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Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer management in recent years and is affecting more and more patients. Immunotherapy side effects are specific, immune-related, and their early recognition and management are essential. Here we describe the main adverse effects of immunotherapy and their general principles of management.L’immunothérapie a révolutionné la prise en charge des cancers ces dernières années et concerne de plus en plus de patients. Les manifestations indésirables de l’immunothérapie sont spécifiques, de type dysimmunitaire, et leur reconnaissance et prise en charge précoces sont primordiales. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les principaux effets secondaires de l’immunothérapie et leurs principes généraux de prise en charge.

Resume Objectifs Etudier les repercussions d'un entrainement intensif sur les variations du systeme nerveux autonome chez des gymnastes prepuberes. Synthese des faits Dix gymnastes ont effectue un test d'orthostatisme (stand test) avant et apres une periode d'entrainement intensif de cinq jours. Les reponses du systeme nerveux autonome ont ete etudiees par une analyse spectrale de la frequence cardiaque. Les resultats mettent en evidence une preponderance de l'activite sympathique apres entrainement, alors que le controle par le systeme parasympathique n'est pas modifie. Les pressions arterielles moyenne, systolique, diastolique ainsi que l'activite baroreflexe ne sont modifiees apres l'entrainement intensif. Conclusion S'il existe clairement une hypertonie sympathique apres une periode d'entrainement intensif, il est difficile de mesurer l'impact du stress psychologique apporte par la proximite de la competition dans cette augmentation.

Bifidobacteria have been considered to exert beneficial in uence on their hosts’ health, thereby, four species of Bifiobacterium ( B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve and B. animalis ) are commonly introduced into fermented dairy products as probiotics. Before proliferation, bacteria must interact with intestinal structures. For a better understanding of the relationships between the bacteria and the intestinal tract, we tested four bifidobacterial strains for their abilities to adhere to human enterocyte-like HT-29, Caco-2, INT 407 and LS 174 T cells in culture and to variable extracellular matrix molecules. In this study we reported three complementary methods: microscopic examinations, an ELISA test and a  ow cytometric fluorimetry assay. Only Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20082 bound to mucins, to extracellular matrix molecules and to cells lines tested. This adhesion occurs to the apical brush border of cultured cells. Bacterial adhesion settled quickly and was dependent on many parameters such as the number and the age of bacteria used, pH and the incubation time duration, heat shock and pronase treatment of bacteria and the origin of the peptone used to prepare bacterial culture medium. Mucus from different origins and various extracellular matrix molecules inhibited the bacterial adhesion to cultured cells. These results suggested that this bacterial strain adheres by a surface associated proteinaceous components and showed the importance of the environmental conditions for bacterial adhesive activities. Keywords : Bifidobacteria, adhesion, human enterocyte-like cells, mucosal glycoproteins, extracellular matrix molecules.

Purpose Visual diseases come in many flavors, with a large variety of affected tissues (eye anterior segment, retina, optic nerve, cortex …), ages of onset, rate of progression and causal factors. In Western countries, if the majority of these diseases are now curable, millions of people are still affected by blindness or low vision, as many retinal diseases (age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma…) still lack efficient treatments. In a facility devoted to mouse phenotyping as the Mouse Clinic Institute (MCI), it is thus of major importance to propose an efficient visual phenotyping platform, to pick up visual defects in screened mutants, to assess the beneficial effects of potential treatments or the eventual adverse effects of drugs targeting the CNS. Methods Methods: Mouse mutant lines from the Eumodic European project, as well as lines from specific academic projects, go through clinical observation (slit lamp, fundus imaging) in the context of a behavioral phenotyping pipeline, or are assessed in more details with angiography, optomotor response, electroretinography, retinal histology and/or immunohistochemistry. Results To illustrate the possibilities offered by the MCI visual phenotyping platform, we will present results obtained from various projects, as well as the validation of electroretinography protocols to follow dark adaptation and the effect of acute drug injections. Conclusion In an environment allowing for an in depth phenotyping, from behavior to biochemistry, metabolism and cardiology, the MCI visual phenotyping platform provides a comprehensive set of tests to get the most out of genetically modified mice.

