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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the use of enhanced personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs) in patient-facing roles. Consistent use of PPE is reported to have so many direct or indirect negative effects on human body ranging from physiological impact which includes heat stress, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, confusion etc. to Dermatological complications like mask acne and rashes. Tightly fitted mask has been reported to produce Neck pain. But there are no enough evidences for its musculoskeletal impact. The aim of the current study is to find out the effect of consistent use of PPE on musculoskeletal system. Material and Method: We conducted a single-centre, retrospective cross-sectional study among a cohort of HCWs who performed COVID-19 duties and used enhanced PPE. The cohort consisted of different categories of doctors, nursing personnel, and other paramedical staff. A content validated questionnaire was disseminated through WhatsApp application and Email ID. Outcome measures include joint discomfort (measured through CMDQ), Fatigue (FAS score), Cramps, and muscle soreness. Results: Retrospective analysis of the symptoms of 121 respondents is reported. FAS scoring showed 56.19% of the participants complained about fatigue. According to CMDQ tool, 68.59% participants reported discomfort in neck, 69.42% in the upper back, 57.85% in right leg, and 56.19% in left leg. Cramps is reported in 62.8% of the participants. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the undeniable negative impact of PPE on musculoskeletal system of the front-line HCWs using enhanced PPE and lays the ground for incorporating ‘potential exercise regime’ for the health care workers using PPE consistently for the foreseeable future. KEY WORDS: SARS-COV-2, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Health care workers, Health, Neck pain, Headache, costume related pains.

Banks play key roles in the economies of the world. The bank industry determines the growth of economies in all countries, as a result, workers in this industry are subjected to conditions geared towards getting the highest degree of performance from them consistently. Most of their time is spent sitting down, using computers, assuming bent postures, doing repetitive work, and sometimes without enough breaks in-between hours can predispose them to occupational hazards. This study aims to determine the prevalence of chronic low back pain among bank workers in Port Harcourt Metropolis through its associated risk factors. The study design was descriptive cross-sectional. The sample (N=332) consisted of 332 employees from twelve banks. A self-administered, closed-ended, structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and a Chi-square test (p=0.05) and odds ratio with a corresponding 95 % confidence interval was obtained. Results: Showed significant relationship between age and chronic low back pain [OR=2.87; 95 % CI=1.75 – 4.72; p=0.001], length of time in seated position had significant relationship between workers that sat for six hours and above and chronic LBP (OR=1.89; p=0.01; 95 % CI: 1.16-3.06). Also, respondents who do not sit in a comfortable seat at the office were 2.60 times more at odds of experiencing chronic low back pain compared to respondents whose seats are comfortable (OR=2.60; p=0.001; 95% CI: 1.51-4.45). Conclusion: This study shows that the risk factors of a long hour of sitting, uncomfortable chair, bent posture leads to chronic low back pain over time. Therefore, it is recommended that proper break time be observed, right ergonomics to prevent twisting the back.

This study explores whether restaurant management can be classified as an extreme job. Interviews were conducted with 15 restaurant managers working in independent restaurants in Ontario, Canada. The study found that 11 out of 15 managers were working an extreme job. These managers worked over 48 hours each week in fast-paced and unpredictable environments, held many responsibilities, and found it difficult to take time off work. Self-determination theory was used to discover that restaurant managers experience controlled motivation to work long hours and take on many responsibilities. Managers suggested that they do not want the fast-paced nature of their work to decrease but they would like to see their jobs become less physically and emotionally demanding. This research can be used by the restaurant industry to improve the design of restaurant manager jobs to ensure that managers are satisfied, engaged and less likely to leave their jobs.

Background Many studies have reported an association between overwork, shift work, and chronic disease. However, there is little research on the influence of working hours and shift work and management of chronic diseases. The objective of this retrospective study was to examine the association between working hours, shift work type in workers with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Methods Among 18,513 hourly wageworkers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 4,313 with hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were selected. An analysis of covariance with general linear modeling was used to estimate group differences in clinical indices of chronic diseases according to weekly working hours and types of shift work, both unadjusted and adjusted for gender, age, education, marital status, household income, and medication usage. Findings Clinical indicators were worse in workers with diabetes (differences in HbA1c = 0.15%; fasting blood glucose = 4.84 mg/dL), hypertension (differences in diastolic blood pressure = 1.2 mmHg), or dyslipidemia (differences in total cholesterol = 3.3 mg/dL) who worked for more than 40 hours/week compared with workers who worked less than 40 hours per week. Clinical indicators in workers with diabetes and hypertension were worse in shift workers, including evening and night shifts, relative to those who did not work shiftwork. Conclusions/Application to Practice Working more than 40 hours per week and shift work were negatively associated with adverse clinical indicators among workers with chronic diseases. To improve the health of workers with chronic diseases, these findings suggest that adjustment of working hours and shift work may be warranted.

