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Agriculture, especially the livestock sector, hugely stresses the environment through its climate change, land use, and water use impacts, among others. Hence, reducing meat consumption can greatly reduce agriculture’s heavy environmental burden. Meat replacements can deliver similar nutrients, and some even mimic meat to facilitate substitution. However, replacements come with their own environmental impacts, which can be highly uncertain, particularly for emerging replacements. This chapter synthesizes the environmental impacts of meat (poultry, pork, and beef) compared to conventional (seafood, eggs, tofu and tempeh, pulses, and nuts) and emerging (plant-based meat analogs, algae, mycoprotein, insects, and cultured meat) meat replacements. We compare their environmental impacts based on life cycle assessment and highlight impact hotspots, opportunities for improvement, and key research gaps. Overall, while conventional replacements already offer more sustainable alternatives to meat, emerging replacements often result in trade-offs that we can proactively tackle today to reduce environmental impacts in the future.

Background: Dry-cured ham is one of the most valued food products by Mediterranean consumers. In this sense, the appropriate development of its different production stages is essential to ensure the quality requirements. For this reason, non-invasive technologies have gained popularity and have been reported as useful not only to ensure the food safety of different products, but also to monitor fundamental stages in the production process, such as the salting stage, to analyze the content of different compounds without sample losses, and to correct possible defects in the final product. Scope and approach: This work has been focused on summarizing the studies that describe and have successfully applied these techniques, as well as on mentioning other technologies with potential use in dry-cured ham manufacture which have not been studied enough. Finally, the potential next steps to improve and optimize the process, as well as the suitability of creating new products with added value based on the new quality standards, have also been evaluated. Key findings and conclusions: Innovative non-invasive technologies such as high pressure (HP), ultrasound (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF), microwaves, irradiation, etc. can be used as promising tools to effectively control salting and curing stages as well as for checking defects of the final product and/or ensuring food safety. HP and US are useful tools for the determination of salt and fat content, and for monitoring the salting process. Moreover, HP enhances salty taste perception, which makes it a useful tool to reduce salt addition. Both, HP and US, can correct texture defects. In addition, NIRS allows predicting the state of the meat to remove those pieces that could result in defective products. Moreover, RAMAN or MRI are able to detect anomalous textures at the end of the process. Microwaves could be useful for the online estimation of salt, water and fat contents easily with portable equipment. Finally, data mining, that allows to make predictions based on an immense data file, is the most promising discovery in recent years for detecting defects or classifying products according to sensory attributes. This research was supported by Grant RTA 2013-00030-CO3-03 from INIA (Spain). Acknowledgements to INIA for granting Cristina Pérez Santaescolástica with a predoctoral scholarship (grant number CPD2015-0212). José M. Lorenzo is member of the MARCARNE network, funded by CYTED (ref. 116RT0503).

The goal of this study, made within Treasure* project, was to evaluate the growth of growing/finishing pigs housed in a hoop barn system, in comparison with traditional confinement.

This paper contributes to the reproductive biology of the genus Squatina and aims to complement the criteria, uniformity and adaptable staging of sexual maturity scales for elasmobranchs based on data from the angel shark S. squatina captured near the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Central-East Atlantic). Both sexes presented a paired reproductive tract with both sides active and asymmetric gonad development. Microscopic and macroscopic observations of the testes were consistent and indicated seasonality of spermatogenesis. The spermatocyst development pattern in mature individuals could not be assigned to any of the categories described in the literature. The ovaries-epigonal organ association was of the external type. Although all Squatinidae share a conservative morphology, they show differences across species in the functionality of the paired reproductive tract, seasonality of spermatogenesis, coiled spermatozoa and the presence of egg candles. A flexible classification technique was used to describe an illustrated 5-stage sexual maturity scale using an ontogenic approach, assessable by macroscopic condition indices. The phases include juvenile, subadult, developing, active/pregnant and spent/post-partum in males and females, respectively. Claspers were considered calcified when it was necessary to break a clasper when bending the axial cartilage 180° over its longitudinal axis. Recent general maturity scale proposals for elasmobranchs could not be adapted. The interspecific variations in fish development, which do not facilitate a standard terminology across all fishes, indicate the need for species-specific and adaptable macroscopic and microscopic staging schema, rather than using generalized classification systems.

