Chernozem (20%), which shows a correlation with soil texture (from low to high clay content).Split fertilizer application reduced ammonia emissions by 48% (3-year average) compared to treatments where 100% of the N dose was applied at the start (2020, 85%; 2021, 24%; 2022, 35%).Incorporation has an ammonia emission reduction effect of 57% (3-year average) (2019, 53%; 2021, 70%; 2022, 49%). On Gleyic Chernozem, ammonia emission reduction was 68%, while on Luvisol it was 71% (2021) and 49% (2022) compared to leaving it on the surface.Considering the test crops, incorporation was the most effective in reducing ammonia emissions in maize (62%), sunflower (67%) and grain sorghum (68%), against inhibitor effect (49, 54 and 3 %, respectively). In contrast, the inhibitor effect was the strongest in winter wheat (46 %) and triticale (52 %), against split dose application (28 and 31%, respectively).

Most of the climate scenarios predict increased water scarcity in arid areas, such as Hungary. However, the irrigated area in Hungary covers 2% of agricultural land, mostly with outdated irrigation technology. The aim of the research was to develop the basis of a variable rate irrigation for water-saving precision sprinkler irrigation system on an arable area (85 ha) which is located in the reference area of the Tisza Riven Basin. There is limited available water resources at the site, therefore alternative water sources utilization system was set up for irrigation to adapt to climate change and reduce fertilizers. The basis of the alternative water resources are excess water, treated wastewater, biogas fermentation sludge which is collected in a water reservoir with 114000 m3 capacity. For proper irrigation scheduling, heterogeneity of topography, hydrological, soil and crop conditions has to be explored and monitored. Therefore physically-based modelling of the water balance and remote sensing-based surplus water and vegetation status surveying are tested to use for accurate irrigation scheduling.Shallow groundwater and/or soil compaction can also contribute to excess inland water. This may occur even if there are drought periods in a year (e.g. in the Pannonian region), resulting in spots with a low crop yield. A LiDAR-based digital elevation model was found to provide appropriate data to identify sites affected by excess inland water. The spots identified can be used as spatial input data to compile a variable rate irrigation prescription map for imposing reduced (or zero) irrigation at areas more vulnerable to the occurrence of excess inland water. The water balance was also assessed for sites with physically-based models. Hydrus was used to model soil moisture changes at the Hungarian case study site.A model concept for crop evapotranspiration estimation was also developed based on vegetation indices calculated from satellite imagery. Several combinations of sensors and remote sensing products were tested to use in ETc modelling potentially. This approach was tested both at the Hungarian case study sites. Remote sensing-based analysis of crop evapotranspiration, combined with physically-based modelling, appears to be a promising method in water balance modelling of maize fields, especially if these fields are in summer when the crop is fully developed. However, the remotely sensed information verification is essential for the proper utilization of the remote sensing data in ETc modelling and predicting the spatio-temporal dynamics of crop yield, evapotranspiration, and irrigation demands.There is a need further benchmark scenarios to improve both physically-based models and satellite-based crop evapotranspiration models to achieve more accurate and valid simulations.The abstract was funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 “WATERAGRI Water retention and nutrient recycling in soils and steams for improved agricultural production” research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 858375. This research was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Callio Lab is a multidisciplinary research centre operating at the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland and it is coordinated by the Kerttu Saalasti Institute of the University of Oulu. The Callio Lab team is responsible for hosting, facilitating, and supporting field trials conducted at the Pyhäsalmi site during the EU funded H2020 project GoldenEye. They are also involved in evaluating the piloted techniques, which includes providing ground truths and other comparative data that can be used for validation. The field trials include pilots such as monitoring the stability of tailing ponds and the deployment of an underground simulated GNSS system. The Pyhäsalmi mine is a prime location for testing remote sensing and positioning technologies in a real-world mining setting, as the environment encompasses many key elements that can be found in mines around the world: active and closed open pits of various steepness, ore and waste rock piles, tailing ponds in various states of use, and a multifaceted landscape. Callio Lab and its predecessor CUPP (the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi) have a long-standing history of cooperation with the mining company, which affords easy access to the area and the possibility of using historical datasets spanning decades. We will be presenting how the Callio Lab environment at the Pyhäsalmi mine can serve as a field trial site in projects such as GoldenEye. This work has been supported by the project Earth observation and Earth GNSS data acquisition and processing platform for safe, sustainable and cost-efficient mining operations (Goldeneye) ID: 869398, Horizon 2020.