A correction has been published: Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 75, Issue 3, July 2022, Page 576, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsab034 Politicians' work pressure is gaining more attention in parliamentary studies. To participate in the discussion about governing under pressure, this article offers an interdisciplinary approach to investigate how representatives navigate within a flexible, limitless work culture. This article presents a new inquiry to re-examine contemporary political agency by combining cultural studies theories with empirical insights in Nordic countries. By analysing 52 semi-structured interviews with MPs in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, the study finds that politics attracts people who want to change the world, but these attributes may initiate a vicious cycle, taking the form of psychological strain.

This article explores why many public school teachers work substantially more hours than required by contract, given that the elasticity of their earnings with respect to their hours is close to zero. The author introduces a theoretical framework for public-sector employees in which high levels of effort can indicate either altruism (for intrinsically motivated employees) or low productivity (for low-ability employees). Because intrinsically motivated employees derive higher utility from working in the public sector, they are less likely to exit it. Over time, selection makes high levels of effort more strongly predictive of altruism than of low ability. Findings show that teachers with very low levels of experience exhibit little or no relationship between weekly hours and the probability of remaining in teaching. This correlation becomes more positive as teaching experience increases. Similarly, the level of work hours is positively related to self-reported burnout at low levels of experience, but the relationship is reversed for teachers who have been in the profession longer.

Is extensive work effort always detrimental to professionals’ well‐being? We argue that the link between extensive work effort and well‐being depends on the reasons why professionals work extended hours. Drawing on self‐determination theory and data from an international consultancy firm, we show that extrinsically driven work effort is negatively related to well‐being, while intrinsically driven work effort is positively related to well‐being. A reinforcing effect seems to exist between the two types of motivators, revealing that intrinsically driven work effort has both a direct and an indirect link to well‐being, mitigating the downsides of extrinsically driven work effort.

It has been suggested that long working hours are associated with various diseases through dietary patterns. However, few studies have reported the association between working hours and dietary habits. Thus, the objective of this cross-sectional study was to explore the difference in dietary fiber intake by working hours. Data of a total of 10,760 workers in South Korea who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES), a nation-wide survey, were analyzed to determine different distributions of dietary fiber insufficiency using multiple logistic regression models. Fiber insufficiency proportion was different from working hour groups. 70.1% of the total population eat fiber insufficiently. Working

This paper examines the phenomenon of uncompensated long hours in jobs with pro‐social characteristics and presents evidence that long‐hour wage premiums and occupational social value are substitutes in compensating salaried workers who supply hours exceeding the standard working week. I show that the social value of an occupation—in particular the degree to which jobs involve helping or providing service to others—is inversely related to long‐hour pay. Allowing for heterogeneity in the degree to which workers value their job's helping orientation lets me explore how gender differences in employees’ attitudes toward pro‐social behaviour can explain some of the observed occupational sorting trends and gender differences in long‐hour compensation. Women tend to be more strongly drawn to ‘helping’ occupations and at the same time receive lower long‐hour premiums in these jobs relative to men. I offer a theoretical framework to rationalize the empirical trends.

We provide evidence that constraints that prevent highly skilled women from working long hours hinder gender pay equality. We show that relaxing one such constraint by increasing the supply of subs...

Using nationally representative panel data from Australia and Germany, this article investigates the relationships between working-time regulation, long working hours, overemployment and mental health, as measured by the Mental Component Summary score from the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Fixed effects and dynamic linear models are estimated, which, together with the longitudinal nature of the data, enable person-specific traits that are time invariant to be controlled for. Drawing on the Varieties of Capitalism literature it is hypothesized that the system of collective regulation of working time in Germany will be more effective in limiting the incidence of overemployment than the more individualized system of regulation in Australia so that the prevalence of working time related mental ill health is lower. Results do not support this hypothesis. Overemployment is similarly common in both countries and is also associated with lower levels of mental health in both countries.