12 páginas, 8 tablas, 2 figuras.-- Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, The effect of sex and livestock production system (LPS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Mirandesa breed calves was studied. A total of 2,263 and 60 animals for growth performance and carcass characteristics, respectively were used. Initially, the suitability of several equations to describe the growth of cattle from the Mirandesa variety was studied. In all situations, mathematical models were formulated with parameters of clear biological meaning. Bertalanffy and Gompertz equations were the most satisfactory equations to model the growth of males and females, respectively. Calves from traditional system were 68.61 kg heavier than animals from extensive system. On the other hand, calves from traditional systems showed (P

This study is part of the PROACTIVA 1-2 (2009-2012) and MARPROF-CV (2010-2014) projects, in the framework of the Canary Islands Government and UE PCT MAC 2007-2013 programmes respectively. Research has mainly focused on the stock assessment of the striped soldier shrimp, Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851), because it has shown moderate to high levels of fishing yield and abundances compatible with the development of a new sustainable fishery in the Cape Verde Islands. Cruises took place on board the R/V Prof. Ignacio Lozano. Four 15-day surveys have been conducted to date: Cabo Verde 2010-04 (April 2010), Camar˜ao-1 (November 2011), Camar˜ao-2 (Mars 2012) and Camar ˜ao-3 (July 2012). An innovative fishing gear so-called multiple semi-floating shrimp trap (MSFST) was used. Each fishing line was composed by 40-65 traps operating around 2.4 m above the seafloor, using Decapterus macarellus (Carangidae) as unique bait of the traps. Fishing depth was 66-458 m, and efective fishing time was 16-18 h. Each trap was attached to the main bottom line every 15 m, and the maximum attraction of this bait was established to be 100 or 150 m, according to the experience gained from the local fishery for deep-sea lobsters. So density by area was calculated assuming two different areas of attraction of the fishing gear. Initial biomass was estimated from depletion experiments at different abundance stations by applying the Leslie & Davis (1939) method, modified by Ricker (1975). Each fishing operation was classified according to its yield (CPUE in g/trap/night). The potential fishing planar area was estimated between the isobathymetric lines between 90 and 220 m. Total biomasses (Bt) were calculated from areas (km2) and mean minimum/maximum densities (kg/km2). Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) was estimated from Bt using the Beddington and Cooke (1983) model by entering natural mortality (0.6), growth rate (0.53 year􀀀�1) and recruitment age (1.32 year), which are the parameters for this target species published for the Canaries. These parameters estimate a biological exploitation rate ( ) of 0.262. Interpolations were applied to estimate MSY for insular stocks representing lesser than 5% of the total fishing grounds for this species in the archipelago. The MSY estimated by depletion were 30.5 tons/year for the stock of S˜ao Vicente, Santa Luzia, Ilheus and S˜ao Nicolau, 10 tons/year for the stock of Santiago, 138.8 tons/year for the stock of Boa Vista and Maio, and 5.6 tons/year for the stock of Sal. The small stocks estimated by interpolation were: 4.5 tons/year for the stock of Santo Ant˜ao, 1.3 tons/year for the stock of Fogo, and 1.8 tons/year for the stock of Brava and Ilheus. In total, 192.5 tons per year was the total MSY for the striped soldier shrimp around the islands of the Cape Verde archipelago, occupying a total area of 1,918 km2 of new fishing grounds at between 90 and 220 m of depth. In comparison with the traditional bottom trap used in the Canary Islands, the innovative fishing gear MSFST were proved to be more selective for pandalid shrimps, minimizing the gear impact on the seafloor as well as the by-catch by reducing the discards. Depletion methods are based on the assumption of a closed system, that is with minimum or zero immigration between neighbouring areas. The straight forward decline of CPUEs obtained during the depletion experiments seems to confirm that P. edwardsii is a low mobility species, making this assumption valid at least during short-time periods. Because of the bathymetry profile of these islands,the depth range is from very close (few nautical miles in Santiago) to far away (10-12 n.m. in Boa Vista) to the coastline. Fishing effort should be controlled on the basis of quotas, number of fishing vessels and a precautionary approach in order to ensure that catching is commensurate with sustainable levels of exploitation. MSY estimates suggest that this new Capeverdean fishery should be carried out by specialized medium-sized fishing vessels. During the last decades a combination of shrimp trawling and industrial trapping activity has threatened over-exploitation in the Mediterranean fisheries targeting on P. edwardsii; currently the shrimp collapse has conducted to the decline of these fisheries. Can the Cape Verde regulatory bodies and all the stakeholders involved learn the lessons this teaches us about this resource management?

