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WOS: 000542867800001, Understanding the physical and biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere is a vital component of environmental and Earth system research. the ability to predict and respond to future environmental change relies on a detailed understanding of these processes. the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international research platform that focuses on the study of ocean-atmosphere interactions, for which Future Earth is a sponsor. SOLAS instigated a collaborative initiative process to connect efforts in the natural and social sciences related to these processes, as a contribution to the emerging Future Earth Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (Ocean KAN). This is imperative because many of the recent changes in the Earth system are anthropogenic. An understanding of adaptation and counteracting measures requires an alliance of scientists from both domains to bridge the gap between science and policy. To this end, three SOLAS research areas were targeted for a case study to determine a more effective method of interdisciplinary research: valuing carbon and the ocean's role; air-sea interactions, policy and stewardship; and, air-sea interactions and the shipping industry., Cluster of Excellence 'The Future Ocean' in Kiel, Germany; Swedish Research Council FormasSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council Formas [2011-1007]; German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, MOPGA-GRI) - German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [57429828], Erik van Doorn and Sonja Endres acknowledge the support of the Cluster of Excellence 'The Future Ocean' in Kiel, Germany. Monica Martensson acknowledges the Swedish Research Council Formas, contract no. 2011-1007. Helmuth Thomas acknowledges support by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, MOPGA-GRI, #57429828) supported by funds of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).

Shipping emissions are likely to increase significantly in the coming decades, alongside increasing emphasis on the sustainability and environmental impacts of the maritime transport sector. Exhaust gas cleaning systems ("scrubbers"), using seawater or fresh water as cleaning media for sulfur dioxide, are progressively used by shipping companies to comply with emissions regulations. Little is known about the chemical composition of the scrubber effluent and its ecological consequences for marine life and biogeochemical processes. If scrubbers become a central tool for atmospheric pollution reduction from shipping, modeling, and experimental studies will be necessary to determine the ecological and biogeochemical effects of scrubber wash water discharge on the marine environment. Furthermore, attention must be paid to the regulation and enforcement of environmental protection standards concerning scrubber use. Close collaboration between natural scientists and social scientists is crucial for progress toward sustainable shipping and protection of the marine environment.

Op de bodem van onze oceanen liggen talloze scheepswrakken, structuren, restanten van gebouwen, prehistorische voorwerpen en landschappen wereldwijd verspreid. Dit onderwater cultureel erfgoed vormt een cruciaal deel van onze culturele identiteit en geeft ons waardevolle inzichten in ons verleden. Dit erfgoed wordt echter bedreigd door vele elementen, waaronder het plunderen en beschadigen van sites door duikers en bergers. Om deze reden is het dan ook cruciaal dat een sterk juridisch kader bestaat voor de bescherming en het beheren van onderwater cultureel erfgoed. Dit proefschrift maakt een analyse van de huidige Belgische wetgeving voor de bescherming van onderwater cultureel erfgoed met als doel suggesties te formuleren aangaande hoe deze verder kan worden ontwikkeld en verbeterd. Daartoe wordt gekeken naar het juridisch kader voor onderwater cultureel erfgoed op het internationaal niveau, het Europees regionaal niveau alsook binnen enkele Noordzee Staten zijnde Frankrijk, Nederland, het Verenigd Koninkrijk en Duitsland.

Mr Makgill's thesis is that ‘sustainable management of the sea’ can be identified as a body of jurisprudence composed of law of the sea doctrine and New Zealand State practice. The principle of sustainable management is put forward as having conceptually evolved through classical and renaissance philosophy, natural law theories of the commons, 18th to 20th century law of the sea doctrine, UNCLOS, the Brundtland Report, and New Zealand legislation to comprise an overarching normative goal for proposed use and development of the marine environment. Moreover, it is contended that the principle's prioritisation of scientific information on the receiving environment and the environmental effects of proposed activities, in favour of resource allocation or distributive justice, provides a more robust approach to the governance of the marine ecosystems as compared to the principle of sustainable development. Mr Makgill is a New Zealand Barrister who practices public and environmental law. He appeared as counsel before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Seabed Disputes Chamber) in the Seabed Mining Advisory Opinion and numerous national proceedings concerning use and development of the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf.

Piraterij is een probleem van alle tijden: vanaf het ogenblik dat de zeeën en oceanen voor de handel werden gebruikt, is er sprake geweest van zeeroof. Het is niet voor niets één van de oudste internationale misdaden: een piraat wordt gezien als een ‘vijand van de mensheid’ tegen wie elke staat op volle zee kan optreden, wat een grote uitzondering betreft op de algemene zeerechtelijke principes. Ook in deze eeuw manifesteert het fenomeen zich op uiteenlopende wijze in verschillende broeihaarden, waarvan Oost- en West-Afrika ongetwijfeld twee van de belangrijkste zijn. De voorliggende doctoraatsthesis analyseert het toepasselijk juridisch kader, beoordeelt de operationele bestrijdingsmaatregelen en onderzoekt de vervolging en bestraffing van piraterijmisdrijven in beide regio's: diverse pijnpunten worden aangeduid en mogelijke oplossingen worden naar voor geschoven.