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based navigation services are widely used above ground in open-pit mining operations for safety management, process optimalization and fleet management. Extending these location-based services (LBS) to underground operations may increase efficiency and safety in mining, underground research and development, as well as, in mine reuse projects. Numerous different methods and technologies have been proposed and utilized for positioning and navigation in indoor areas and underground tunnels. Depending on the detection technology, there have been four main categories of LBS with varying levels of complexity and accuracy: 1) inertial navigation systems, 2) radio frequency (RF) based positioning, 3) multi-sensor (hybrid) navigation and 4) pseudolite-based positioning. The main motivation for deploying GNSS technology in underground conditions is to utilize the already existing, robust infrastructure, with simple off-the-shelf receiver devices. The tested system has high potential to enable high accuracy positioning in traditional GNSS-denied areas. The simulated underground GNSS approach is tested in a 400-meter-deep tunnel section in the Pyhäsalmi mine located in Northern Finland. At the test site, 17 signal emulators have been installed in a 200-meter-long mine tunnel to provide GNSS access. The goal is to test the simulated underground GNSS and its ability to support a wide range of common above-ground GNSS end-user devices and services. These may include applications for worker safety, mine environment monitoring and operational efficiency. The accuracy, reliability and coverage of the tested system will affect its usability significantly. In this paper, we measure positioning accuracy in different underground conditions and environments, assess applicability of a hybrid positioning approach using WLAN supported services, and test functionality of the system with common GNSS devices. The collected positioning data is analyzed with spatial analyses and statistics in geographic information systems. Results of the study will indicate how GNSS emulation techniques could be adopted to deep underground spaces and what are the possible development needs of the technology. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 innovation programme under grant agreement number: 839398.

Wilms’ tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy in children. In diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis (DHPLN), nephrogenic rests result in a bulky enlargement of the kidney, a condition considered as a premalignant state before WT. Despite relevant clinical differences between WT and DHPLN, they are often challenging to distinguish based on histology. Molecular markers would improve differential diagnosis, but none are available at present. In our study, we investigated the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as such biomarkers, also aiming to shed light on the chronological order of expression changes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from four DHPLN cases and adjacent healthy tissues were tested using a PCR array containing primers for 84 miRNAs implicated in genitourinary cancer. Expression in DHPLN was compared to WT data available in dbDEMC. Let-7, miR-135, miR-146a-5p, miR-182-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-20b-3p, miR-29b-3p, miR-195-5p and miR-17-5p showed potential to be used as biomarkers to distinguish WT and DHPLN in cases when traditional differential diagnosis is inconclusive. Our study also revealed miRNAs which may play a role in the initial steps of the pathogenesis (at a precancerous stage) and ones which become deregulated later in WT. More experiments are needed to confirm our observations and find new candidate markers.