This work focuses on the by-catch composition of Plesionika edwardsii experimental fishery in the Cape Verde Islands. Obtaining information on abundance, composition and lifecycle of species involved in this potential fishery is useful, in order to ensure its sustainable development under an ecosystem approach. The first step towards this goal is the description of catches. Four 15-day research surveys were conducted on board the R/V Prof. Ignacio Lozano: April 2010 (S˜ao Vicente and Santa Luzia islands), November 2011 (Santiago island), March 2012 (Boa Vista island,) and July 2012 (Sal and S˜ao Nicolau islands). The working depths were between 66 and 458 m depth. A standardized innovative fishing gear was used, so-called multiple semi-floating shrimp traps. Each fishing line was composed by 40-65 traps operating around 2.4 m above the seafloor, using Decapterus macarellus (Carangidae) as unique bait of the traps. Multiple semi-floating shrimp traps is a passive fishing system that allows catch and release sea significant part of the unwanted catches, as in the case of Chondrichthyes or Anguilliformes, reducing the fishing impact on non-target species. The main by-catch was composed of 53 species belonging to three groups including Chondrichthyes (three families and three species), Crustacea (11 families and 19 species) and Osteichthyes (15 families and 29 species). Plesionika edwardsii, the target species of this fishery, represented 97.8% of the catch in terms of abundance and 40.1% in biomass. By-catch represented 59.9% of total catch in terms of biomass. Osteichthyes (87.5%) were the dominant group and was represented by the following main families; Sparidae (33.9%), Moridae (32.5%), Muraenidae (32.5%), Scorpaenidae (9.9%) and Tetraodontidae (9.8%). Chondrichthyes (11.6%) were composed by Centrophoridae (65.3%) and Triakidae (34.1%). Finally, Crustacea (1.9%) were chiefly composed by Pandalidae (79.1%). However, different families represented by specific species were found to be dominant around each island. Sparidae were the dominant family represented by Pagellus acarne (46.2% of total by-catch) at S˜ao Vicente, and by Dentex macrophthalmus (42.6%) at Boa Vista. Tetraodontidae with Sphoeroides pachygaster (25.9%) and Sparidae with P. acarne (25.1%) were the co-dominant families in the by-catch around Santa Luzia. Muraenidae were the dominant family represented by Gymnothorax polygonius (69.4%) at Sal, and by Muraena helena (63.4%) at S˜ao Nicolau. Finally, Scorpaenidae with Pontinus kuhlii (22.3%) and Moridae with Physiculus cyanostrophus (22.1%) were the co-dominant families of the bycatch around Santiago. Acknowledgements: This study is part of the PROACTIVA 1-2 (2009-2012) and MARPROF-CV (2010-2014) projects, in the framework of the Canary Islands Government and UE PCT MAC 2007- 2013 programmes respectively.

En el presente trabajo se estudian los crecimientos y el consumo alimenticio de los machos de la raza Galiña de Mos hasta alcanzar el denominado peso vivo comercial mínimo, estipulado por numerosos autores y el mercado en torno a los 2,1 kg de peso, en dos estaciones diferentes del año, invierno y primavera, y comparándolos con una de las estirpes de pollo rubio más utilizadas en Galicia, el Sasso T-44. Para ello se criaron en el Centro de Recursos Zooxenéticos de Galicia en régimen extensivo, 130 pollitos machos sexados de T-44 y 400 pollitos Mos sin sexar hasta las 4 semanas de edad, momento en el que se separaron los machos para realizar el estudio. A la vista de los resultados obtenidos se pudo observar un consumo alimenticio sensiblemente superior tanto en la raza autóctona como en el híbrido industrial, en los lotes criados en invierno frente a los de primavera, debido a la influencia de las diferentes temperaturas observadas. No se encontraron grandes diferencias en la edad en la que se alcanzaron los 2,1 kg de peso, ya que los Mos la alcanzaron a los 87 y 89 días en primavera e invierno respectivamente y a los 68 y 70 días en los T-44. In this work we study the growth and feed intake of male Galiña de Mos breed to reach the socalled minimal commercial weight stipulated by many authors and the market at around 2.1 kg weight, in two different seasons of the year, winter and spring, compared with a blonde chicken strain commonly used in Galicia, Sasso T-44. A hundred and thirty male, sexed, chicken T-44 and 400 Mos chicken unsexed (until to 4 weeks of age, when males were separated for the study) were raised in the Centro de Recursos Zooxenéticos de Galicia under extensive conditions. It was observed a significantly higher feed intake, both in the native breed and the industrial hybrids, in chicken reared in winter compared to those of spring, due to the influence of different temperatures observed. There were no major differences in the age at which reached 2.1 kg weight, since Mos's reached the 87 and 89 days in spring and winter respectively and 68 and 70 days in the T-44.