Resume: L'imazaquine, un herbicide systemique, applique sur les feuilles de Phaseolus aureus parasite par Cuscuta lupuliformis est transporte dans la cuscute et fortement accumule dans la partie apicale des tiges de ce parasite. Des resultats similaires sont obtenus avec le couple soja—Cuscuta australis. L'herbicide est rapidement degrade dans le soja, mais actif sur la cuscute dont il inhibe la division cellulaire. La systemie phloemienne de l'imazaquine, sa selectivite physiologique vis a vis du soja ainsi que son efficacite sur la cuscute font que cet herbicide est un produit prometteur pour la lutte curative contre la cuscute dans le soja, comme le montrent les essais preliminaires realises en serre. Summary: Imazaquin; a promising herbicide for the control of dodder (Cuscuta spp.) in soybean (Glycine max) Imazaquin, a systemic herbicide, when applied to the leaves of Phaseolus aureus parasitized by Cuscuta lupuliformis was transported and accumulated in the apical part of the stem of the parasite. Similar results were obtained with soybean parasitized by Cuscuta australis. The herbicide was rapidly metabolized by the soyabean plant, but stops the development of dodder by inhibiting cell division. The phloemmobility of imazaquin, its physiological selectivity on soybean, and its efficacy on dodder make this a promising herbicide for the chemical control of dodder in soybean, as was shown by preliminary trials in greenhouse. Zusammenfassung: Das systemische Herbizid Imazaquin wurde nach der Behandlung von Phaseolus–aureus–Blattern, die von Cuscuta lupuliformis befallen waren, sehr stark in die apikalen Sprosbereiche des Parasits transloziert. Ahnliche Ergebnisse liesen sich bei Sojabohnen, die von Cuscutaaustralis befallen waren, erzielen. Das Herbizid wird in der Sojabohne schnell metabolisiert, unterbricht jedoch die Entwicklung der Seiden–Arten durch Hemmung der Zellteilung. Nach Vorversuchen im Gewachshaus hat sich Imazaquin aufgrund seiner Mobilitat im Phloem, seiner physiologischen Selektivitat gegenuber der Sojabohne und seiner Wirksamkeit gegenuber Seiden–Arten als ein aussichtsreicher Wirkstoff fur die Bekampfung von Seiden–Arten in Sojabohnen erwiesen.

The underlying unity of the numerous surveying computational methods is hidden by many practical differences in data acquisition. Traditional programming languages have added to the confusion by requiring programmers to describe the numeric data in very concrete and low-level structures (mostly arrays). In fact the algorithms behind all coordinate determination from surveying observations come down to basic methods of linear algebra. Lego uses the paradigm of object oriented programming (OOP) to more closely model the fundamental mathematical structures of all geodetic methods. Once the methods are in OOP form, the commonality across them becomes more obvious and a general architecture for a wide range of geodetic treatments becomes possible. This paper describes the fundamental concepts of this architecture and its advantages in terms of clarity (maintainability, testability and multi-author), portability and extensibility (observation types, resolution techniques and storage methods). The very first version of Lego was built in 1994 as a set of C routines to be used for the adjustment of theodolite data and tracker data. The routines were organized into six modules. Each module answered a specific task. The tasks had been identified as followed: general implementation, input, generic surveying formulas, statistical functions, matrix manipulation and specific resolutionmore » technique. This organization was the reason for the name Lego, but more seriously the purpose of this separation was to make Lego easily adaptable to any environment and easily expandable to new resolution techniques. At a second look, it was also a cry for being converted into a more modern language. Because C++ is primarily a superset of C, most C++ compilers have no problems compiling regular C code and may also handle a mixture of C and C++. This made the transformation of Lego very fast and painless. Up to now Lego is still using C functions for file access and dynamic memory allocation but is organized into classes allowing stronger data typing and, most of all, data hiding. It also benefits from some of the more advanced concepts of object programming such as encapsulation and virtual functions. Unlike with the C version where different executables coexisted there is only one C++ Lego.« less