Anammox plays a pivotal role in both natural and engineered systems as a process that simultaneously converts fixed nitrogen to N2 and regenerates NO3–. In aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, isotopic measurements, especially of the NO3– pool, provide an essential constraint on the processes that regulate the supply and elimination of fixed nitrogen, but the isotope effects of anammox remain poorly constrained.We present measurements of the δ15N and δ18O of NO3–, NO2–, and NH4+ as processed by anammox in a mixed microbial community enriched for N removal from wastewater. We find that oxygen isotope effects expressed in NO2– include a substantial contribution from equilibration reactions with water superimposed on kinetic isotope effects. Equilibrium between water and NO2– during processing by anammoxis greatly accelerated above rates observed under abiotic conditions even during growth phases when NO2– is rapidly being consumed. In turn, δ18O of NO3– nearly completely reflects the incorporation of O atoms derived from water with little additional isotopic fractionation. The δ15N values of NO3– and NO2– also show evidence for an equilibrium isotope exchange reaction between these molecules, which raises the possibility that nitrite oxidation is partially reversible, while introducing a high degree of variability into the δ15N of NO3– generated by anammox. Finally, variation observed in the δ15N of NH4+ consumed by anammox can be connected to physiological limitations within the anammox cell.Despite this complexity, we were able to use NO2– and NO3– isotope measurements to diagnose changes in the activity of anammox and related processes within the wastewater treatment system during a low-temperature perturbation experiment. These results provide new constraints for interpreting the variability in δ15N and δ18O of NO3–in natural systems, with implications for estimating relative rates of fixed N turnover processes.

Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions has been a priority for climate scientists for decades. As a result, the spatial and temporal dynamics of emissions have been widely studied, but to date, we still do not fully understand the main drivers of the variation in patterns. The aim of our research is to quantify the spatio-temporal variability of these greenhouse gases under various nutrient supply conditions and different tillage practices (plow or cultivator) on sandy-clay and loam soils.Our measurements took place near Kartal on loam soil and near Gödöllő on sandy-clay soil, in Central Hungary, in 2022 on winter wheat. CO2 and N2O fluxes are analyzed with Li-cor gas analyzers (LI-870 CO2/H2O Analyzer and LI-7820 N2O/H2O Trace Gas Analyzer) connected to the 8200-01S Smart Chamber. We can track both modest changes brought on by natural factors (precipitation, temperature variations) and the impact of more significant artificial factors (fertilization, type of tillage) on the N2O and CO2 flux using these rather sensitive devices. In Kartal, 24, and in Gödöllő 40 KG-PVC rings with a diameter of 20 cm were placed in the study areas and measured on a weekly basis. In Kartal half of the collars received fertilizer, and the other half was covered during the application. In Gödöllő, 8 different treatments can be distinguished, resulting from a combination of 3 different fertilizer doses (0kg/ha, 75kg/ha, and 150kg/ha), 2 tillage methods (plow and cultivator), and soil conditioners. The collars protrude 4 cm from the soil and the inner soil surface has been cleared of vegetation. The gas exchange between soil and air is measured for 3 minutes on each collar, while simultaneously measuring soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation cover (LAI) near the collars. Soil samples were taken monthly to a depth of 15 cm, and 50 cm from the collars.Based on our observation, in the case of N2O emission, there are significant differences between the two study areas. On average N2O emissions in Gödöllő were higher than in Kartal. Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly higher in areas receiving higher doses of fertilizer. For 150kg/ha, the highest value was 42 g N m2, while for 0kg/ha and 75kg/ha, lower values of around 16-20 g N m2 were observed. With average emissions of 420–500 g C m2, there are no discernible variations in cumulative CO2 emission across treatments. However, the temporal variation of both GHG emissions shows differences due to the persistent drought in summer. During the rainy season, spring and autumn, a more intense N2O and CO2 flux were observed due to soil respiration.

This work aims to contribute to progress in the detection of hidden or transient hydrological events. Passive seismic methods offer high temporal resolution and the ability to monitor seismic sources hidden from direct view, making it an ideal candidate to complement other in-situ and satellite methods in these cases. The dynamics of a glacier can be greatly affected by its hydrological system, whether this be through water mediated ice fracturing, or the influence the water has on friction at the ice-bed interface. Effective detection of moving meltwater is therefore of great interest for anticipating future glacier changes and sensitivities.To effectively infer any hidden process from the observed seismic waveforms, we require a physically rigorous modelling framework. Our work therefore combines hydrodynamic models depicting meltwater flow with seismic wave propagation methods to produce synthetic seismograms. The hydrodynamic model of choice is smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). This is a full, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method, meaning we can make minimal assumptions on the exact seismogenic mechanism prior to simulation. SPH has the capacity to capture a broad range of signal-generating processes that may prove to be of interest for modelling meltwater flow, such as fluid-solid impact events, free-surface behaviour (e.g., wave breaks), and some forms of turbulence. Beyond the modelling of complex flow, SPH also allows a simple implementation of arbitrarily shaped solid boundaries and the computation of force of the water on these boundaries; a necessary output for waveform simulation.We propose a correspondence between different types of meltwater flow and the attributes of the waveforms they produce, as a step towards better detection and characterisation of hidden and short-lived events. Across a diverse set of model geometries and flow types, we anticipate the collection of synthetically generated signals will be useful for categorising archived and real-time signals according to a mechanistic process using unsupervised machine learning methods in ongoing work.

