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L’objectif de la présente communication est d’étudier les navettes domicile-travail de longue distance dans la région Grand Est, qu’elles aient lieu en France ou vers l’étranger. La longue distance est appréhendée ici par le biais de la navette domicile-travail quotidienne (au moins une fois par semaine pour rester dans la définition du travail frontalier du règlement UE 883/2004), ce qui la distingue du caractère généralement occasionnel entendu pour la mobilité de longue distance dans la littérature. La comparaison des déterminants individuels et territoriaux de ces navettes permettra de mieux comprendre leur organisation et les impacts sur les marchés locaux du travail. Qu’est ce qui distingue les navetteurs de courte distance des navetteurs de longue distance ? Les déterminants à ces navettes diffèrent-ils ? y a-t-il des différences si la navette a lieu en France ou vers l’étranger ?

With the development of underwater navigation and underwater communication, it remains difficult to obtain time delay measurements after propagating long distance. This paper proposes an improved high-accuracy time delay measuring method for long distance underwater channel propagation. First, by sending an encoded signal, the signal acquisition is carried out at the receiving end. Then, to improve signal to noise ratio (SNR), bandpass filtering is carried out on the receiving end. Next, considering the random changes in the underwater sound propagation channel, a strategy is proposed to select the optimal time window for cross-correlation. Then, new regulations are proposed to calculate the cross-correlation results. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, we compared it with other algorithms under low SNR conditions using Bellhop simulation data. Finally, the accurate time delay is obtained. With underwater experiments over different distances, the method proposed by the paper achieves high accuracy. The error is about 10−3 s. The proposed method makes a contribution to underwater navigation and communication.

Title: Comparing the physical prerequisites of competitive swimmers relative to the preferences of swimming disciplines. Objective: The objective of this bachelor thesis is to create a pilot study in which selected physical and anthropometric parameters of junior swimmers (16 to 18 years old) will be measured and compared. We compare short and middle distance swimmers against long distance swimmers. Methods: The research of this pilot study was carried out under the supervision of the supervisor and with the help of special devices lent by the Department of Physical Education. Summary tables and graphs were used for clear interpretation and comparison of results. Results: The measurement results show that endurance swimmers have an average of 2-3 % more body fat than sprinters. Swimmers focusing on short and medium distances, on the other hand, have an average of less than 1 % higher water-free ATH. This result was demonstrated in both girls and boys. The results of the spirometry measurements showed that the sprinters achieved a higher maximum expiratory velocity compared to the endurance runners. Vital lung capacity did not confirm any regularity of results. In this case, the boys were the better sprinters, while the girls, on the contrary, were the endurance athletes. The results were compared...

Forensic engineering methods might be applied in detection and identification characterisation of events according to complexity of their appearance in real environment as it covers different aspects (data, materials, chemistry, monitoring systems, technology) needed to find out the cause and predict effects. The long-distance air pollutant transport represents one challenging event for the analysis over years; specific phenomena are Saharan air masses that can transport high amounts of mineral dust particles and biological material. The dynamism of the systems in real environment, inevitably, includes time frame and spatial referencing, on location of event. However, this is directly related to providing findings and opinions when appealing to a forensic examination of an event. An example of long-distance transport of air pollutants with references to related processes in the atmosphere including time frame and spatial references is presented in the paper with discussion that is aligned with the goals of forensic engineering.

Aiming to survey scenarios of offshore projects with difficult horizontal elevation transmission and long-distance, all-weather elevation monitoring operations, a long-distance, total station, trigonometric leveling based on dynamic compensation is proposed. The feasibility of this method was verified by an outdoor survey experiment, and the range of transverse coverage and accuracy reached by this method was quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that this method shows a good correction effect on the survey results of test points under different environmental conditions, which proves that this method is feasible. The correction effect of this method is affected by the distance between the test point and the datum point; within the range of 60 m horizontally from the datum point, an assurance rate of about 90% can be achieved for the error range of 20 mm. Combining with the built-in ATR (Automatic Target Recognition) technology of the total station, this method can make the elevation survey result reach the accuracy of millimeter level under the range of about 1000 m, by obtaining multiple groups of data and then calculating the mean value. This paper provides a new method for the elevation transfer of sea-crossing bridges under long-distance conditions and harsh environmental conditions.

Aiming at the problem of target track offset that easily occurs in multi-radar multi-target detection and tracking when the target distance is close, this paper proposes a new type of multi-radar multi-target particle filter tracking before detection algorithm(NM-PF-TBD). The algorithm uses a two-layer particle filter structure. When tracking a target in the target tracking layer, the sensor detection information is recalculated based on other target points in the previous cycle. Secondly, the particle weight is calculated based on the corrected sensor detection information, and then. Based on the distribution of particles with different weights in the particle swarm, it deletes harmful particles, supplements beneficial particles, and avoids the shift of the center of the tracking particle swarm after re-sampling, so as to ensure that the target point trace does not shift. Simulation results show that, compared with other algorithms, the algorithm proposed in this paper can accurately correlate target traces and improve target accuracy when observing multiple closer targets at a long distance.

This paper proposes a new form of passive UHF RFID system which has high tag detection accuracy but lower costs than existing systems for wide-range RFID scenarios requiring greater flexibility. This new system concept consists of a central baseband controller and a remote antenna subsystem, connected using a twisted-pair cable. Baseband signals are transmitted over the twisted-pair cable during the inventory session, and the transmitted radio frequency (RF) signals are up and down converted in the antenna subsystem. – 88 dBm reader sensitivity is achieved with an active leakage cancellation block, showing little degradation in tag detection performance over a 300m of Cat5e cable between the controller and the antenna. An average leakage suppression of 36.9 dB can be achieved with a fixed transmission power of 26.5 dBm. Compared with conventional RFID systems using coaxial cables between the reader and antenna, the presented system is superior in terms of link distance, link cost, and installation flexibility.

Objective To assess the visual acuity of commercial long-distance drivers in Benin City, Nigeria. Patients and methods A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, and data were collected for 315 commercial long-distance drivers and their vehicles from January to October, 2013. Respondents were recruited using systematic random sampling technique. The study instruments included structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20. Results The results showed that 114 (36.2%) drivers were within the age group of 31–40 years. Most of the respondents [272 (86.3%)] were married; almost all the respondents [311 (98.7%)] were males, whereas four (1.3%) were surprisingly females. More than half of the respondents [172 (54.6%)] had a secondary level of education, whereas 12 (3.8%) had no formal education. Less than a tenth [30 (9.5%)] were visually impaired, with two (0.6%) having severe visual impairment, whereas majority of respondents had normal visual acuity [285 (90.5%)]. There were statistically significant associations between the respondents’ level of education (P

Nowadays, high-speed railway (HSR) has become one of the main choices for passengers. As the number of passengers increases, their travel demands become diverse and the fluctuation range of passenger travel demands will also increase. In order to adapt to the change of passenger travel demands, the switching frequency of timetables needs to be increased. When switching the timetable, the train-set circulation plan also needs to be considered. In this paper, a scheduling approach for quickly solving the timetable and the train-set circulation plan in the transition time is proposed. A section sequence is constructed in the integer programming model, and the primary train-set circulation plan is obtained. Then a stop plan is obtained on the basis of passenger travel demands. To obtain the final train-set circulation plan and the timetable, a genetic algorithm (GA) is designed, and a method that can ensure that the timetable meets the safety operation requirements is proposed. The scheduling approach is tested on the Beijing-Shanghai HSR. The results show that by extending the transition time, the scheduling approach can switch the train-set position from the old state to new state, without additional consumption of resources, on the premise of meeting the travel demands of passengers.

