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Cell division and tissue growth must be coordinated with development. Defects in these processes are the basis for a number of diseases, including developmental malformations and cancer. We have conducted an unbiased RNAi screen for genes that are required for growth in the Drosophila wing, using GAL4-inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) fly strains made by the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center. shRNA expression down the center of the larval wing disc using dpp-GAL4, and the central region of the adult wing was then scored for tissue growth and wing hair morphology. Out of 4,753 shRNA crosses that survived to adulthood, 18 had impaired wing growth. FlyBase and the new Alliance of Genome Resources knowledgebases were used to determine the known or predicted functions of these genes and the association of their human orthologs with disease. The function of eight of the genes identified has not been previously defined in Drosophila. The genes identified included those with known or predicted functions in cell cycle, chromosome segregation, morphogenesis, metabolism, steroid processing, transcription, and translation. All but one of the genes are similar to those in humans, and many are associated with disease. Knockdown of lin-52, a subunit of the Myb-MuvB transcription factor, or βNACtes6, a gene involved in protein folding and trafficking, resulted in a switch from cell proliferation to an endoreplication growth program through which wing tissue grew by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). It is anticipated that further analysis of the genes that we have identified will reveal new mechanisms that regulate tissue growth during development.

Cell division and tissue growth must be coordinated with development. Defects in these processes are the basis for a number of diseases, including developmental malformations and cancer. We have conducted an unbiased RNAi screen for genes that are required for growth in the Drosophila wing, using GAL4-inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) fly strains made by the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center. shRNA expression down the center of the larval wing disc using dpp-GAL4, and the central region of the adult wing was then scored for tissue growth and wing hair morphology. Out of 4,753 shRNA crosses that survived to adulthood, 18 had impaired wing growth. FlyBase and the new Alliance of Genome Resources knowledgebases were used to determine the known or predicted functions of these genes and the association of their human orthologs with disease. The function of eight of the genes identified has not been previously defined in Drosophila. The genes identified included those with known or predicted functions in cell cycle, chromosome segregation, morphogenesis, metabolism, steroid processing, transcription, and translation. All but one of the genes are similar to those in humans, and many are associated with disease. Knockdown of lin-52, a subunit of the Myb-MuvB transcription factor, or βNACtes6, a gene involved in protein folding and trafficking, resulted in a switch from cell proliferation to an endoreplication growth program through which wing tissue grew by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). It is anticipated that further analysis of the genes that we have identified will reveal new mechanisms that regulate tissue growth during development.

Scholars and practitioners stress the need for systematic research on the implementation of the un Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) and its potential impact on children’s rights. Our study focused on one aspect of implementation – law reform. Drawing primarily on reports to the crc Committee for 179 countries, results show for most countries, implementation is limited and focused far more on child-welfare than child-rights based legislation. The relationship of measures of law reform/legal regime (most notably, the existence of customary law and laws banning corporal punishment) to children’s experience of rights, child physical abuse and mortality, is analysed and theoretically grounded.

SummaryCells switch to polyploid endoreplication cycles during development, wound healing, and cancer. We used integrated approaches inDrosophilato determine how mitotic cycles are remodeled into endoreplication cycles, and how similar this remodeling is between developmental and induced endoreplicating cells (devECs and iECs). We found that while only devECs had a dampened E2F1 transcriptome, repression of a Cyclin A - Myb-MuvB - Aurora B mitotic network promoted endoreplication in both devECs and iECs. Cyclin A associated with and activated Myb-MuvB to induce transcription of mitotic genes, with expression of one, Aurora B, being key for mitotic commitment. Knockdown of Cyclin A, Myb, Aurora B, or downstream cytokinetic proteins induced distinct types of endoreplication, suggesting that repression of different mitotic network steps may explain the known diversity of polyploid cycles. These findings reveal how remodeling of a mitotic network promotes polyploid cycles that contribute to development, wound healing, and cancer.

This study examined the effects of combining curriculum-based measurement in mathematics computation with teachers' self-monitoring of instructional changes on academic progress of elementary students with learning disabilities and mild mental disabilities. Participating teachers were assigned to a control group that did not use curriculum-based measurement, a curriculum-based measurement-only group, or a curriculum-based measurement with self-monitoring group. In the curriculum-based measurement group, teachers assessed their students' progress by administering, graphing, and analyzing short, biweekly probes. Teachers in the curriculum-based measurement with self-monitoring group also used this monitoring system; in addition, they used a self-monitoring procedure that was structured to guide them in analyzing student progress and the instructional plan they had been using with an individual student. Results indicated that teachers who self-monitored their use of curriculum-based measurement revised their students' instructional plans in ways that differed significantly from those of teachers who did not self-monitor all parts of curriculum-based measurement. Additionally, the combination of curriculum-based measurement and self-monitoring resulted in significantly greater growth for students.

The computer program CHIEF (G.W. Benthien, D. Barach, and D. Gillette, CHIEF Users Manual, Naval Ocean Systems Center Report 920, Sep 88) is designed to obtain approximate solutions to exterior steady-state acoustic radiation problems for surfaces of arbitrary shapes vibrating with a prescribed normal velocity. Being unable to view the shapes defined by CHIEF can lead to many difficult debugging problems as well as incorrect solutions. DISPLAY3D provides points as though the data were locations on a three-dimensional surface or solid and a description of how these points are connected. DISPLAY3D has several options that makes it a versatile package. The code permits the user to change the orientation from which the data are viewed. DISPLAY3D also provides the option of viewing the direction of the normal velocity vector as defined by CHIEF. These options, was well as others, will be explained in detail.

Karl Meister in his brilliant and valuable work, Die homerische Kunstsprache, Leipzig, 1921, page 85, has made a new start toward the explanation of the great variety of forms (so, E', so, ev, ov) which result from the contact of e and o in the Homeric text. In Ionic inscriptions of the sixth and fifth centuries the contraction of these vowels is not indicated in the writing. Its representation by ev begins only in the fourth century; and it is obvious-after Meister has pointed it out-that -v in the Homeric text cannot be of earlier date. He is dealing only with verbs of the 4t'X& type and has observed that apart from a few exceptions Ev is written within a word (4>L2ei3vras, o6XXeiPvraL, ba&elEvro, etc.), but not (&ckpeov, ?pGL,60v etc.) in the only ending involved. This orthographic innovation originated, he believes, im ionischen Buchhandel, and for this distinction he offers the explanation: "dass -ov als Endsilbe besonders fest im Sprachbewusstsein wurzelte, fester als die o in -ovnes -oJEa usw. im Wortinnern." This explanation seems to me to leave part of its own problem unexplained. We should expect under it forms like op7rEi4yEv of which there are no examples, but ten of -4Q0,ev always with -as its scansion. Again in the imperfect there seems to be a distinction -Evv at the end of the verse, -eov elsewhere-the two exceptions A 308 2 539 showing a division of the testimony of our authorities in a way which is quite unusual. If Meister's theory fails to provide for these facts, it proves still more unhelpful in dealing with other endings: -Eo of the second person middle, and of certain pronominal genitives, -Eos of the s-stems which are written more or less frequently -ev, -Evs, though we should expect them to be as firmly rooted im Sprachbewusstsein as the ending -Qov of the imperfect. Meister's main idea, however, that ev for eo is a reformed spelling introduced in the Homeric text not earlier than the fourth century seems to me correct. A study of it in all the categories mentioned has led me to the belief that its introduction was a more conscious