According to past observations and long-term forecasts, the Carpathian Basin is distinguished by two precipitation trends. The frequency, length, and severity of periods of precipitation deficit and drought are increasing. Furthermore, as small-scale convective updrafts intensify, heavy thunderstorms become more intense. Both trends pose significant risks from an anthropogenic perspective. The former increases food insecurity due to intensifying droughts, which damages agricultural yields, while the latter mainly increases property damage via heavy hailstorms.The 2022 drought year demonstrated that effective use of available water is the foundation for sustainable growth, which may be supported by well-designed infrastructure investments and smart water management technologies. A rainfall radar system with a high spatial and temporal resolution that contributes to near real-time machine decision-making is one conceivable component of such a complex system.The Furuno WR-2100 precipitation radar, which was deployed on the outskirts of Debrecen in 2020 for benchmarking purposes, is the first component of such an intelligent decision-making system in Hungary. The radar's range comprises both urban and rural areas, allowing it to continually gather high-resolution test data for both urban hydrology and agricultural irrigation system developments.The research presented in the article was carried out within the framework of the Széchenyi Plan Plus program with the support of the RRF 2.3.1 21 2022 00008 project.

Following the introduction of the West Nile virus (WNV) into Hungary in 2004, it has shortly become one of the most important human arbovirus infections, with a gradually increasing number of cases. The study aimed to summarize the current epidemiological situation in Hungary and sequence the WNV PCR-positive clinical specimens and virus isolates by next-generation whole genome sequencing (NGS) to obtain a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the circulating virus strains. Whole blood and urine samples from confirmed WNV-infected patients and WNV isolates were investigated by reverse transcription PCR assays. Genome sequencing was carried out by Sanger-method, followed by NGS on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Altogether 499 human infections were diagnosed between 2004 and 2022. A particularly remarkable increase in human WNV infections was observed in 2018, while the number of reported cases significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Between 2015 and 2022, 15 WNV isolates, and 10 PCR-positive clinical specimens were investigated by NGS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the major European WNV lineage 2 clades, namely the Eastern European (or Russian) and the Central European (or Hungarian) clades, are presented in Hungary. Strains of the Balkan and other European clusters within the Central European clade are co-circulating in the country, following a characteristic geographical distribution. In Hungary, the presence and co-circulation of multiple lineage 2 WNV strains could be identified in the last few years. Therefore, in light of the 2018 WNV outbreak, sequence-based typing of the currently circulating strains could highly support outbreak investigations.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Project no. RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00004 (MILAB) has been implemented with the support provided by the European Union. Development of scientific workshops of medical, health sciences and pharmaceutical educations” Project identification number: EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009. Background Mortality risk of patients presenting ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is extensively researched. On the other hand, the prehospital mortality of them has been studied less frequently. Purpose We aimed to study the outcomes of STEMI patients with different initial rhythms during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using the database of the National Ambulance Service in our country. Methods We collected data of 632 patients between November 2018 and June 2021 who required CPR because of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and ST elevation was also presented on their ECG before the cardiac arrest or after the return of spontaneous circulation. Primary endpoint was the successful admission to the hospital. Pearson Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U Test was used for statistical analysis. Results Of the 632 patients, 102 (16.1%) died before arriving at the hospital. The age of patients survived was median 63 years (IQR 53-70), while the patients died were median 70 years old (IQR 60-77), (p Conclusion Patients with STEMI inferior may have a higher risk for cardiac arrest with a non-shockable rhythm than patients with STEMI anterior. However, patients with STEMI inferior and an initial VT/VF have a higher rate to reach the hospital alive. For individual prediction, more data and complex statistical methods are needed.