Ecological restoration has recently become a major biodiversity policy objective both at EU and international level. However, the implementation of the progressive restoration targets has not been followed by a comprehensive reboot of the existing regulatory framework regarding environmental protection at EU level. This doctoral thesis systematically examines the articulation between the applicable ecological restoration objectives and the existing conservation and protection duties already incumbent on the EU Member States. In particular, it analyses the potentialities and impediments for the implementation of ecological restoration within the applicable legislative framework at EU level. A specific emphasis is laid on the availability of mandatory restoration duties within the context of EU Nature Directives, and the enforceability thereof before national courts. In a last section, this thesis explores new avenues to stimulate habitat and species restoration in the field through innovative regulatory instruments, such as programmatic approaches to recovery actions in a development context, temporary nature and biodiversity offsetting.

The focus of this research lies on international migration as a strategy to adapt to changing environmental conditions, and on the legal frameworks needed to facilitate such international adaptive migration. More in particular, the relevance of both international environmental law and regional migration law to deal with environment-induced migration is scrutinized. The objective of the thesis is to discuss whether existing legal and policy frameworks in these areas are sufficiently equipped to facilitate international adaptive migration, and to analyse if and how those frameworks should be adapted to this end. This thesis therefore reviews the existing social science and legal literature as well as the global policy debate on the topic, leading to a typology and definitions of environment-induced population movements. International environmental law is then analysed as a possible legal framework to facilitate international adaptive migration. Furthermore, through a case study of European migration law and policy, this thesis examines how adaptive migration can be brought to practice, focusing on the European Union. The study finally leads to a set of legal and policy options to support and facilitate international migration as a strategy to adapt to a changing environment, thereby bridging the gap between environmental law and migration law as two separate legal frameworks to address this issue.

This thesis is a comparative study between the Greenhouse Gas emissions trading systems of the European Union (EU ETS) and China. These are essentially two different systems, of which the Chinese ETS is still in its starting phase. Two major research questions are dealt with, what lessons can be learned from the EU ETS design and practice for China, and can these two ETSs be linked and under what conditions.

This thesis summarises the history of the human right to water and examines its main content and the obligations that derive from this right. The main purpose of the recognition of the human right to water is to guarantee to everyone access to sufficient, safe and affordable drinking water to satisfy personal and domestic uses. This thesis discusses whether the human right to water is recognised as a derivative right or as an independent right at three levels – at universal, regional and domestic law - where human rights are acknowledged and enforced. For national law a case study approach has been used with focus on Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Colombia. Additionally, the human right to water is examined in a transboundary water context, where the use and management of an international watercourse in one riparian state can directly or indirectly affect the human right to water in another riparian state. For this reason, this thesis analyses whether the core principles of international water law can be used as a tool to contribute to the realisation of the extraterritorial application of the right to water.

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has received considerable attention in international law in recent years. Departing from the international legal framework, this thesis investigates measures taken by States in combating IUU fishing, with particular focus on fisheries legislation, its implementation and enforcement in the EU and in China. Finally, the thesis provide suggestions to improve and strengthen the effectiveness of current State measures against IUU fishing, based on a comparison between the EU practice and the Chinese state practice.

The thesis investigates the institutional arrangements for the governing of environmental affairs at the international level. The legal analysis looks at these arrangements from two perspectives: international institutional law and international treaty law. The first part of the thesis deals with the question if the existing United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) should be upgraded to a World Environment Organisation (WEO), a UN specialised agency for the environment. This debate is examined in depth, together with the legal challenges and consequences of such a reform. The second part of the thesis looks into the practice of the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). The normative powers of the plenary meetings of these conventions are investigated with special attention to compliance issues, followed by a detailed analysis of the possibilities, limitations and pitfalls of collaboration processes (clustering) between these MEAs.

conclusion to Langs de vuurlijn. De VN en gewapende conflicten

The role that the United Nations plays in the solutions of recent conflicts over the world

The question whether the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982 Convention), also called the Constitution for the Oceans, applies to the Arctic seems to be a valid question in view of a new strand that can be discerned in Russian legal writings since a decade now pretending this might not be the case. In order to try to find an answer to this question, the 1982 Convention will first be scrutinized, together with the ten years of negotiations that preceded it as well as some relevant earlier state practice. Subsequently, the above-mentioned new tendency in the Russian literature will be analysed as it propounds a different view than what the genesis of the 1982 Convention and earlier state practice would seem to suggest. The relative weight of this new tendency within the broader context of Russian legal scholarship, as well as its power to influence the official governmental position will be addressed next. After having considered all arguments, this article returns in its conclusions to thebasic question raised in the very beginning in order to provide an answer to it.