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Los parques urbanos brindan una gran variedad de beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos. El valor de estos beneficios no se considera y a menudo los estudios lo pasan por alto. En la búsqueda de documentos relacionados con la valoración económica de los parques urbanos en bases de datos y motores de búsqueda, no fue posible encontrar un análisis explicativo de las características generales de los modelos de valoración económica aplicables a los parques urbanos. El objetivo de este documento es realizar tal esfuerzo. Mediante la realización de una investigación explicativa-descriptiva, a través de un estudio longitudinal, se analizaron 120 publicaciones en español e inglés, correspondientes a un período de 57 años (1963-2020). Las publicaciones se clasificaron en modelos de precios hedónicos, modelo de costos de viaje y valoración contingente. Para cada una de estas tres categorías también se consideraron las subcategorías de teoría primaria, teoría secundaria, opinión, revisión y caso de estudio. El objetivo era analizar y comprender el contexto y las circunstancias en que se llevaron a cabo los estudios y evaluar su relevancia, fortalezas y debilidades. Este enfoque llevó a identificar cuáles modelos todavía están en uso y cómo se adoptan. El modelo de precios hedónicos utilizando el formato de regresión semi-logarítmica es el más utilizado para la valoración, principalmente en los Estados Unidos y Europa. Se puede concluir que la valoración económica de los parques urbanos es un tema de interés global debido a su contribución a la sustentabilidad en el ámbito urbano.

The shortest path problem is a typical problem of optimization. This chapter presents an innovative model associated with the use of case-based reasoning to solve a problem of routing vehicles in a Hospital of El Paso, United States. In this chapter, diverse components are described to characterize this problem through the use of a knowledge system. The algorithm was developed in Java, thus obtaining a tool which determines the best tracks to the vehicles associated with ambulances. An experiment was realized to probe the validations; the results were used to compare it with the Dijkstra algorithm and determine the quality of the results. The future research of this intelligent tool is to determine an innovative perspective related to episodic knowledge applied to resolution of diverse ambulances, and as this topic is determinative to find and remember the best solutions quickly, additionally the authors compare it with a code from other postgraduate students trying to implement an algorithm similar to logistics but using a shuffled frog leap algorithm.

This paper seeks to develop indicators that allow us to progress in the evaluation of the sustainable use of water in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. In order to measure sustainability, a systematic model was proposed involving society, institutions, infrastructure and the environment that would allow us to advance in the knowledge about interaction between society and its environment. Progress was achieved in the developing and measurement of some indicators, such as those related to quality of life and current state of water infrastructure and treatment. Using existing data, it was possible to develop and measure the following indicators for the sustainable use of water: 1. secure access to water; 2. access to adequate sanitation systems; 3. domiciliary connections; 4. water price; 5. water consumption, and 6. waste water treatment. Results indicate that the municipal water system of Ciudad Juarez presents good indicators for sustainable use of water, however, they do not take into account the negative rate of rechargeextraction of the city's water supply system or of the quality of water for human consumption. The author considers that other indicators related to institutional and legal frame works, citizen participation, water quality, and environmental impact must be developed and estimated.

Este trabajo evalúa la situación urbano-ambiental de los hornos ladrilleros tradicionales y los ecológicos en el municipio de Juárez. La evaluación se centra en los aspectos ambientales y socioeconómicos. La producción de ladrillo se sitúa en el sector informal, por lo que no cuenta con un esquema regulatorio ni con el pago de impuestos. Se siguen utilizando las técnicas tradicionales para la elaboración del ladrillo, lo que provoca emisiones altamente contaminantes a la atmósfera. Esto tiene un fuerte impacto en el medio ambiente a nivel binacional, en la región Paso del Norte. Sin embargo, el contexto socioeconómico de los trabajadores de esta industria no permite cambios importantes, además, hace difícil cualquier iniciativa de mejorar y relocalizar los hornos ladrilleros. La principal fuente de información para esta investigación fue una encuesta aplicada al universo de los productores de ladrillo. Los datos de la encuesta se registraron en un sistema de información geográfica permitiendo el análisis de los hornos ladrilleros en un contexto espacial. Finalmente, este documento presenta un perfil descriptivo de la producción de los hornos ladrilleros y de los productores.

This article aims to analyze some basic criteria for a sustainable use of water in an international watershed shared by Mexico and the United States. The study area comprises the region of Ambos Nogales, which is located inside the Upper Santa Cruz River Basin. This portion of the watershed represents the main ecosystem and the main source of water for urban and rural populations located in this region. Following criteria of sustainability the authors revise and adapt to the case of Ambos Nogales, a set of guidelines proposed by the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. These guidelines include the following elements: basic water requirements needed to maintain quality of life in the population and the health of ecosystems; water quality that meets certain minimum standards; human actions and their impact on long-term renewability of freshwater stocks and flows; collection of data concerning water resources, use and quality of water; institutional mechanisms to prevent and resolve conflicts; and a democratic process of water-planning and decision-making. These twin cities have a long history of cooperation and conflict linked to water resources, which makes available enough information to create a diagnostic about the water management inside a binational arena, and allowing to explore possibilities for a better water resources management under a sustainable regime and from an international perspective. Keywords: Sustainability, binational water management, ambos Nogales region.

This research was focused on analyzing the results of the first National Assessment of Academic Achievement for Scholar Centers (ENLACE; acronym in Spanish) applied during the year 2006 in the Municipality of Juarez (State of Chihuahua, Mexico). In order to conduct the spatial analysis a geographical information system (GIS) was used to make a georeferenced database were all variables were connected to a point representing a school. Results of the examinations expressed as deficient, elemental, good en excellent were spatially distributed over the urban area of Ciudad Juárez. Apparently there is a high spatial correlation between ENLACE’s results with the socioeconomic level of people. In this way results going from good to excellent were spatially located over the sectors more developed of the city. Poor results going from Insufficient to Elemental were spatially located at places with higher deficits of infrastructure and low socioeconomic levels.