The SMX 4500 laser tracker has proven itself to be a beneficial addition to SLAC's set of alignment tools. Through actual field surveys and laboratory testing, a question regarding some unknown scale factor appearing after adjusting the combined tracker and total station results arose. Through a simple line survey and instrument analysis and then progressing through more and more rigorous network adjustments, the authors deduced that the apparent scale problem was in fact more likely attributed to wrong offset values introduced into the adjustment by mixing TC2002 total station data with the laser tracker measurements. A recalibration procedure of all of SLAC's total station prisms was designed and analyzed.

Summary In order to determine whether the human lactotransferrin receptor recently described on platelets was also present onhematopoietic precursors, we investigated its presence and characteristics on the megakaryocytic Dami cell line. The reversible binding of human 5-([2-(carbo(hydrazino)methyl]thio)acetyl)aminofluorescein-labeled lactotransferrin showed that such a receptor was only present on the subpopulation of the largest cells. The increase in numbers of large cells during culture was paralleled by a concurrent increase in lactotransferrin receptor positive cells. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [ 125 I]-labeled lactotransferrin showed that a single affinity class of binding site was present (K d = 446 ± 40 nM) and that there were 52 ± 3 × 10 5 sites per cell. The mouse monoclonal antibody DP5B3G10, specific for the human lactotransferrin receptor, allowed its characterization as a 105 kDa protein on Western blots. The same monoclonal antibody was used to separate the small and large cell subpopulations of Dami cells by panning. Separate culture of the small cells showed that the receptor appeared prior to and independent from endomitosis. In contrast, GPIb was expressed only by large megakaryocytes. The use of conditioned medium from cultures of whole Darni cell populations indicated that a soluble factor is involved in differentiation, but not in the appearance of the lactotransferrin receptor.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of lactotransferrin receptor on breast non-malignant SV-40 immortalized cells (HBL100 and NB54T), benign mastopathy immortalized cells (NPM14T and NPM21T1), hst oncogene transformed HBL100 cell line (tumorigenic HH9 cells) and breast carcinoma cells (T47D, MCF7, VHB1, BT20 and MDA-MB 231). Flow cytometry analyses of the reversible binding of lactotransferrin labeled on its glycan moiety with fluorescein indicate, for the first time, that all these epithelial breast cell lines, express a specific lactotransferrin receptor. The binding parameters of [125I]-lactotransferrin to non-malignant cells, hst oncogene transformed cells and benign mastopathy cells are of the same order of magnitude as those determined for activated lymphocytes and for cancerous breast cell lines, except for MDA-MB 231 cells. MDA-MB 231 cells bind lactotransferrin with the lowest affinity and, in contrast to other analyzed breast cells, are not recognized by antibodies directed against lymphocyte lactotransferrin receptor. These results suggest that MDA-MB 231 lactotransferrin receptor is different from that characterized at the cell surface of other breast cells. In conclusion, since the lactotransferrin receptor expression was not enhanced at the surface of cancerous cell lines and was not altered by the oncogene transformation of a normal cell (HBL100) to a tumorigenic cell (HH9), the lactotransferrin receptor cannot be considered as a marker of tumor progression.

The nuclear DNA content of cotyledonary cells of two lupin seeds (L1 and L2) with markedly different total protein content, were investigated by scanning cytophotometry. Both seeds had polyloid nuclei with DNA levels varying between 8 C and 64 C, the majority being either 16 C or 32 C. The highest DNA levels were found in the abaxial and central cotyledonary zones of both seeds; seed L2 had a higher ploidy level than L1. It is shown that the volume of condensed chromatin (chromocenters) increased proportionally with the DNA content of the nucleus. A comparison was made between the distribution of protein, previously determined byLe Gal andRey (1986) and the DNA throughout the cotyledon. The L2 seed, which has the highest total protein and the highest protein content per cell, also exhibited the greatest DNA content per cell. For both seeds, the r-value for association of DNA and protein content per cell was highly significant (0.98).