RESUMEN: En la inmensa cantidad de rutas de transporte de mercancías a larga distancia es sorprendentemente común que, tras realizar la descarga de la mercancía, se realice un retorno en vacío (sin transportar mercancía alguna) hacia el punto de origen de la ruta, que es, generalmente, la base de operaciones de la empresa de transporte. Esos viajes suponen un coste que no genera ningún beneficio. En la actualidad para resolver este problema existe la posición del operador de tráfico, el cual trata de planificar la ruta de vuelta de forma manual, buscando múltiples pedidos que pueda realizar el transportista a la vez que se asegura su retorno a casa, logrando así un beneficio en un tramo donde generalmente se generan pérdidas. Obviamente estas rutas de vuelta deben satisfacer diferentes requisitos legales y respetar las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores. Para facilitar la labor de dichos operadores se ha desarrollado un módulo web para la herramienta Track&Trace de la empresa FIELDEAS S.L.U. Mediante este módulo el usuario seleccionará una ruta en proceso sin retorno e introducirá una serie de criterios que indiquen lo que este valora más de una ruta de transporte (beneficio, duración del recorrido, tipo de mercancía, etc.) y, usando esos criterios, se ordenará el listado de posibles rutas que se puedan realizar en el retorno del transporte, de manera que el operador pueda seleccionar la que considere más oportuna. Es importante notar que la última decisión se le da al operador y no la realiza el sistema. La aplicación se ha desarrollado usando un modelo de tres capas, haciendo uso del framework ASP NET para el back-end y VueJS para el front-end, así como MySQL para alojar la base de datos a la que se accederá en el back-end mediante la librería propia de .NET EntityFramework. ABSTRACT:In the immense amount of long-distance transport routes done each day it is surprisingly common to find that, after unloading the corresponding goods, the return to the origin point, which usually is the transport company’s base of operations. Is generally done as an empty return – i.e., the return of the transport route is done without transporting any kind of goods and, so, done with a negative profit. Nowadays, the position of the traffic operator has the responsibility to solve and/or palliate this issue by planning the return route manually, looking for various orders that the corresponding driver can carry out, earning a profit with it (and assuring they return home) in a section where losses are very normal. Of course, these return routes must satisfy various legal and labor criteria. To ease the work of those operators, a module for the FIELDEAS S.L.U. Track&Trace tool has been developed. Using this module, the user will select one of the routes that has an empty return and then, will introduce a series of criteria that specifies what the user values in a transport route such as profit, estimated time of arrival, what kind of type the goods are, and so on. Using these criteria, every route possible is ordered and, from the result, so the operator can evaluate which one they deem best. It is important to note that the operator takes the last decision and not the system. The application has been developed using a three-cape MVP model, using the ASP NET framework for back-end and VueJS for front-end, as well as MySQL to host the database, accessed by the back-end using EntityFramework, a library developed for .NET. Ingeniería en Informática

To overcome the limitation of poor processing times for long-distance off-road path planning, an improved A-Star algorithm based on terrain data is proposed in this study. The improved A-Star algorithm for long-distance off-road path planning tasks was developed to identify a feasible path between the start and destination based on a terrain data map generated using a digital elevation model. This study optimised the algorithm in two aspects: data structure, retrieval strategy. First, a hybrid data structure of the minimum heap and 2D array greatly reduces the time complexity of the algorithm. Second, an optimised search strategy was designed that does not check whether the destination is reached in the initial stage of searching for the global optimal path, thus improving execution efficiency. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, three different off-road path planning tasks were examined for short-, medium-, and long-distance path planning tasks. Each group of tasks corresponded to three different off-road vehicles, and nine groups of experiments were conducted. The experimental results show that the processing efficiency of the proposed algorithm is significantly better than that of the conventional A-Star algorithm. Compared with the conventional A-Star algorithm, the path planning efficiency of the improved A-Star algorithm was accelerated by at least 4.6 times, and the maximum acceleration reached was 550 times for long-distance off-road path planning. The simulation results show that the efficiency of long-distance off-road path planning was greatly improved by using the improved algorithm.

Monitoring the training of amateur long-distance cross-country skiers (XCS) can help athletes’ achieve a higher exercise capacity and protect their health. The aim of this study was to assess body composition changes and lipid profiles in middle-aged amateur long-distance XCS after four months of training, including specialized roller ski training. The results of the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test and blood tests and changes in body composition were analyzed with basic descriptive statistics: the paired Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results (initial and final). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the influence of various variables on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). The findings show that training of amateur long-distance XCS improved maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.008) and had a positive effect on fat reduction, measured in percentages (p = 0.038) and in kilograms (p = 0.023), but did not change blood lipids or other parameters. Further research could focus on other aspects of the annual training cycle: the competition period, and women in a larger group of athletes. Training with roller skis and a cross-country skiing training machine (a specialized machine for strengthening the arms and upper body) can support health and prevent obesity, overweight, and cardiovascular disease.

In ultrasonic measuring distance technology, traditional signal processing algorithms are difficult to analyze signals with long distances and weak echoes, and it is also impossible to measure the distance of multiple obstacles at the same time. In order to solve this problem, an ultrasonic measurement distance method based on random forest is proposed in this paper. Firstly the time domain characteristics of the signal—the relative peak amplitude and frequency domain characteristics—the relative area of the spectrum are extracted to judge the number of obstacles in the detection area by random forest method, and then calculates distance of obstacles. After the experiment, the algorithm can effectively measure the distance of multiple obstacles within 10 meters, and the measurement error is within 3 cm, which satisfies the practical application and has high practical value and theoretical reference significance.

Hikers performing long distances (1000–5500 kms a year) were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate their mental well-being and to find their motivation as well as to analyze the excessive physical activity. 112 hikers completed a questionnaire (M(age) = 40.28, SD = 8.77, 57.1% male) and 25 individuals were interviewed. Distance had association only with perceived health status. There were no differences between males and females, as well as between age groups and educational attainments regarding distance. 33.3% of hikers indicated symptoms of loneliness and 4.5% were involved excessively in hiking that was significantly regressed by distress. Hikers had mainly intrinsic motivations to complete long distances including overcoming new challenges, finding the physical boundaries, experiencing a state outside the comfort zone, belonging to a special group with similar interest and attracted by the beauty of nature. Overcoming all these embodied in a flow experience that took them further to perform the new long-distance trails., Excessive physical activity, Flow experience, Hikers, Long distance, Loneliness, Mental well-being

The primary nutritional challenge facing endurance runners is meeting the nutrient requirements necessary to optimize the performance and recovery of prolonged training sessions. Supplement intake is a commonly used strategy by elite and recreational distance runners to meet nutritional recommendations. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among different groups of distance runners and the potential association between supplement intake and sex, age, running and racing experiences. In a cross-sectional design, from a total of 317 runners participating in this survey, 119 distance runners were involved in the final sample after data clearance, assigned into three groups of 10-km runners (n = 24), half-marathoners (n = 44), and (ultra-)marathoners (n = 51). Personal characteristics, training and racing experiences, as well as patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, and dosage, were evaluated by questionnaire. Food Frequency Questionnaire was implemented to assess macronutrient intake. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. While 50 % of total distance runners reported consuming supplements regularly, no differences between distance groups in consumption of carbohydrate/protein, mineral, or vitamin supplements were observed (p > 0.05). In addition, age, sex, running and racing experience showed no significant association with supplement intake (p > 0.05). Vitamin supplements had the highest intake rate in runners by 43 % compared to minerals (34 %) and carbohydrate/protein supplements (19 %). The present findings provide a window into the targeted approaches of long-distance runners as well as their coaches and sport nutrition specialists when applying and suggesting sustainable nutritional strategies for training and competition. Trial registration: ISRCTN73074080. Retrospectively registered 12th June 2015.