Hypothalamic agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y-expressing (AgRP) neurons have a critical role in both feeding and non-feeding behaviors of newborn, adolescent, and adult mice, suggesting their broad modulatory impact on brain functions. Here we show that constitutive impairment of AgRP neurons or their peripubertal chemogenetic inhibition resulted in both a numerical and functional reduction of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice. These changes were accompanied by alteration of oscillatory network activity in mPFC, impaired sensorimotor gating, and altered ambulatory behavior that could be reversed by the administration of clozapine, a non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist. The observed AgRP effects are transduced to mPFC in part via dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and may also be conveyed by medial thalamic neurons. Our results unmasked a previously unsuspected role for hypothalamic AgRP neurons in control of neuronal pathways that regulate higher-order brain functions during development and in adulthood.

5 1571 1551 111 M20 М21 In the late Neogene, the Pannonian Basin in Central Europe was filled with sediments when rivers from the Alps and Carpathians shed their sediment load into Lake Pannon. The most powerful source-to-sink system was that of the paleo-Danube, transporting sediments from the NW as far as the southeastern part of the lake. In the southeastern margin of the basin, however, local sedimentary systems worked in the opposite direction, against the “tide” of the prevailing N to S sediment transport. The lifetime and advance rate of these systems were unknown. We investigated such a sedimentary system in SE Banat, SE tip of the Pannonian Basin that transported material from the westernmost Southern Carpathians towards the basin center in the NW. Following the flooding of the Southern Carpathian foothills by Lake Pannon 9.6–9.1 My ago, a shelf was built from the Southern Carpathians into the 300–500 m deep water of the adjacent local depression. The advance of the shelf-edge reached the surroundings of Vršac Island some 20–25 km to the NW about 7.5–7.0 My ago, when a small-scale transgressive–regressive cycle formed on the flanks of the Vršac Mts: coarse-grained deposits derived from local sources during the initial flooding and the overlying offshore marls representing the maximum flooding are capped by the regressive deltaic succession advancing from the Southern Carpathians. The average shelf-edge progradation rate (ca. 10 km /My) was, thus, almost an order of magnitude smaller than the progradation rate of the coeval paleo-Danube shelf on the opposite, northwestern side of the lake

Traditional computer programming practice, such as writing pseudocode, code tracing, and code writing, can be arduous, time-intensive, and frustrating. But adaptive Parsons problems, which require learners to place mixed-up code blocks in the correct order, are designed to support learners’ individual differences in knowledge acquisition, reduce extraneous cognitive load, and improve affect while learning how to program. These problems modify the difficulty of the current or next problem based on a learner's prior performance and help-seeking behavior. Adaptive Parsons problems are a more interactive way to learn stereotypical solutions to programming problems. Hence, they can help novice programmers build up the kind of mental library of solutions experts have at their disposal when writing code from scratch to solve any number of critical problems related to computing.

We examine the rise and mobilizational dynamics of social democracy, employing data reported by the Swedish authorities on the distribution of voting eligibility, turnout and partisan vote in local elections during the 1910s at a high level of disaggregation (by narrow income segments and administrative units). In line with the existing literature, we show that electoral socialism depended on both the extension of the suffrage to its ‘natural’ electorate, that is, the urban working class, and the organizational capacity of trade unions and other civic associations. In addition, we show that socialist support was not uniform within the working class – even for a highly homogeneous society. Instead, the social-democratic vote was initially stronger among low- to middle-income workers, only expanding to poor voters later in time. We complement our local data with an interwar panel analysis of socialist vote and post-war survey data.