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Background Arm and shoulder problems (ASP), including lymphedema, were common among women with breast cancer in high-income countries before sentinel lymph node biopsy became the standard of care. Although ASP impair quality of life, as they affect daily life activities, their frequency and determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa remain unclear. Methods All women newly diagnosed with breast cancer at the Namibian, Ugandan, Nigerian, and Zambian sites of the African Breast Cancer-Disparities in Outcomes (ABC-DO) cohort study were included. At each 3-month follow-up interview, women answered the EORTC-QLQ-Br23 questionnaire, including three ASP items: shoulder/arm pain, arm stiffness, and arm/hand swelling. We estimated the cumulative incidence of first self-reported ASP, overall and stratified by study and treatment status, with deaths treated as competing events. To identify determinants of ASP, we estimated cause-specific hazard ratios using Cox models stratified by study site. Results Among 1476 women, up to 4 years after diagnosis, 43% (95% CI 40–46), 36% (33–38) and 23% (20–25), respectively, self-reported having experienced arm/shoulder pain, stiffness and arm/hand swelling at least once. Although risks of self-reported ASP differed between sites, a more advanced breast cancer stage at diagnosis, having a lower socioeconomic position and receiving treatment increased the risk of reporting an ASP. Conclusion ASP are very common in breast cancer survivors in Sub-Saharan Africa. They are influenced by different factors than those observed in high-income countries. There is a need to raise awareness and improve management of ASP within the African setting.

Lymphoedema can be classified into primary and secondary. Primary lymphoedema arise in patients where the cause is not known. Secondary lymphoedema are those in which the lymph system has been damaged by some well recognised pathological process, such as extensive malignancy, filariasis, radiation etc. The changes may occur either in the lymph node, or in lymph vessels or both. The clinical evolution and the prognosis of the oedema in the limb involved will depend on the extension and evolution of these lesions. The degree of fibrosis and its distribution in lymph node play an important role on the prognosis, clinical course and treatment of the patient. Hence pathologist should be aware of the microscopic distribution and patterns of lymph node fibrosis in primary lymphoedema. We hereby report two cases- a 50-year-old male diabetic patient and a 35-year-old male patient presenting with varicose veins, lymphoedema showing lymph node fibrosis.

Vulvar cancer is an uncommon disease with approximately 1000 cases reported annually in the UK. Lymph node involvement is an important prognostic indicator. Vulvectomy and bilateral groin node dissection are the preferred surgical treatments for early disease and increase survival. However, significant morbidity with lymphocyst formation and wound breakdown has been reported in more than 50% of cases. We report the first case following use of the PlasmaJet® neutral argon coagulation system to reduce postoperative lymphocyst formation.

Lymphoedema occurs in all age groups and is caused by lymphatic insufficiency. It is associated with a wide range of cancer- and non-cancer-related conditions. Researchers have explored the impact of lymphoedema on quality of life but most studies have focused on breast cancer-related lymphoedema or used specific quality of life tools. The study reported here used a phenomenological approach to explore the lived experience of 15 individuals with different types of lymphoedema. Findings highlight the uncertainty surrounding their diagnosis, the difficulties they experienced in accessing appropriate treatment and ways in which they dealt with having lymphoedema. Recommendations are made highlighting the need for increased awareness of lymphoedema and the importance of wider consideration of the emotional and psychosocial dimensions of this chronic condition.