Strategic efforts from state tourism offices and local governments amplify the economic benefits of bicycle tourism and help to define the character and identity of rural communities. We synthesize research on this topic as a guide to the economic benefits that come from bicycle tourism, and offer best practices for developing long distance cycling routes that support bicycle tourism.

Long-distance transport of information molecules in the vascular tissues could play an important role in regulating plant growth and enabling plants to cope with adverse environments. Various molecules, including hormones, proteins, small peptides and small RNAs have been detected in the vascular system and proved to have systemic signaling functions. Sporadic studies have shown that a number of mRNAs produced in the mature leaves leave their origin cells and move to distal tissues to exert important physiological functions. In the last 3–5 years, multiple heterograft systems have been developed to demonstrate that a large quantity of mRNAs are mobile in plants. Further comparison of the mobile mRNAs identified from these systems showed that the identities of these mRNAs are very diverse. Although species-specific mRNAs may regulate the unique physiological characteristic of the plant, mRNAs with conserved functions across multiple species are worth more effort in identifying universal physiological mechanisms existing in the plant kingdom.

The relationship of body fat (BF) percentage with performance of elite marathon runners has been well studied, however, less information is available about the variation of skinfold thickness by sex and performance in non-elite marathon runners. The aim of the present study was to examine the variation of skinfold thickness by sex and performance in recreational marathon runners. Participants included 32 female (age 40.1 &plusmn, 9.0 years, BF 19.6 &plusmn, 4.7%, and training volume 47.7 &plusmn, 22.6 km) and 134 male marathon runners (44.3 &plusmn, 8.8 years, 17.6 &plusmn, 4.0%, and 53.0 &plusmn, 21.2 km, respectively). The largest skinfold thickness was the abdomen in both sexes, whereas the smallest was biceps in men, and chins in women (p &lt, 0.001). The largest sex difference in skinfold thickness was observed in triceps being the fattest in women (p &lt, 0.001). The largest difference in skinfold thickness among men&rsquo, s performance groups was observed in the iliac crest, and the smallest in the patella and proximal calf (p &lt, 0.001). In summary, skinfold measurements indicated that women had more fat in both their upper and lower limbs, while men had more fat in their trunk. With regards to the role of performance level, the slowest runners presented relatively more fat in the upper limbs and trunk anatomical sites, i.e., away from the active muscles of legs.

A realização desta dissertação teve como objetivo central comparar os fatores de risco de lesões e doenças em triatletas de longa distância e estudar a influência da resistência nos exercícios de natação, ciclismo e corrida sobre risco de doenças e lesões em toda e/ou em vários estágios da vida útil. Embora a variedade de distâncias envolvidas no triatlo o tenham tornado num modelo útil para estudar os efeitos do treino de resistência, multidisciplinariedade e competição sobre o risco de lesão, essa oportunidade não tem sido aproveitada. A maioria dos estudos são limitados, apresentando falta de consistência e sem atenção às faixas etárias, género ou nível de recursos especiais, como a ocorrência de lesões, a sua distribuição, o seu curso e os seus potenciais riscos. Através dos dados de um inquérito retrospetivo epidemiológico (Hoeden, 2017) com uma amostra de 959 triatletas do sexo masculino, divididos por faixas etárias dos 20-64 anos, este estudo pretende analisar a evolução das mais comuns e frequentes lesões, doenças e fatores de risco no triatlo de longa distância. Esta dissertação poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento e melhoramento da literatura no campo de doenças, treino, lesões e fatores de risco em triatletas de longa distância. The main objective of this dissertation was to compare the risk factors for injuries and illnesses in long distance triathletes and to study the influence of resistance in swimming, cycling and running exercises on the risk of illnesses and injuries throughout and/or in various stages. useful life. Although the variety of distances involved in the triathlon has made it a useful model for studying the effects of resistance training, multidisciplinary and competition on the risk of injury, this opportunity has not been taken advantage of. Most studies are limited, with a lack of consistency and without attention to the age groups, gender or level of special resources, such as the occurrence of injuries, their distribution, their course and their potential risks. Using data from a retrospective epidemiological survey (Hoeden, 2017) with a sample of 959 male triathletes, divided into the 20-64 age groups, this study aims to analyse the evolution of the most common and frequent injuries, diseases and long-distance triathlon. This dissertation may contribute to the development and improvement of the literature in the field of diseases, training, injuries and risk factors in long distance triathletes

This paper discusses wireless transfer of physical quantities using the LoRaWAN network. Specifically, it acquaints readers with the problematics of long-distance carbon dioxide measurement and data transfer through the LoRaWAN network. The main goal is to describe particular components of a LoRa system that provides such transmission. This system is comprised of a carbon dioxide sensor attached to a LoRa module which sends its data to a LoRa gateway every two minutes. The gateway then resends the gathered information to a LoRa server where it is converted into a JSON format and sent to an API client. Afterwards, the data is uploaded into a database and it is put into context with preceding measurements utilising a graph. The system then compares the latest measurement with the set carbon dioxide concentration limit and displays the result using an array of red/green LED diodes, depending on whether the limit was exceeded or not.

This paper proposes a new antenna remoting system for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID). The system consists of a central baseband controller and a remote antenna subsystem, which are connected using twisted-pair cable. During the inventory session, only baseband signals are transmitted over the twisted-pair cable, whilst the transmitted radio frequency (RF) signals are up and down converted in the antenna subsystem. This new RFID system provides −94.5 dBm of reader sensitivity, and can fulfill long-distance detection tasks with very low performance degradation over up to 150 m of Cat5et cable. Compared with conventional RFID systems using coaxial cables between reader and antenna, the presented RFID system is more flexible and cost-efficient due to its low deployment cost and ease of cable routing.

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Computer-Based Information Systems at Strathmore University Making a booking for a journey has been one of the challenges affecting passengers who travel for long distances. Public transport is one field that is facing extreme pressures with customers demanding higher service levels at an affordable prices. Over years, public transport is supposed to facilitate movement of people from one location to next conveniently and in a cheaper way but this is not the case in Kenya where there are a lot of inconveniences affecting passengers using public service vehicles. To ensure a passenger makes a booking in advance, they are required to visit the booking office prior to their travel date and pay for the journey in form of cash causing inconvenience and thus making the passenger to incur an extra cost in order to make a booking in advance. Thus, this study aims at developing a mobile application that would assist passengers in making a booking at their own convenience by indicating their pick-up location so that they do not have to visit the booking office thus saving them time and travelling cost and reduced queues in booking offices and the number of staff employed leading to increased revenues. In addition, the passenger would be in a position to make payment via M-PESA or Credit Card. A simple web page is provided to add some booking details to the database to be used by the mobile application and at the same time to make a booking for few passengers who would visit the office to make a booking and for viewing reports. Data collection was achieved through questionnaires and review of existing data sources. The study was carried out in line with the ethical practices as specified by the University’s rules and regulations.

The Yangtze River Crossing Project, which is part of the Chinese gas pipeline trunk network and aims to transmit the natural gas to the Yangtze River Delta area, sets up a record for the length of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) in the world. The term of pipeline installed is 3300m, and the diameter is 40in. Many technical difficulties have been inevitably encountered in a large diameter hole reaming in fine sand, the calculation of section scour depth which determines the minimum buried depth of the pipe, protection of outside coating and the method of long distance pilot hole drilling, such other challenges. In view of this, it was recommended that two pipelines of 711mm should be installed to replace the existing one of 1016mm in diameter and 1% flooding scour depth obtained by reliable statistical analysis. In period of installation, application glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin as a protective coating, executing the pilot hole by Intersect Method. As a result, this super project is finished successfully on May 21.2013. The experience can be applied to any pipeline engineering the installed by horizontal directional drilling or similar works.

