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Development of manganese-based cathode materials for lithium and lithium-ion batteries during the last decade has been reviewed. The capacities of reviewed materials are due to the Mn3+/4+ redox couples. The basic characterization of these materials is described and the electrochemical properties of MnO2, Li0.33MnO2, LiMnO2, and metal ion-doped spinel Li–Mn–O compounds are described in detail. Their electrochemical reaction mechanisms are also described. The article is mainly focused on Li0.33MnO2 and 4V class spinel compounds because of the major progress made in Li0.33MnO2 and spinel Li–Mn–O compounds, which are used as practical cathode material in rechargeable lithium batteries.

This paper presents test structures designed for studying the relationship between the operation voltage and the configuration of electrode area for coplanar EWOD (Electro Wet- ting On Dielectrics) devices. Robust anodic Ta2O5 dielectric and thin aFP (amorphous Fluoropolymer) have been used to fabricate the structures. Test structures have been used to characterise the significant contact angle change on asymmetric configurations, 114deg to 81deg on CYTOP (amorphous fluoropolymer from Asahi Glass Co. Ltd.) with an applied voltage of less than 20 V. This demonstrates that by modifying the design, the operating voltage can be reduced by a factor of two, compared to the existing symmetric coplanar EWOD structures. Droplet manipulation on a coplanar EWOD system with this new design has been successfully demonstrated, with a driving voltage of 15 V.

In this paper, we describe an ongoing work to create a gaze-based support application for Web readers; the support represents a proactive translation of difficult words for non-natives. The basic idea of the application reflects the concept of interactive interfaces mediating the redistribution of cognitive tasks between people and machines. As the proactive principle advocate computers toward monitoring the user instead of waiting for his/her commands, we present a framework for the realization of this system by analyzing gaze patterns with the help of time series analysis techniques and using a safe gaze tracking system that does not affect the user's eyes if used during long hours.

Electrodeposition of aluminium has been reported from a solution of aluminium chloride and lithium aluminium hydride in a tetrahydrofuran—benzene mixed solvent. In comparison with the pure tetrahydrofuran bath, this mixed solvent bath has advantages in preparation of the solution, low volatility and good stability. Excellent deposits of aluminium were obtained at AlCl 3 /LiAlH 4 molar ratios from 3—1 even at 10 A/dm 2 , with stirring. The operating life of the solution is significantly longer than that of the NBS bath (aluminium chloride and lithium aluminium hydride in diethyl ether). Specific conductivity of the bath, the concentration of aluminium chloride and lithium aluminium hydride being both 0·7 M, is about 4 × 10 −3 mho/cm. Conductometric study on the bath indicates the formation of ionic species different from those of the NBS bath.

Al wird aus einer Losung von AlCl3 und LiAlH4 durch das im Titel genannte Losungsmittelgemisch abgeschieden.