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This article presents a framework for developing and designing a business model to target the 'bottom of the pyramid' (BoP) population. Using blue ocean strategy and business model literature, integrated with research on the BoP, the framework offers a systematic approach for organisations to analyse and understand all aspects of the BoP and their environment, and then design a business model that minimises the risk of failure and fulfils the core requirements of the BoP. A case study on Capitec Bank demonstrates how the framework can be applied to the real world. The case study shows the practical examples that Capitec uses to target the BoP successfully, and the logic behind these actions. Further validation was done through interviews with experts in the relevant fields used in this study. OPSOMMING Hierdie artikel stel 'n strategie vir die ontwikkeling en ontwerp van 'n besigheidsmodel vir die 'bottom of the pyramid' (BoP) populasie voor deur behulp van 'n raamwerk. Deur die 'blue ocean' strategie- en besigheidsmodel-literatuur te gebruik, sowel as deur navorsing oor die BoP te doen, kan die raamwerk 'n sistematiese benadering vir 'n organisasie gee om eers alle aspekte van die BoP en hul omgewing te ontleed en te verstaan, en daarvolgens 'n besigheidsmodel te ontwerp wat die risiko van mislukking en aan die kern vereistes van die BoP voldoen. 'n Capitec Bank gevallestudie illustreer hoe die raamwerk toegepas kan word in die praktyk. Die gevallestudie toon die praktiese voorbeelde wat Capitec gebruik om suksesvol die BoP te betree, met die motiverende logika. Verdere validasie was gedoen dmv onderhoude met kenners in die verwante velde aangeraak in die studie.

Organised by: Cranfield University Packaging designers often come up with splendid design proposals, without being aware of technical, marketing or economical restrictions. This leads to infeasible proposals, so many packaging design projects fail. To bridge the gap between design and marketing, a tool has been developed that shows several designs to an extensive community. Designers now have the possibility to get feedback of the target market on the design proposals. In a case study (redesigning a packaging), the tool clearly showed its advantage. This paper discusses the tool, its usage and its contribution to a more effective and efficient development cycle in packaging development. Mori Seiki – The Machine Tool Company

The field of Design Theory and Methodology has a rich collection of research results that has been taught at educational institutions as well as applied to design practices. First, this keynote paper describes some methods to classify them. It then illustrates individual theories and methodologies focusing on industrial and educational use. Theories and methodologies that are found most practically useful are "math-based methods", "methodologies to achieve concrete design goals", and "process methodologies", while at educational institutes in addition to these, traditional design methodologies are also taught. The paper discusses this gap between practical and educational usages.

Organised by: Cranfield University When using inertial motion capturing technology, the accuracy of the results is strongly influenced by the socalled drift. This paper describes the drift of an Xsens Moven motion capturing suit during common movements, measured in a standard working environment. The test is performed in a room not shielded from magnetic disturbances, to acquire insight on how accurate the absolute position determination of the motion capturing system is during use in a standard environment. The test is performed by walking a path with the same start and end point, and reviewing the measured difference in the absolute position of one sensor. Mori Seiki – The Machine Tool Company

Most engineers nowadays receive a mono-disciplinary education: Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering etc. Contradictory, the products they have to design are ever more multidisciplinary and integrated. This requires a different mindset. This paper discusses four tools that fit in the engineers’ toolkit to approach these multidisciplinary problems: TRIZ, Systematic Inventive Thinking, Quality Function Deployment and FunKey Architecting. The tools are discussed and rated on four scales: difficulty of problems, complexity of problems, design phase and learning effort. From the characterization a set of heuristics is derived that help in choosing the appropriate tool from the toolkit. It is concluded that the four tools largely complement each other and should therefore be part of every engineer's toolkit.

This paper explains the possible uses of scenarios in product design. A scenario classification is proposed as a framework to create, use and reuse different types of scenarios in a product design process. Our aims are three-fold: (1) to obtain a better view on the extent to which scenarios can be useful to a product design process, (2) to identify in which specific areas of scenario-based design a support in scenario generation is needed in practice and (3) to build a foundation for the succeeding framework of scenario generation research.

When dealing with complex systems, it is essential that designers and system architects have a clear understanding of the system as a whole. The main ‘tool’ for this is the so-called ‘system architecture description’ or ‘reference architecture’. Although the concept of system architecture description and what should it include is still open for discussion, its utility and potential benefits have largely been proved and supported by manifold papers and experts. Overviews of the system and its environment are the core of this system architecture description. However, HOW to create those overviews of complex systems is uncertain. Even more difficult is to keep those overviews up-to-date to be continually used. The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach to create a ‘living’ overview of a complex system in order to support system designers and architects in the creation of products. An example based on previous work conducted at Philips Medical Systems with a real complex system (MRI scanner) will be described.

This publication discusses domain integration of various engineering disciplines as an effective methodology to design new and innovative products. A case study illustrates how this approach is applied to the design process of a high performance electronic product. A novel and improved method for the cooling of electronic packages is presented. Standard package types, as for instance ball grid arrays, are equipped with directly injected cooling. The developed design is a very cost effective solution, as fewer productions steps and fewer procured parts are required compared to traditional cooling. The new design is also easily scalable, as multiple components on an electronic product can be cooled both uniformly and simultaneously. This allows for more overall design flexibility, which can result in a more integrated product design with advantages in terms of performance, volume, weight and production efficiency.

This paper aims to improve the way synthesis tools can be built by formalizing: 1) the design artefact, 2) related knowledge and 3) an algorithm to generate solutions. This paper focuses on well-defined parametric engineering design, ranging from machine elements to industrial products. A design artefact is formalized in terms of parameters and topology elements. The knowledge is classified in three types: resolving rules to determine parameter values, constraining rules to restrict parameter values and expansion rules to add elements to the topology. A synthesis algorithm, based on an opportunistic design strategy, is described and tested for three design cases.

n analysing design and manufacturing tasks and their mutual interactions, it appears that the underlying information of these tasks is of the utmost importance. If this information is managed in a formalised, structured way, it can serve as a basis for the control of the design and manufacturing processes. The ontological description that is used for this purpose is elaborated upon. Significant in this respect, is the introduction of expedient differentiations in distinct aspects of the ontology. Based on the overall ontology, it is indicated how an ontological description of the information content can be applied to govern design and manufacturing processes.