Tomato apex necrosis virus (ToANV, species Tomato marchitez virus, genus Torradovirus, family Secoviridae) causes a severe tomato disease in Mexico. One distinctive feature of torradoviruses compared with other members of the family Secoviridae is the presence of an additional open reading frame (ORF) in genomic RNA2 (denominated RNA2-ORF1), located upstream of ORF2. RNA2-ORF2 encodes a polyprotein that is processed into a putative movement protein and three capsid proteins (CPs). The RNA2-ORF1 protein has homologues only amongst other torradoviruses and, so far, no function has been associated with it. We used recombinant and mutant ToANV clones to investigate the role of the RNA2-ORF1 protein in various aspects of the virus infection cycle. The lack of a functional RNA2-ORF1 resulted in an inability to systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants, but both positive- and negative-strand RNA1 and RNA2 accumulated locally in agroinfiltrated areas in N.benthamiana plants, indicating that the RNA2-ORF1 mutants were replication competent. Furthermore, a mutant with a deletion in RNA2-ORF1 was competent for virion formation and cell-to-cell movement in the cells immediately surrounding the initial infection site. However, immunological detection of the ToANV CPs in the agroinfiltrated areas showed that this mutant was not detected in the sieve elements even if the surrounding parenchymatic cells were ToANV positive, suggesting a role for the RNA2-ORF1 protein in processes occurring prior to phloem uploading, including efficient spread in inoculated leaves.

This master thesis aimed to develop a prototype of a hardware platform which allowed digital communication as well as DC power to be transmitted over one pair of wires. The prototype was used as a pre-study for Axis Communications AB that wanted a bit rate high enough to transmit digital audio, as well as enough power to supply a set of speakers. The prototype included one circuit to send power and data (master), as well as two receivers (slaves). With this configuration data rates of up to 17 Mbps were achieved as well as an output power of 90 W from master. The data was transmitted on a RS-485 bus type, which was AC coupled to a 48 V DC bias. Because of the AC coupling, the bit stream needed to alternate, therefore Manchester encoded data, or similar, was recommended. The receiver cards included a buck converter to supply the circuits with a stable 5 V DC. The converters needed at least 10 V supply voltage to function, which gave a theoretical max range in cabling when accounting for voltage drop in the cables. For a 0.75 mm² power cord at max allowed current, this range was 500 metres per wire.

This thesis presents solutions to the challenges of developing quantum communication networks. Two powerful experimental devices have been set up relying only on standard telecom and integrated optical components. The first device corresponds to an all-optical synchronization scheme allowing, with an unprecedented accuracy, quantum key distribution at a high rate over long distances. The experimental scheme relies on two independent entangled photon pair sources that have to be synchronized in their emission time. Our approach is based on using a 2.5 GHz picosecond telecom laser as a master clock to efficiently synchronize the different sources. We demonstrate the synchronization for an effective distance of 100 km between sources. With our second device, we perform a squeezing experiment at telecom wavelengths and this for the first time in a fully guided-wave approach. Squeezed light being a fundamental resource for several quantum information protocols, developing plug-and-play experimental devices that are compatible with already existing telecom fiber networks is of first interest in the perspective of future quantum networks. Finally, we propose a quantum description of timing jitter effects in 0N/0FF detectors. Despite the importance of detection systems in emerging photonic quantum technologies, no quantum description of their timing jitter effects has been proposed so far.; Le déploiement de réseaux de communication quantique représente un défi auquel cette thèse apporte des solutions originales. Deux dispositifs très performants sont construits uniquement autour de composants standards de l'optique intégrée et des télécommunications optiques. Le premier correspond à un schéma de synchronisation tout optique sur longue distance à très haute cadence et de précision inégalée pour la communication sécurisée par cryptographie quantique. Le montage expérimental repose sur une configuration de relais quantique mettant en œuvre deux sources indépendantes de paires de photons intriqués dont il faut synchroniser les temps d'émissions. L’idée principale s’appuie sur l’utilisation d’un unique laser télécom picoseconde cadencé à 2.5 GHz afin de générer l’horloge et de pouvoir la distribuer efficacement aux deux sources. Nous démontrons la synchronisation de notre lien relais pour une distance effective séparant les sources de plus de 100 km. Le second dispositif correspond quant à lui à la réalisation d'une expérience de compression à une longueur d'onde des télécommunications réalisée, pour la première fois, de manière entièrement guidée. La lumière comprimée étant une ressource fondamentale dans bon nombre de protocoles d'information quantique, la réalisation de systèmes expérimentaux facilement reconfigurables et compatibles avec les réseaux télécoms fibrés existants représente une étape cruciale en vue du déploiement de dispositifs de communication quantique en régime de variables continues. Enfin, un traitement quantique des effets de gigue temporelle dans les détecteurs de photons 0N/0FF est proposé. Malgré l'importance des systèmes de détection dans les technologies quantiques photoniques émergentes, aucune modélisation quantique de leurs effets de gigue temporelle n'avait été, à notre connaissance, développé jusqu'à présent.

Beat Knechtle,1,2 Thomas Rosemann,1 Matthias A Zingg,1 Michael Stiefel,1 Christoph A Rüst11Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, 2Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, SwitzerlandAbstract: Pacing strategy has been investigated in elite 100 km and elite 161 km (100 mile) ultra-marathoners, but not in age group ultra-marathoners. This study investigated changes in running speed over segments in male elite and age group 100 km ultra-marathoners with the assumption that running speed would decrease over segments with increasing age of the athlete. Running speed during segments in male elite and age group finishers for 5-year age groups (ie, 18–24 to 65–69 years) in the 100 km Lauf Biel in Switzerland was investigated during the 2000–2009 period. Average running speed over segment time station (TS) TS1–TS2 (56.1 km) was compared with running speed Start–TS1 (38 km) and Start–TS3 (76.7 km) and running speed TS2–TS3 was compared with running speed Start–Finish. For the top ten athletes in each edition, running speed decreased from 2000 to 2009 for TS1–TS2 and TS2–TS3 (P0.05). During TS1–TS2, athletes were running at 98.0%±2.1% of the running speed of Start–TS1. In TS2–TS3, they were running at 94.6%±3.4% of the running speed of TS1–TS2. In TS3–Finish, they were running at 95.5%±3.8% of running speed in TS2–TS3. For age group athletes, running speed decreased in TS1–TS2 and TS2–TS3. In TS3–Finish, running speed remained unchanged with the exception of the age group 40–44 years for which running speed increased. Running speed showed the largest decrease in the age group 18–24 years. To summarize, the top ten athletes in each edition maintained their running speed in the last segment (TS3–Finish) although running speed decreased over the first two segments (TS1–TS2 and TS2–TS3). The best pacers were athletes in the age group 40–44 years, who were able to achieve negative pacing in the last segment (TS3–Finish) of the race. The negative pacing in the last segment (TS3–Finish) was likely due to environmental conditions, such as early dawn and the flat circuit in segment TS3–Finish of the race.Keywords: running, men, long distance, master athlete

International audience; Accurate absolute distance measurements over several kilometres are of great interest for several applications such as the surveying of geological faults or of large sites: dams, colliders, tunnels, etc… In this framework, we have developed a new telemeter: Arpent.