Introduction It has been suggested that long working hours are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although studies on health inequality caused by income inequality have been performed, income levels of workers have been considered only as an adjusting factor in the relationship between long working hours and CVD. In the present study, we investigated the modifying effects of household income level in the relationship between working hours and estimated risk of CVD. Materials and Methods We analysed a total of 11,602 Koreans who were randomly enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007‐2016) with complete data. Nonparametric associations between weekly working hours and estimated risk of CVD were explored according to quartiles of equalised household income by gender, and the size of linear associations among weekly working hours and estimated CVD risk after stratifying for equalised household income by gender was considered. Results A 4.1% increased risk of CVD was associated with 10 hours or longer per day weekly working hours among males with the highest household income after adjusting for age, equalised household income, occupation, and shift work, but such was not associated among lower income groups. Negative associations between equalised household income and estimated CVD risk were observed only among low household income males. Conclusion Long working hours and household income level can have differential effects on the risk of CVD by socioeconomic status. This study shows that positive income effect may dominate the potential negative effect of long working hours with respect to the risk of CVD in the low‐income group.

Purpose. In this study, we examined whether the associations between working hours, job satisfaction, and work-life balance are mediated by occupational stress. In addition, we tested whether perceived time control helps moderate the effects of working hours and occupational stress. Methodology. Questionnaires were administered to 369 respondents working in the high-tech and banking industries. Analyses were then conducted on the data. Findings. The analysis revealed significant correlations between long working hours and both occupational stress and work-life balance, as well as between occupational stress and both work-life balance and job satisfaction. In addition, the relationship between working hours and occupational stress exhibited a significantly positive interaction with perceived time control. Value. The results indicate the importance of giving workers greater control over working hours. We therefore recommend that labor laws should be revised as necessary to prevent excessive working hours and enhance work-time flexibility.

Departmental Bulletin Paper, 論説

The majority of fathers in Australia and other English-speaking OECD countries are the primary breadwinner for their family and work long hours each week. Research suggests work hours are a barrier to participation in caregiving particularly in Australia where the majority of employed fathers work more than 45 hours weekly. Fathers are often constructed in the literature as being either a breadwinner father, or a highly involved ‘new’ father. Yet, today, breadwinner fathers are increasingly expected, and express wanting, to be involved with caring for their children, even while maintaining strong connections to the provider role.Some Australian and international research suggests there is a small but significant proportion of fathers who work long hours yet are highly involved and engaged in childcare. Yet little is known about these fathers. This study aims to understand how fathers negotiate the conflicting requirements of breadwinning and caregiving. The overarching question that this thesis therefore addresses, is:How do fathers who work very long hours combine work and caregiving, and what factors shape their patterns of participation in caregiving? I draw upon a range of theories and perspectives to introduce and present a conceptual framework to explain fathers’ participation in childcare. This conceptual framework identifies three key mechanisms that influence fathers’ participation in work and care: (1) work context; (2) personal and family context; and (3) values and belief systems. I apply this framework across one qualitative and two quantitative studies.The first study utilises qualitative interview data from 23 fathers who participated in the evaluation of the Australian Government’s implementation of the Dad and Partner Pay (DAPP) in 2012 and 2013 (when their babies were approximately six months old). Thematic analysis of fathers’ narratives indicates that those who described engaging in routine infant care were employed in workplaces they perceived were supportive of fathers using work-related provisions to accommodate infant care. Fathers also emphasised the importance of their partner’s career and/or financial contributions to the household, and subtly adjusted their work patterns to respond to their partner’s planned return to the paid labour market. Finally, these fathers described the importance of cultivating a unique father-child relationship.The second study employs survey data from the DAPP evaluation project (with an analytic sample of n=1,124 fathers), and investigates factors associated with fathers’ daily engagement in routine infant care activities. Results from a logistic regression model suggest that fathers who took more than two weeks’ leave after birth, and who utilised flexibility provisions, were more likely to engage daily in routine infant care than other fathers. Additionally, fathers whose partner had returned to work, felt confident in parenting, and considered themselves ‘hands on’ rather than a ‘helper’ for their partner, were more likely to engage in routine infant care. The final study employs 13 waves (2000 – 2013) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) panel survey to analyse 14,220 person observations of fathers who worked at least 35 hours weekly, and had a child aged 0-15 years. Using reported weekly work and childcare hours, I present a four-category typology, identifying fathers who participated in at least 45 hours of work and 20 hours of childcare each week, and compared this group with: (1) those who were less involved in childcare, (2) those who worked regular hours, or (3) those less involved in work and childcare. The results of a multinomial logistic regression estimated with a general structural equation model with random effects show that, irrespective of work hours, working in a female-dominated occupation, having a highly educated partner, and viewing childcare as a pleasure activity differentiated fathers who were highly involved in childcare.Overall, three key findings emerging from this thesis have implications for policy. Firstly, while offering flexibility to fathers is important to facilitating caregiving, a restrictive or unsupportive work environment can create significant barriers to caregiving. Secondly, the needs and demands of the household are also important, particularly if a fathers’ wife or partner worked. Thirdly, however, fathers’ positive attitudes and commitment towards caregiving are ultimately vital for their participation in childcare.These findings show that fathers’ ability to be involved and engaged in childcare are profoundly shaped, and often restricted by, the institutional context in which they work, and the unrelenting expectation that fathers remain mostly unencumbered by caregiving responsibilities. Furthermore, in the current socio-cultural context in Australia, the rhetoric of ‘active fathering’ tends to focus primarily on the benefits of fathers’ participation for children’s outcomes. However, this does not necessarily challenge gender norms. Gender equity will not be realised until more fundamental changes to the culture of long work hours and care provision in Australia occur, enabling fathers and mothers to participate more equally in both domestic and public spheres.