The effects of a 24 h dehydration period on plastid ultrastructure and their starch content have been studied on the leafy gametophyte of a poikilohydrous moss Polytrichum formosum Hedw. It has been shown that desiccation induces a swift resorption of the starch grains in the plastids of the meristematic cells of the shoot apex without any major disorganisation of the thylakoids. However starch grains are preserved in the dehydrated tissues of the adult leaves. The starch hydrolysis is continued with a marked increase of the sucrose concentration to this may be attributed an osmoregulatory role in the first stages of the water loss. Upon rehydration the plastid ultrastructure is entirely restored with new starch inclusions appearing in less than 4 h.

The effects of a herbicide, chlorthal (2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalic acid), on the growth and development of Cuscuta lupuliformis Krocker have been examined on seedlings 2 to 15 days old. In dodder, the shoot meristem is not restricted to the apex where rudimentary leaves are initiated but extends approximately 6 mm downwards, to the hook zone of the young stem. In this region, cell dimensions, values of the mitotic indices, and the distribution of the nuclear DNA contents measured by microspectrophotometry remain essentially unchanged. Beyond the hook zone, cell elongation gradually replaces cell division. A chlorthal treatment caused a reduction in the mitotic indices of the meristematic cells along with a temporary blocking of mitoses at metaphase. These effects were similar to those observed with colchicine treatments. The nuclei were then reconstituted with 4C DNA contents and, after several new cycles under which DNA was replicated normally, they became polyploid. After 15 days of herbicide application, the meristematic apex and the underlying zones exhibited numerous hypertrophied cells with nuclear DNA contents of 8, 16, 32, and 64C. There is evidence that chlorthal stops cellular division without inhibiting the other phases of the cell cycle; it induces a rapid arrest of the growth of the young dodder.

The mitotic indices and the nuclear DNA content of the cells of the meristematic apical zone of Fucus spiralis were investigated on young thalli 5,15, and 25 mm high. The apical cell exhibits a cell cycle with a prominent G2 phase whereas the segmental derivatives, the small cells of the promeristem and, the surrounding elongating cells are characterized by a preponderant G1 phase of their cycle.All the meristematic territories in the three sizes of plant studied show weak mitotic indices (0.5–1%). No significant difference is observed in the cycle features between the cells of the promeristem and the periapical zone of elongation. Hence, no change is seen in the mitotic activity of the cells which begin to differentiate. Certain similarities of structure and function among the shoot meristems of Cryptogams with a single apical cell are discussed.

Teratological floral parts corresponding to petals and stamens capped by stigmatoid lobes are found in double male flowers. These abnormal structures are quite comparable with normal stigmas in their morphology, histology, and histochemistry. Like the stigmas, the stigmatoid formations present a glandular activity and release an essentially hydrophobic exsudate. Fundamental differences between normal stigmas and stigmatoid formations cannot be demonstrated by the methods used.

ResumeLa deshydratation des gametophytes feuilles du Polytrichum formosum, poursuivie jusqu'a l'obtention d'un deficit hydrique de 96%, provoque une desorganisation rapide des polysomes des cellules de la region meristematique apicale. De nombreux ribosomes, libres ou associes au reticulum, sont preserves dans le cytoplasme des plantes en etat d'anhydrobiose.La rehydratation des gametophytes permet la reconstitution presque immediate des polysomes et la reprise intense de la proteogenese. En 1 heure, le taux de synthese proteique evalue in situ est deux fois plus eleve que celui des plantes en cours de croissance normale. La reprise de la synthese des ARN est legerement differee. Elle commence dans le nucleole et le nucleoplasme 3 heures apres le debut de la recuperation hydrique, mais ne retrouve son intensite initiale qu'apres 48 heures de remise en culture. La preservation d'ARN messagers a longue vie chez les Polytrics deshydrates est suggeree.