Accurate estimates of gamete and offspring dispersal range are required for the understanding and prediction of spatial population dynamics and species persistence. Little is known about gamete dispersal in fungi, especially in lichen-forming ascomycetes. Here, we estimate the dispersal functions of clonal propagules, gametes and ascospores of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. We use hierarchical Bayesian parentage analysis, which integrates genetic and ecological information from multiannual colonization and dispersal source data collected in a large, oldgrowth forest landscape. The effective dispersal range of gametes is several hundred metres to kilometres from potential paternal individuals. By contrast, clonal propagules disperse only tens of metres, and ascospores disperse over several thousand metres. Our study reveals the dispersal distances of individual reproductive units; clonal propagules, gametes and ascospores, which is of great importance for a thorough understanding of the spatial dynamics of ascomycetes. Sexual reproduction occurs between distant individuals. However, whereas gametes and ascospores disperse over long distances, the overall rate of colonization of trees is low. Hence, establishment is the limiting factor for the colonization of new host trees by the lichen in old- growth landscapes.

Summary Accurate estimates of gamete and offspring dispersal range are required for the understanding and prediction of spatial population dynamics and species persistence. Little is known about gamete dispersal in fungi, especially in lichen‐forming ascomycetes. Here, we estimate the dispersal functions of clonal propagules, gametes and ascospores of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria.We use hierarchical Bayesian parentage analysis, which integrates genetic and ecological information from multiannual colonization and dispersal source data collected in a large, old‐growth forest landscape.The effective dispersal range of gametes is several hundred metres to kilometres from potential paternal individuals. By contrast, clonal propagules disperse only tens of metres, and ascospores disperse over several thousand metres.Our study reveals the dispersal distances of individual reproductive units; clonal propagules, gametes and ascospores, which is of great importance for a thorough understanding of the spatial dynamics of ascomycetes. Sexual reproduction occurs between distant individuals. However, whereas gametes and ascospores disperse over long distances, the overall rate of colonization of trees is low. Hence, establishment is the limiting factor for the colonization of new host trees by the lichen in old‐growth landscapes.

BACKGROUND It is widely accepted in the literature that athletes of West African origins achieve the best sprint performances, while athletes originating from East Africa are the most efficient at long distances. So far, no study has measured the evolution of these groups' contribution from 100 m to the marathon. METHODS Speed, morphology and geographic origin of the top 100 male and female athletes (from 100 m to the marathon) were collected and analyzed over the 1996-2012 period. RESULTS The amount of male sprinters (100, 200 and 400 m) originating from West Africa increased from 57.7% in 1996 to 72.3% in 2012, while female sprinters from West Africa increased from 55% to 65% over the same period. This contribution gradually increases from 400 m to 100 m for both sexes. For long-distance runs (3000 m, 10,000 m and marathon), male athletes from East Africa represented 32% in 1996 ; this proportion increased to 65.7% in 2012. It also increased over the same period from 9% to 39% for women. In addition, male and female sprinters originating from West Africa have a significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI, P

RESUMEN: Las redes de sensores a larga distancia han ido tomando fuerza en el campo de la Fotónica para la monitorización de parámetros físicos en lugares ubicados a cientos de kilómetros de distancia. Esta medición automática e instantánea de diversos datos puede generar acciones rápidas a posibles desastres donde las comunicaciones son lo primero en desaparecer. Este interés viene dado por necesidad de utilizar sistemas en los que la falta de electricidad en el punto de sensado es el principal problema. En este trabajo se busca obtener una red de sensores con las características anteriores, fijándose como principal objetivo la obtención de la mayor distancia posible. Para ello se diseñarán distintos sistemas para su posterior implementación basándose en diversas tecnologías ópticas, siendo la amplificación Raman y los láseres de fibra Raman las más utilizadas. Para la obtención de la señal del sensor se hará uso de redes de difracción Bragg, dispositivos que por naturaleza son sensibles a diversos parámetros por lo que se utilizarán como los propios sensores, pero de forma activa en las redes consiguiendo generar láseres a partir de ellos, como ya se ha demostrado en múltiples estudios con anterioridad. ABSTRACT: Long distance sensor systems has been taken force in photonics area for the physical parameters monitoring in places which the distance between the sensing point and the measurement point are separated hundreds of kilometres. This automatic and instantaneous measurement of different data provides the opportunity of quick reactions on possible disasters, where communications are the first thing that disappears. This interest comes from the fault electricity problem in the sensing point. This project tries to get a sensing network with the characteristics we mention before, setting as the principal objective getting the longest possible distance. To do this, it has been designed and developed different systems based on various optics technologies, where Raman amplification and Raman fiber laser are the most used. To obtain sensor signal, it has been used Fiber Bragg Grating, sensitive devices to divers parameters so that it use as a sensor, but in a different way, it has been working as active part of the system, therefore these can provide lasers, as it has been demonstrated in multiple studies before. Grado en Ingeniería de Tecnologías de Telecomunicación

Management of urban solid waste implies the collection, transfer, treatment recycle, reuse and disposal of such waste. Collection of urban household solid waste traditionally rests with government agencies designated with such responsibility. Solid waste collection begins from storage at the household level to the final treatment or disposal point and represents the most important aspect of urban solid waste management. Little has however been written on urban household solid waste collection in Nigeria. Using empirical data from three urban areas of Anambra State, Nigeria, the paper examines the place of informal private solid waste collectors in household solid waste collection. The ANOVA technique is used to test the null hypothesis that the sample means of the distance to designated community/street solid waste collection containers in the residential neighbourhoods of the three towns are equal. We conclude on household patronage of informal private solid waste collectors as against government provided community/street collection containers in the areas studied.

The Jiangyin Yangtze River Crossing Project sets up a record with the length of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) of 3300 m in the world. Inevitably, many technical difficulties might exist in pilot hole docking, reaming torque, property requirement and recovery of drilling fluids, and pullback resistance. Accordingly, some innovative measures were taken in each stage. At the pilot hole drilling stage, a reasonable drill tool assembly was chosen, namely, a new type of O 193.7 mm (S-135) drill pipe with high-strength was applied along with the fully guided cable and rotating magnate docking technologies. At the reaming stage, an innovative O 168.3 mm (V-150) drill pipe was adopted along with the optimized reamers and the improved hydraulic parameters to successfully reduce the reaming torque and significantly improve the reaming efficiency. At the pullback stage, a specific ground anchor was designed for large-tonnage pullback resistance, and drift pipe, super lubricants and novel glass fiber reinforced plastics were combined for protecting the pipeline coating. Finally, the drilling fluid formula was optimally selected to ensure the hole stability and flowback of drilling cuttings, and a centrifugal was used to recycle the drilling mud to ensure its necessary performance. All these measures not only ensured the success of this HDD project, but also broke many records in this respect.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of reasons for elimination in international endurance competitions (IEC) of 80-90, 120 and 160 km in Chile in the period of 2007-2014. Records were obtained from the International Equestrian Federation database. Registered data included the distance and number of participating horses as well as those that successfully completed the race and those eliminated. In the latter case, data considered those that were retired, disqualified and failed to qualify. Also, average speed of winners for each distance was obtained. Ninety nine races were evaluated (42 in the range of 80-90 km, 41 in 120 km, and 16 in 160 km), with 919 participating horses, from whom 564 (61.4%) completed the competition. There were 3.2% disqualified horses 4.1% retired and 31.3% failed to qualify. Within the later, 25.4% failed to qualify due to lameness, 4% for metabolic reasons and 2% for other reasons. Association was found between race distance and percentage of failed to qualify for lameness (p