Background Long-working hours (LWH) are a probable risk factor for ischemic heart diseases (IHD); however, no previous study has considered duration of exposure to LWH when addressing this topic. We aimed to determine the association between cumulative exposure to LWH and IHD while accounting for relevant confounders. Methods and Results In this retrospective study, we included all baseline participants from the French population-based cohort CONSTANCES. Part-time employees and those who reported a cardiac event in the 5 years before LWH exposure were excluded. From self-administered questionnaires and clinical examinations, we obtained participants' age, sex, body mass index, occupational status, smoking habits, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, familial history of cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, exposure to LWH, and its duration. We defined LWH as working for10 hours daily for at least 50 days per year. The main outcome was reported history of IHD, ie, myocardial infarction or angina pectoris, during a clinical examination. Of 137 854 included participants, 69 774 were men. There were 1875 cases (1.36%) of IHD, and exposure to LWH was reported by 42 462 subjects (30.8%) among whom 14 474 (10.50%) reported exposure for at least 10 years. Overall, exposure to LWH for ≥10 years was associated with an increased risk of IHD, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.24 (1.08-1.43)

Worldwide studies of professional and managerial dual-earner couples in specific professions have indicated that with the double burdens of work and family, working long hours limit women’s career aspirations. Based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 40 respondents, this article examines how long working hours in the banking and health sectors impact professional and managerial mothers’ family life and health, and how the latter perceive motherhood roles. Though there was evidence of negative effects of long hours especially on childcare and children’s cognitive development, while rationalising their decision on combining motherhood and paid work, mothers interviewed valued their full-time employment.

Aim The effects of family caregiving, especially long-hours caregiving, on coronary heart disease (CHD) are debatable. We examined the impact of family caregiving on incident non-fatal CHD. Methods We used data from the Longitudinal Survey of Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons from 2005 to 2010, a nationwide panel survey for Japanese people aged 50–59 years in 2005 (baseline). After we excluded non-respondents and people with missing key variables at baseline, 25 121 individuals without CHD, stroke or cancer were followed up for a mean of 4.6 years. The exposure was assessed at baseline by three indicators: (i) family caregiving; (ii) hours spent caregiving; and (iii) kinship type of care recipient. The non-fatal CHD incidence was identified according to questionnaire responses from 2006 to 2010. Results Cox's proportional hazards analysis did not show a statistically significant association between family caregiving and incident non-fatal CHD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–1.40). Caregivers who spent 20–69 h per week on care showed a statistically significant increased risk for non-fatal CHD (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.23–2.58) compared with non-caregivers; whereas this increased risk was statistically significant only among women (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.27–3.08), but not among men (HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.67–2.71). Kinship type of care recipient did not make a significant difference to the effects of family caregiving on incident non-fatal CHD. Conclusions Long-hours family caregiving could be an independent risk factor for incident non-fatal CHD among middle-aged women in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2109–2115.