Se han analizado los parámetros fisicoquímicos, y el perfil de aminoácidos y de ácidos grasos en corderos de Ovella Galega alimentados exclusivamente con leche materna y sacrificados a los 45 días. Debe destacarse el bajo porcentaje de grasa intramuscular (0,62%) y dureza media-baja (4 kg/cm²). El perfil aminoacídico se aproxima al de una proteína de alta calidad. Entre los ácidos grasos se aprecia alto porcentaje de insaturados (55%) tanto mono como poliinsaturados, y menor de saturados (44,82%). La relación ω6/ω3(1,88) es adecuada. There were analyzed the physico-chemical properties and the profile of amino acids and fatty acids found in lambs of the Ovella Galega breed fed solely on their mother's milk and slaughtered at 45 days. The results show a low percentage of intramuscular fat (0.62%) and lower-middle hardness (4 kg/cm²). The amino acids' profile is similar to that of a high quality protein. Concerning the fatty acids' profile, the study shows a high percentage of unsaturated (55%), both mono and polyunsaturated, versus a lower percentage of the saturated ones (44.82%), apart from a well proportioned ratio ω6/ω3(1,88).

Fueron estudiadas las características de la canal de 50 potros Gallego de Monte provenientes de tres explotaciones. El peso al sacrificio de los potros de diez meses de la explotación extensiva acabados con heno y pienso ecológico (SEC) fue superior (p

Actualmente la raza Ovella Galega se encuentra en peligro de extinción, por lo que está sometida a un Programa de Conservación y Recuperación donde prima la preservación de la variabilidad genética. En este trabajo se estudió el crecimiento y la canal en corderos de la raza, para profundizar en su caracterización. Se han utilizado 10 corderos machos de parto simple inscritos en el Libro Genealógico de la raza, criados sólo con leche materna hasta la edad de sacrificio de 45 días. El crecimiento y las GMD son acordes con los resultados publicados en otros estudios sobre la raza, y a pesar de que ésta presenta un pequeño formato, entre los resultados obtenidos cabe destacar su alto rendimiento comercial (59%) así como un adecuado porcentaje en piezas de 1ª y 2ª categoría. The Ovella Galega is a endangered sheep breed and is protected by a Conservation and Recovery Programme, in order to keep the genetic variability. A growth and carcass study was made on Ovella Galega lambs, whose main objetive is its characterization. Ten male lambs from single birth and fed solely on their mother´s milk, all of them registered in the Record of Births of Stud-Book, were slaughtered at 45 days old. The growth and average dayly gain are in accordance to results published in other breed studies. The results show a high commercial yield (59%), apart from appropriate percentages in 1st and 2nd market categories.

Se estudió la calidad de la carne del músculo Longissimus dorsi (LD) en 51 Potros Gallegos de Monte procedentes de tres explotaciones diferentes. El sistema de explotación afectó al contenido de humedad y proteína e índice de rojo (p19,5%) y Fe-hemo (1,47 mg/100 g carne) comparado con la carne de ternera. Las muestras también mostraron una alta luminosidad (L*>40) muy buena capacidad de retención de agua, medida a través de las pérdidas por cocción (19.5%) and heme-Fe (1.47 mg/100 g meat) comparable to veal meat. Also, meat samples showed, higher luminosity (L*>40) very good water holding capacity, measured by cooking losses (

Despite its longstanding biosocial evolutionary background, the consumption of meat has nowadays become a controversial activity for a variety of reasons, being mostly related to anxieties about health, environmental impact, and animal welfare. The present chapter will outline the biosocial functions of meat within human communities, including the particularities of the contemporary state-of-affairs in postdomestic societies. Moreover, an overview will be given of the (historic) discourses on the role of meat in health and disease. The heterogeneity within human-meat interaction schemes, both with respect to meat production and utilization, suggests a tremendous amount of research potential related to the position of unconventional meat types in diets and culture. From a minoritarian position they may be useful in challenging given ideas and established concepts about meat, which are usually construed based on the dominant position of beef, pork, and chicken within Western countries. Unconventional meats may thus help us to reflect differently on human-meat interactions and to deal with future challenges that require innovative thinking.