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de los motivos de eliminación en competencias de enduro internacional (CEI) de 80-90, 120 y 160 km, categoría adulto, realizadas en Chile en el periodo 2007-2014. La información fue tomada de la base de datos de la Federación Ecuestre Internacional, registrándose la distancia y número de equinos participantes, así como aquellos que finalizaron y aquellos que fueron eliminados de la carrera. En estos últimos se consideró los caballos retirados, descalificados y los que fallaron en calificar. Además, se registró la velocidad promedio de los ganadores para cada distancia. Se analizaron 99 carreras (42 de 80-90 km, 41 de 120 km y 16 de 160 km), en las que participaron 919 caballos, donde 564 (61.4%) finalizaron con éxito las carreras. El 3.2% de los caballos fue descalificado, 4.1% retirado y 31.3% falló en calificar. De estos últimos, 25.4% fue eliminado por claudicación, 4% por razones metabólicas y 2% por otras razones. Se encontró asociación entre la distancia y el porcentaje de caballos que fallaron en calificar por claudicación (p, The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of reasons for elimination in international endurance competitions (IEC) of 80-90, 120 and 160 km in Chile in the period of 2007-2014. Records were obtained from the International Equestrian Federation database. Registered data included the distance and number of participating horses as well as those that successfully completed the race and those eliminated. In the latter case, data considered those that were retired, disqualified and failed to qualify. Also, average speed of winners for each distance was obtained. Ninety nine races were evaluated (42 in the range of 80-90 km, 41 in 120 km, and 16 in 160 km), with 919 participating horses, from whom 564 (61.4%) completed the competition. There were 3.2% disqualified horses 4.1% retired and 31.3% failed to qualify. Within the later, 25.4% failed to qualify due to lameness, 4% for metabolic reasons and 2% for other reasons. Association was found between race distance and percentage of failed to qualify for lameness (p

This paper reviews current drivers of long-distance passenger transport demand in Europe, and elaborates about their environmental impacts and the suitability of current EU policies to address them. The paper focuses on car and air travel, as they concentrate the bulk of environmental impacts, at least in terms of GHG emissions. Furthermore, car travel keeps the highest share of total travel, and air travel is the fastest growing mode in Europe, justifying a closer look to both modes. The prospects of a peaking or "plateau" value for long-distance car travel are discussed, concluding that there is robust evidence of peaking in many European countries, although at unacceptable high levels from a sustainability perspective. In the case of air travel, the main sustainability challenge is the sustained growth in demand, spurred by the strategy of many airports and airlines to induce further demand with low fares. Both trends would need action from governments. The need for action is further justified by two socioeconomic trends: population, with growth concentrated precisely in those countries with higher long-distance mobility patterns, and disposable income, with median values stagnated for many years. The former would suggest a need for demand management action focusing on those countries with higher demand; the latter would challenge the traditional understanding, which associates long-distance transport demand to increasing income and to economic prosperity.

Background: Long Distance Truck Drivers (LDTDs) and their sexual health risk behaviors have been associated with greater prevalence of sexually transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV and hepatitis virus transmission. However, there is no information about Iranian LDTDs' high-risk behaviors. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the prevalence of high-risk behaviors in Iranian LDTDs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jun 2014 with LDTDs from Tehran Province of Iran. LDTDs were recruited via convenience sampling and given a 43-item reliable and valid questionnaire to assess sexual health risk behaviors and demographic and background characteristics of study participants. Results: A total of 349 LDTDs with the mean age of 36.91 yr (range, 19–65 yr) participated in the study. The average duration of staying away from home for participants was 5 d (SD=±1). Majority of the LDTDs were married (82.2 %) and had more than 5 yr (inclusive) of formal education (95.7%). Younger LDTDs reported more condom use with their partners (r=-0.170, P≤0.001), more extramarital sexual contacts (r=-0.157, P≤0.001), more pay for sex (r=-0.110, P≤0.005) and condom use in their extramarital sex contacts (including with sex workers) (r=-0.176, P≤0.001). Conclusion: Iranian LDTDs have specific risk factors for unhealthy sexual behaviors. Prevention efforts must emphasize on specific high-risk groups.

Bakgrund: Det är långa avstånd i Västerbottens inland och 11 av 14 ambulansstationer har genomsnittliga transportsträckor som överstiger 90 km per uppdrag. De avstånd som förekommer i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd innebär långa framkörningstider till patienten och längre tid innan ankomst till närmsta vårdenhet eller sjukhus, än i tätort eller storstäder. Tidigare studier har visat att det var bättre med “ scoop and run” än “stay and play” om transporttiderna till närmsta akutsjukhus var korta. När det däremot var långa transporttider eller om det prehospitala arbetet utspelade sig i glesbygd och i tätortsnära landsbygd, fanns det behov av mer avancerad teknik i ambulansen och att de medicinska behandlingarna påbörjades. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta inom ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd. Metod: Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer, med 7 ambulanssjuksköterskor som hade erfarenhet av ambulanssjukvård i minst 2 år i Västerbotten, södra Lappland, som analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 2 huvudkategorier; Ett stort ansvar och Resurser –en tillgång. Att arbeta i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd var ett utmanande och kravfyllt arbete. Hjälp från övriga resurser som andra ambulanser och ambulanshelikopter fanns att tillgå, men många gånger var dessa resurser bristfälliga på grund av de långa avstånden och väderförhållanden. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis förefaller ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd som ett kravfyllt jobb med ett utökat ansvar. Emellanåt krävdes mycket planering kring patienten vad gällde logistik och samordning. Trots detta upplevdes arbetssituationen som tillfredställande och utvecklande. Med denna studie ses dock att det kan finnas anledning att forska vidare för att belysa eventuella skillnader att arbeta i storstad och glesbygd. En utveckling av den tekniska utrustningen vad gäller visuell teknik inom ambulanssjukvården kan också ses som behövligt. Ett förbättrat samarbete och fördjupning i ambulanssjukvård i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd, tillsammans med glesbygdsmedicinskt centrum som finns i primärvården i Västerbotten och mellan jourläkare och läkare med högre medicinsk kompetens, skulle kunna leda till ytterligare kvalificerade bedömningar och adekvata åtgärder på ett ännu tidigare stadium. Background: Västerbottens interior and 11 of the 14 ambulance stations have average distances exceeding 90 km per mission. The distance that exists in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas means long run-up times for the patients and even longer time before arrival to the nearest health care unit or hospital. There are long distances, especially in the Earlier studies has shown that it`s better with the "scoop and run" than "stay and play" when the journey time to the nearest emergency hospital was short. However, when it was long transport times or if the prehospital work took place in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas, there was a need for more advanced technology in the ambulance and that the medical treatment will be started. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe ambulance nurses experiences of working in the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas. Method: Seven registered nurses with experience of having worked in the ambulance for at least 2 years in Västerbotten in south Lapland were interviewed by qualitative research. The transcript was analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in 2 categories; A great responsibility and Resources- an asset. Working in rural and near-urban rural areas was a challenging job with a lot of solitary work. Help from other resources as other ambulances and ambulance helicopters were available, but many times were these resources inadequate because of the long distances and weather conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas was a requirement filled job with great responsibility and occasionally a lot of planning around patient, concerning the logistics and coordination. Despite this perceived was working at a satisfactory level and fulfilling. However, the result of this study shows that there might be reason to dig deeper to develop investigate further in order to highlight any differences to work in big cities and rural areas. A development of the technical equipment in terms of visual technology for the ambulance service can also may need to be procured. Improved cooperation and specialization in emergency medical services in rural and near-urban rural areas, together with the rural medical center, in the primary care, Västerbotten, and between emergency physicians and physicians with higher medical expertise, could lead to more qualified assessments and appropriate action at an even earlier stage

To remedy the deficiency of the present monitoring systems in coal mine, this paper designs the integrated mine network composed of wireless sensor networks and other technologies, and analyzes the problems of wireless sensor networks applied in long distance roadway. Different from wireless sensor networks in common wide area environment, topology of network in long roadway is zonal structure, which leads the nodes near Sink to have high energy consumption and become “bottleneck node”. To improve the bottleneck phenomenon, strategies of uneven fixed cluster and Mixed routing based on the features of long roadway are proposed. Simulation based on Matlab shows that these strategies balance the global energy consumption and have a better performance on the network lifetime and connectivity, which proves they are suitable for mine environment.