Aim The effects of family caregiving, especially long-hours caregiving, on coronary heart disease (CHD) are debatable. We examined the impact of family caregiving on incident non-fatal CHD. Methods We used data from the Longitudinal Survey of Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons from 2005 to 2010, a nationwide panel survey for Japanese people aged 50–59 years in 2005 (baseline). After we excluded non-respondents and people with missing key variables at baseline, 25 121 individuals without CHD, stroke or cancer were followed up for a mean of 4.6 years. The exposure was assessed at baseline by three indicators: (i) family caregiving; (ii) hours spent caregiving; and (iii) kinship type of care recipient. The non-fatal CHD incidence was identified according to questionnaire responses from 2006 to 2010. Results Cox's proportional hazards analysis did not show a statistically significant association between family caregiving and incident non-fatal CHD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–1.40). Caregivers who spent 20–69 h per week on care showed a statistically significant increased risk for non-fatal CHD (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.23–2.58) compared with non-caregivers; whereas this increased risk was statistically significant only among women (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.27–3.08), but not among men (HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.67–2.71). Kinship type of care recipient did not make a significant difference to the effects of family caregiving on incident non-fatal CHD. Conclusions Long-hours family caregiving could be an independent risk factor for incident non-fatal CHD among middle-aged women in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; ••: ••–••.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between home environment and long hours of internet use among Japanese elementary school and junior high school students.Methods We used data from the Survey on Parent-child Relationship in the Internet Age conducted by the Japanese National Institute for Youth Education in 2017. In the analysis, 2062 children between fifth grade of elementary school and second grade of junior high school from 20 prefectures in Japan were retained after excluding 210 children with no internet use. Exposure variables included children's ownership of internet devices (e.g., smartphones), parents' ways of using a mobile phone or smartphone at home, and the child's relationship to his or her parents. Outcomes were long hours of internet use on a weekday and a weekend day and experiencing a lack of sleep. We defined long hours as three or more hours on a weekday and five or more hours on a weekend day. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using logistic regression analyses.Results Children's ownership of a smartphone or tablet was associated with long hours of internet use and experiencing lack of sleep. Compared to non-owners, adjusted odds ratios for smartphone owners were 2.55 [95%CI: 1.92-3.38] for long hours of internet use on a weekday and 1.66 [95%CI: 1.17-2.34] for lack of sleep. Spending long hours on the internet on the weekend was associated with parents using mobile phones while talking to their children [OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.03-2.44] and children who do not enjoy being with family [OR=2.05, 95%CI: 1.00-4.18]. Additional analysis showed that situations such as parents' frequent use of mobile phones during talking, family members' frequent use of mobile phones even during family time, and not enjoying being with family were associated with not setting rules for children's use of mobile phones and personal computers at home.Conclusion Our findings suggest that factors such as ownership of devices and the ways parents use their mobile phones are associated with children's hours of internet use at home. To create an environment where children use internet appropriately, parental practices regarding mobile device use and rule setting at home may be important.

This paper explores the relationship between gender differences in hours worked, the returns to working long hours, and the gender pay gap among highly educated workers. Using a cross-section of occupations, Goldin (2014) documents that occupations characterized by high returns to overwork are also those with the largest gender gap in earnings. To provide a causal link between the demand for long hours and how it relates to gender wage gaps, we exploit supply side shocks – generated by intercity variation in low-skilled immigrant flows – to examine whether reductions in the cost of supplying longer hours of work allow women to close the gap in hours of work and benefit from higher wages. We find that low-skilled immigration leads to a reduction in a city's gender gap in overwork, as well as in the gender pay gap in occupations that disproportionately reward longer hours of work.