Facilities designed for intensively raised animals trained to lead are not appropriate for handling extensively raised animals unaccustomed to close contact with people. The author provides information on facility design for both intensively and extensively raised livestock. Non-slip flooring in handling facilities is essential for all livestock. Cleats must be spaced on loading ramps for trucks or ships so that the hooves of the animals fit easily between them. Cleats spaced too far apart cause slipping and falling. In developing countries, building stationary ramps for vehicles of differing heights using concrete, wood or steel is recommended. Highly mechanised systems, such as hydraulic tailgate lifts, are not recommended in developing countries due to maintenance difficulties. The holding capacity for livestock shipping and receiving terminals should be designed to hold the largest number of animals handled on the busiest days. To maintain high standards of animal welfare, it is important to train employees to handle animals using methods to reduce stress and to conduct weekly audits of handling using an objective, numerical scoring system to maintain high welfare standards.

Issues pertaining to the long distance transportation of animals are examined according to the aspirations of the world's zoo community. Guidance comes from the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), the civil society organisation that provides 'leadership and support for zoos, aquariums and partner organisations of the world in animal care and welfare, conservation of biodiversity, environmental education and global sustainability'. The authors describe why it is necessary to transport zoo animals over long distances and how animal welfare can be protected during the process. Transportation of animals among zoos is essential for the cooperative breeding programmes undertaken for the ex situ conservation of wildlife with the help of WAZA studbooks. The challenge is to satisfy the entwined ethical imperatives of safeguarding animal welfare and protecting biodiversity.

The health and welfare of animals is a major consideration throughout Australia's livestock export chain and requires the employment of skilled personnel. LiveCorp commenced in 1998 with animal welfare as part of its mission and immediately began work on delivering a training course for cattle stockmen. This work expanded to include sheep and goat stockmen and stevedores. As the Australian live export industry has grown, so too has the inherent level of risk. After incidents on two high-profile voyages, the live export industry was reviewed and the industry standards rewritten in an effort to prevent further mishaps. The new standards make reference to competent animal handlers and direct the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (AQIS) to accredit veterinarians who accompany consignments of livestock overseas. An online course for veterinarians delivered by Animal Health Australia ensued. The standards also require exporters for each voyage to the Middle East to prepare a consignment risk management plan utilising the heat stress model. Training in the use of the model and preparation of the plans was provided by LiveCorp. The stockman training courses delivered by LiveCorp have been a success and are in continued demand from both AQIS and the live export industry.

Most Australian livestock are transported at some stage in their lives and the attendant risks must be managed. Like other countries, Australia has location-specific challenges for the land transport of animals that derive from general geography and history, quality of the road and rail systems, design of vehicles and handling facilities, competency and experience of drivers and livestock handlers, and pre- and post-journey management of animals. Australia is a large and sparsely populated country and requires a risk-based approach which builds on equivalent outcomes and performance criteria to ensure good welfare for animals during long distance transport. There are shared responsibilities by owners and service providers along the transport chain. Governments work closely with livestock industries, transporters, stock agents, sale yard operators, abattoir owners, feedlot owners and animal welfare organisations to develop and then apply sustainable animal welfare standards and appropriate regulations. The Australian Animal Welfare Strategy sets out a broad and inclusive forum for this to occur in a consultative and cooperative manner and with the necessary input from science. Animal welfare is protected through a combination of codes of practice, appropriate transport standards, industry quality assurance programmes and the enforcement of laws and regulations.

A compendium of papers brings together a range of perspectives on the long distance transportation of animals. The purpose is to assist in the strengthening of global public policies for the protection of animal health and welfare. The audience targeted is the wide range of people involved in shaping sound public policy. Papers cover the history of long distance transportation of animals, the viewpoints of the foremost civil society organisations involved in the long distance transport of animals, how various governments approach public policy on the subject, the implementation of quality management for the transportation of different species of animals in different situations, future directions for quality management, design and engineering of infrastructures, transport safety and animal welfare and the education and training necessary for the successful management of animal welfare during long distance transportation. A seamless connection between animal health and animal welfare is an absolute necessity given the critical importance of animal movements in the spread of infection and the devastation to animal and human welfare produced by infectious disease. A compendium of papers brings together a range of perspectives on the long distance transportation of animals. The purpose is to assist in the strengthening of global public policies for the protection of animal health and welfare. The audience targeted is the wide range of people involved in shaping sound public policy. Papers cover the history of long distance transportation of animals, the viewpoints of the foremost civil society organisations involved in the long distance transport of animals, how various governments approach public policy on the subject, the implementation of quality management for the transportation of different species of animals in different situations, future directions for quality management, design and engineering of infrastructures, transport safety and animal welfare and the education and training necessary for the successful management of animal welfare during long distance transportation. A seamless connection between animal health and animal welfare is an absolute necessity given the critical importance of animal movements in the spread of infection and the devastation to animal and human welfare produced by infectious disease.

Vacation travel in the USA, which constitutes about 25% of all long-distance travel, has been increasing consistently over the past two decades and warrants careful attention in the context of regional and statewide transportation air quality planning and policy analysis, as well as tourism marketing and service provision strategies. This paper contributes to the vacation travel literature by examining how households decide what vacation travel activities to participate in on an annual basis, and to what extent, given the total annual vacation travel time that is available at their disposal. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive modeling exercise in the literature to undertake such a vacation travel time-use analysis to examine purpose-specific time investments. A mixed multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model structure that is consistent with the notion of “optimal arousal” in vacation type time-use decisions is used in the analysis. The data for the empirical analysis is drawn from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS). The results show that most households participate in different types of domestic vacation travel over the course of a year, and spend significantly different amounts of time on each type of vacation travel, based on household demographics, economic characteristics, and residence characteristics.

Although Humans are “born” anatomically and physiologically adapted to long distances run, they are substantially exposed to various musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Trail runners sustain a high number of foot-to-ground contacts and develop severe muscle fatigue and damages. Repetitive shocks and muscle damages would reduce the runners’ tolerance to mechanical strains leading to changes in running kinematics. Minimizing musculoskeletal damages is therefore considered paramount for performance in trail running. Numerous studies highlighted that the foot strike pattern alters the localization and magnitude of the mechanical strains applied on the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of the foot strike pattern on impact and neuromuscular fatigue in trail running. Downhill sections were mainly investigated since they are the most mechanically stressful. Indeed, it was observed from this thesis’ work that, in real trail running practice, the impact intensity increases as the slope decreases, and that the neuromuscular fatigue induced by a single downhill run is as severe as the one induced by an ultratrail race that lasts several hours. Investigating the effect of the foot strike pattern adopted during a downhill trail run on fatigue, it was observed that forefoot striking increases the neuromuscular fatigue at knee extensors. However, a high variability in foot strike patterns adopted was associated to a lower neuromuscular fatigue at both knee extensors and plantar flexors. The effect of the foot strike pattern on axial and transversal shock and vibration content was also demonstrated: heel striking was correlated to a lower impact severity along the axial axis of the skeleton but a greater one along its transversal axis. The main conclusion of this thesis is that no single foot strike pattern should be universally advised due to “changing of foot strike” means “changing the localization and magnitude of the mechanical stress applied on the musculoskeletal system”. Switching between different running patterns might be an efficient strategy in trail running; Bien que constitué anatomiquement et physiologiquement pour la course d’endurance, l’Homme est considérablement exposés à diverses blessures musculo-squelettiques liées à la répétition de contraintes mécaniques. Le coureur de trail running par exemple est soumis à de nombreux impacts ainsi qu’à une fatigue et des dommages musculaires sévères. Ces chocs répétitifs et dommages musculaires réduiraient la tolérance du coureur face aux contraintes mécaniques le poussant ainsi à altérer sa cinématique de course. Par conséquent, minimiser les dommages musculo-squelettiques serait déterminant pour la performance en trail running. Des évidences montrent que la pose de pied altère la localisation et l’intensité des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier l’influence du pattern de pose de pied sur l’impact et la fatigue neuromusculaire en trail running. Les phases de descente ont été tout particulièrement étudiées du fait qu’elles sont les plus traumatisantes. En effet, ce travail de thèse a mis en évidence qu’en situation de trail running, l’intensité de l’impact augmente lorsque la pente diminue, et que la fatigue neuromusculaire périphérique est aussi sévère à la suite d’une descente isolée qu’après un ultra-trail de plusieurs heures. En étudiant l’influence de la pose de pied adoptée au cours d’une descente en situation de trail running, il a été observé qu’attaquer le sol par l’avant du pied augmentait la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou. Cependant, une importante variabilité dans les patterns de pose de pied adoptés au cours de la descente a été associée à une baisse de la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou et fléchisseurs plantaires. L’influence de la pose de pied sur l’intensité du choc et le contenu vibratoire le long des axes axial et transversal a également été démontrée : adopter une attaque talon diminue la sévérité du choc axial mais réduit l’intensité du choc transversal. La principale conclusion est qu’aucun pattern de course ne saurait être universellement recommandé du fait que « changer de pose de pied » est synonyme de « changer la localisation et la magnitude des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique ». En ce sens, alterner entre différents patterns de course serait une stratégie efficiente en trail running

Although Humans are “born” anatomically and physiologically adapted to long distances run, they are substantially exposed to various musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Trail runners sustain a high number of foot-to-ground contacts and develop severe muscle fatigue and damages. Repetitive shocks and muscle damages would reduce the runners’ tolerance to mechanical strains leading to changes in running kinematics. Minimizing musculoskeletal damages is therefore considered paramount for performance in trail running. Numerous studies highlighted that the foot strike pattern alters the localization and magnitude of the mechanical strains applied on the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of the foot strike pattern on impact and neuromuscular fatigue in trail running. Downhill sections were mainly investigated since they are the most mechanically stressful. Indeed, it was observed from this thesis’ work that, in real trail running practice, the impact intensity increases as the slope decreases, and that the neuromuscular fatigue induced by a single downhill run is as severe as the one induced by an ultratrail race that lasts several hours. Investigating the effect of the foot strike pattern adopted during a downhill trail run on fatigue, it was observed that forefoot striking increases the neuromuscular fatigue at knee extensors. However, a high variability in foot strike patterns adopted was associated to a lower neuromuscular fatigue at both knee extensors and plantar flexors. The effect of the foot strike pattern on axial and transversal shock and vibration content was also demonstrated: heel striking was correlated to a lower impact severity along the axial axis of the skeleton but a greater one along its transversal axis. The main conclusion of this thesis is that no single foot strike pattern should be universally advised due to “changing of foot strike” means “changing the localization and magnitude of the mechanical stress applied on the musculoskeletal system”. Switching between different running patterns might be an efficient strategy in trail running; Bien que constitué anatomiquement et physiologiquement pour la course d’endurance, l’Homme est considérablement exposés à diverses blessures musculo-squelettiques liées à la répétition de contraintes mécaniques. Le coureur de trail running par exemple est soumis à de nombreux impacts ainsi qu’à une fatigue et des dommages musculaires sévères. Ces chocs répétitifs et dommages musculaires réduiraient la tolérance du coureur face aux contraintes mécaniques le poussant ainsi à altérer sa cinématique de course. Par conséquent, minimiser les dommages musculo-squelettiques serait déterminant pour la performance en trail running. Des évidences montrent que la pose de pied altère la localisation et l’intensité des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier l’influence du pattern de pose de pied sur l’impact et la fatigue neuromusculaire en trail running. Les phases de descente ont été tout particulièrement étudiées du fait qu’elles sont les plus traumatisantes. En effet, ce travail de thèse a mis en évidence qu’en situation de trail running, l’intensité de l’impact augmente lorsque la pente diminue, et que la fatigue neuromusculaire périphérique est aussi sévère à la suite d’une descente isolée qu’après un ultra-trail de plusieurs heures. En étudiant l’influence de la pose de pied adoptée au cours d’une descente en situation de trail running, il a été observé qu’attaquer le sol par l’avant du pied augmentait la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou. Cependant, une importante variabilité dans les patterns de pose de pied adoptés au cours de la descente a été associée à une baisse de la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou et fléchisseurs plantaires. L’influence de la pose de pied sur l’intensité du choc et le contenu vibratoire le long des axes axial et transversal a également été démontrée : adopter une attaque talon diminue la sévérité du choc axial mais réduit l’intensité du choc transversal. La principale conclusion est qu’aucun pattern de course ne saurait être universellement recommandé du fait que « changer de pose de pied » est synonyme de « changer la localisation et la magnitude des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique ». En ce sens, alterner entre différents patterns de course serait une stratégie efficiente en trail running

Nowadays is a topic of interest the adaptation of WiFi technologies to long distances, named WiLD (WiFi based Long Distance). WiLD networks are well adapted to suburban and rural areas of developing countries, however present several complexities that limit their performance and range, including limitations due to inefficiency in temporary variables in the MAC layer, mainly in media access and wait for acknowledgments. Considering these problems, it is a clear need to evaluate new technologies to improve capacity in such conditions. IEEE 802.11n-2009 would be in line with the most promising technologies. In this article, we address this task with an assessment of the 802.11n features which is expected to enhance communications over long distances and performance testing on the frame aggregation technique that would have on these scenarios, using NS-3 as the simulation platform. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of 802.11n PHY and MAC layer enhancement over long distances in relation to 802.11a. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.

Rail intermodal logistics, the movement of containerized cargo from origin to destination where a portion of the journey takes place on rail, have gained significance in North America over the past 10 to 15 years based on cost and operational efficiency. In China, however, the story has thus far been different. Considering the length-of-haul and commodity characteristics of China s manufacturing sector, the country has a persistently low incidence of rail intermodal participation in domestic and international supply chains. We find that the binding constraints behind the low incidence of rail intermodal services in China are most likely to be found on the supply side, not the demand side of the equation. Specifically, the regulatory and institutional environment, which regulate freight tariffs and provides little or no flexibility for China Railway Corporation (CRC) to tailor services to customer needs, is at the root of this challenge. This note outlines the success of railways in North America in (a) tailoring rail intermodal service offerings based on customer needs and willingness to pay; and (b) collaborating with other logistics service providers so as to concentrate on their core (rail transportation) competency, while leaving other segments of the end-to-end intermodal supply chain to those most efficient in those segments. The current policy and economic environment facing CRC seems favorable to pursuing reforms towards adopting similar practices.