Using two waves of paired data from a population sample of 10- to 13-year-old Australian children (5,711 father–child observations), the authors consider how the hours, schedules, intensity, and flexibility of fathers' jobs are associated with children's views about fathers' work and family time. A third of the children studied considered that their father works too much, one eighth wished that he did not work at all, and one third wanted more time with him or did not enjoy time together. Logistic regression modeling revealed that working on weekends, being time pressured, being unable to vary start and stop times, and working long hours generated negative views in children about fathers' jobs and time together. The time dilemmas generated by fathers' work devotions and demands are salient to and subjectively shared by their children.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ilr-10.1177_0019793920981055 for Altruism and Burnout: Long Hours in the Teaching Profession by Dora Gicheva in ILR Review

Gender differences in occupations account for a sizable portion of the persistent gender pay gap. This paper examines the relationship between the demand for long hours of work (as proxied for by the share of men working 50 or more hours per week) and skilled women's occupational choice. Exploiting variation across 215 occupations and four decades in the US, we find that the prevalence of overwork in an occupation significantly lowers the share of college educated young married women with children working in that occupation. These findings are robust to controlling for the occupational distribution of similarly aged males and married women with no children, suggesting that the prevalence of overwork reduces the desirability of the work environment for women with family responsibilities and is not merely proxying for other demand side shocks. Similar results are obtained using a panel of European countries.

This paper develops a theoretical model that highlights the mechanisms underlying the contagion of long working hours from supervisors to subordinates at different stages of their relationship. Drawing upon social learning theory, we suggest that subordinates mimic the supervisor's working hours through vicarious learning. Focusing first on the role-taking stage of the supervisor-subordinate relationship, we identify four factors, namely supervisor's perceived status, subordinate's work centrality, congruence between organizational norms and supervisor's working hours, and subordinate's identification with the supervisor, that may influence the perceived desirability of adopting the supervisor's working hours. We then examine the relative influence of each of these factors through the lens of subordinates' self-motives. Turning, next, to the routinized supervisor-subordinate relationship, we elaborate on how social contagion may evolve over time. Lastly, the implications of our model as well as future research avenues are presented.

Recently, it has been an issue that teachers in Japan are working long hours. Most statistics show that teachers in Japan work more than 55 hours a week. While long working hours (LWH) may bring benefits, studies of LWH have revealed that LWH can deteriorate mental, physical, social well-being of workers. It is suggested that working less than 48 hours a week is desirable to lead a healthy life. On the other hand, in Finland, it is reported as an average teacher working time of only 37 hours a week. Why are Japanese teachers working such long hours? Which work contents teachers in Japan spend longer time compared to other countries have yet to be understood well. Furthermore, past studies on the work contents of teachers are limited to self-report from teachers, and only few continuous observation time-motion studies have been conducted to clarify teachers’ work. Therefore, this research set out to investigate what are the characteristics of teacher work in Japan seen in work contents and their distribution referring to teacher work in Finland by continuous observation time-motion study in elementary schools. Moreover, this research examined the implication of specific work contents to LWH of teachers in Japan and showed that teachers in Japan spend long hours for marking and work as a class/grade teacher. The work hours spent for these job contents by teachers in Finland was rarely observed. Thus, this research suggested that LWH of teachers in Japan may not be explained only by the efficiency of teachers’ work since there are job contents conducted only in Japanese school context. As such, this research also implies that the necessity of further research to investigate the social and cultural background and expected educational effects of educational activities which are mostly only observed in teachers in Japan to improve the situation of LWH of teachers in Japan.

Highlights • We determined the relationship between long hours of care and the assistance in each activity of daily living (ADL) element. • The assistance in wiping of the body, dressing and toileting were significantly associated with longer hours of care . • To support caregivers effectively, it is important to consider the kinds of ADL elements of the care recipients.

A junior doctor has called on her colleagues to gather supplies that will help healthcare professionals working long hours during the covid-19 outbreak. Josie Cheetham, chair of the BMA’s Junior Doctors Committee in Wales, shared on Twitter the details of a supply box that she had put together for doctors who were too tired to travel home. “It contained supplies typically needed after/between work shifts, when staff unexpectedly need to stay on site between shifts,” she wrote. “My hope was that the box allows doctors to meet personal hygiene needs …

第33回日本国際保健医療学会東日本地方会；2018.7.7；つくば

This study analyzes why executive men in the United States work long hours. Our respondents embrace the work devotion schema, which defines work as involving social, emotional and moral connections and contributions as well as providing financial compensation and exciting work. We argue that the work devotion schema drives men to participate in the economic logic of competition and productivity while minimizing the time available to care for families. We suggest that the work devotion schema influences the underutilization of corporate parental leave for many managers in the U.S. and undermines efforts to reduce work–family conflict.

There is increasing evidence of a widening in the cross-country dispersion in general working hours. More recently, however, there has been considerable attention given to the “long hours culture” phenomenon identified in certain segments of the labour market, in particular amongst professional and managerial staff, and potential causes and impacts of such a culture. In this study we use a large-scale European worker survey to test the validity of several competing hypotheses of why people work long hours. Our results show that there is a labour – quality of leisure trade-off for women, but not for men. Other key determinants of long working hours are industry sector, occupational status, gender and job security proxied by employment contracts.

This study investigated whether emergency department crowding affects blacks more than their white counterparts and the mechanisms behind which this might occur. Using a nonpublic database of patients in California with acute myocardial infarction between 2001 and 2011 and hospital-level data on ambulance diversion, we found that hospitals treating a high share of black patients with acute myocardial infarction were more likely to experience diversion and that black patients fared worse compared to white patients experiencing the same level of emergency department crowding as measured by ambulance diversion. The ninety-day and one-year mortality rates among blacks exposed to high diversion levels were 2.88 and 3.09 percentage points higher, respectively, relative to whites, representing a relative increase of 19 percent and 14 percent for ninety-day and one-year death, respectively. Interventions that decrease the need for diversion in hospitals serving a high volume of blacks could reduce these disparities.

While the Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) family of solders are considered good candidate as lead-free solder replacement materials, their relatively short processing history and application result in a host of materials as well as reliability problems. For good metallurgical bonding and electrical connection, a thin, even layer of intermetallic compound (IMC) is required but excessive growth of the IMC layer will cause various reliability problems. This is especially critical for miniaturized solder pitches in very large scale integration circuits. This work adopts the composite approach of adding 0.15 and 0.30 wt.% of Pt into Sn–3.8Ag–0.7Cu alloy to study the effect of these additions to the IMC layer thickness between the solder and substrate. Alloys were isothermally aged at 150 °C for up to 1000 h to observe contribution of Pt in suppressing excessive IMC growth. It was found that when more Pt was added to the alloy, the IMC layer became more even and continuous. Voids and IMC layer thickness were reduced. This is attributed to the role of Pt in replacing Cu in the solder and thus impeding excessive diffusion.

We investigated the relationship between number of weekly working hours and the prevalence of diabetes in the urban Chinese population. Data regarding anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose level and number of hours worked per week were collected from 2228 workers in Shanghai, China (Mage = 44 years; 64% men). Participants were divided into three groups according to the number of hours worked per week (

Long hours of informal care cause adverse events among family caregivers. However, it is not certain what type of daily living assistance prolong time of informal care. The aim of this study is to determine the types of daily living assistance related to extensive time of informal care. We used the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions from 2007, 2010, 2013. It is a cross-sectional survey by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan. The subjects were care recipients over 65 years and their main family-caregiver, for a total of 6094 dyads included. Among them, there were 1638 care recipients with stroke and 1245 care receivers with dementia. We used ordered logistic regression analysis stratified by stroke patients and dementia patients to examine the relationship between the hours of informal care (lending a hand when needed, 2 to 3 hours or around half a day, and almost all day) and each daily living assistance adjusted for the characteristics of caregivers and care recipients. Our finding was that the daily living assistances associated with extensive time of informal care were: wiping the body, changing position, and taking medicine in stroke patients, while oral health, taking bath, and changing clothes in dementia patients. Toileting and feeding in both kind of patients. In conclusion, the types of assistance associated with long hours of informal care were different between stroke patients and dementia patients. It seems better to make separate plans to support family caregivers of stroke patients and dementia patients.

Is there a job-quality problem in mining? Is part of this problem that mining employees are working involuntary long hours? If so, how extensive is this problem? What is the impact, if any, of involuntary long hours in mining on family life? And how much control do mining employees have over their working-time arrangements? What are the possible policy responses? We address these questions through analysis of data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Australian Work and Life Index survey, a survey of employees in Queensland, and qualitative interviews with 135 people associated with the Queensland mining industry. We find evidence of substantial involuntary long hours in mining, closely related to 24-hour operations and 12-hour shifts, with adverse implications for the work—life balance, which is made worse where employees lack input into the design of rosters. The findings suggest that, in order to promote ‘good jobs’ in the mining industry, there is both a need to revisit protections for employees against being forced to work ‘unreasonable’ hours above the ostensible national standard of 38 hours per week and strong support even amongst mine-workers for a ceiling on hours worked per week.