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As coastal communities around the globe contend with the impacts of climate change including coastal hazards such as sea level rise and more frequent coastal storms, educating stakeholders and the general public has become essential in order to adapt to and mitigate these risks. Communicating SLR and other coastal risks is not a simple task. First, SLR is a phenomenon that is abstract as it is physically distant from many people, second, the rise of the sea is a slow and temporally distant process which makes this issue psychologically distant from our everyday life. Virtual reality (VR) simulations may offer a way to overcome some of these challenges, enabling users to learn key principles related to climate change and coastal risks in an immersive, interactive, and safe learning environment. This article first presents the literature on environmental issues communication and engagement, second, it introduces VR technology evolution and expands the discussion on VR application for environmental literacy. We then provide an account of how three coastal communities have used VR experiences developed by multidisciplinary teams—including residents—to support communication and community outreach focused on SLR and discuss their implications.

Sea level rise is one of the most obvious manifestations of the trend of climate change, and is an immediate and real threat to lives, livelihoods, transportation, economies and the environment of California. Quantifying and analyzing these potential economic impacts of climate change is an important step towards local government planning for adaptation measures. This research is a parcel-based economic analysis of the potential impacts of sea level rise and coastal flooding in the specified risk zone of Long Beach in Southern California. The analysis indicates that Long Beach, Los Angeles County, and the state of California all face significant, yet varying, economic risks due to sea level rise and coastal flooding in the city of Long Beach. The report concludes with a discussion of and potential explanations for nonlinearity in analyzed results, predicted and modeled impacts of sea level rise with and without 100-year storm events, discussion of when Long Beach can expect to experience impacts that significantly jump from modest to major, and policy implications in the local region and state.

Given the legacy of environmental injustice in Los Angeles, and the potential of congestion pricing to reduce emissions in communities most affected by pollution, this research seeks to answer the question: What are the potential environmental justice impacts of congestion pricing on the I-710 corridor?

本稿は，米国の都市内分権において，1992年より開始され全米的に大きな影響を与えてきた，体系的なコミュニティリーダー育成システム（Neighborhood Leadership Program = NLP）を中核とする米国ロングビーチ市（カリフォルニア州）のコミュニティ推進が，どのような特質をもつものとして現れてきたのかに焦点をあて，組織展開過程を明らかすることを目指した．そのために，①形成のプロセス，②カリキュラム形成の特質，③関与者にあらわれた結果についての認識の三相を検討した．その結果，次のことが明らかとなった． 第一に，NLPのカリキュラムが自己分析の手法（メディスンホイールなどリーダーとしての自己分析及び他者分析）と，また受講者自分たちのチームで地区の改善実現するための計画づくり・補助金申請・実際の改善事業着手（グラントライティングと実施）が二つの大きな柱として構築されており，その手法は，20年をかけてプログラムの中で創意工夫されて煮詰められてきたものであった．第二に，本研究において実施された，NLP修了生への質問分析から，NLP修了生が，修了後，中間値として活動コミット数および自身による活動設置数の調査（長期間）の結果より，地域での「コミュニティリーダーのネットワーク」保持の実際的位相とのかかわりが明らかとなった．そして，第三に，これらの手法が編み出されたのが，人種的な混乱やそれによるギャング問題による諸地区の荒廃をきっかけとして策定された「地区コミュニティ改善戦略」（1992年）を基に設置され，都市内分権にあって，ネイバーフッドカウンシルといった地域フレームワークを持つ形でのものとは異なったものであり，地域（地区コミュニティおよび全市）で地区改善をめざす アソシエーション・グループ（市により認定されたもの）を効果的かつ持続的に展開させる趣旨での都市内分権制度として形成されてきたことを確認した．, Since 1980s there has been Community Planning movement in U.S. cities such as Seattle (WA), Portland (OR), Tacoma(WA), Los Angeles(CA), that established institutions as to Neighborhood Council. In terms of distribution of authority, it is called “urban devolution” system which provides neighborhoods some amount and species of authorities. On the other hand Long Beach (CA, USA) established and sustained new way of urban devolution as Neighborhood Leadership Program and it has aff ected many U.S. cities as well as some cities in Japan (Yokkaichi). This article tries to clarify the institutional developing proses, focusing on what kind of characteristics and essence it has taken during its 21 years process and terms. Therefore, we examined 1) establishing process, 2) characteristics of its curriculum, 3) conscious situation of stakeholders. We acquired the following fi ndings as the result: 1) The curriculum mainly consists of two methods, Self-, and Others-analysis by “Medicine Circle”, and organized series way of planning, Grant-writing and implementation of the plan. These measures have been formed during the 20 years’ try and error in the course itself. 2) Analysis of questionnaire that was conducted by author and treats conscious situation of alumni (numbers of commitment to neighborhood improvement activities, as well as numbers of establishing own organizations etc.) shows substantial eff ect of the program for long-termly keeping the “networks of community leaders” that function as the basis of urban devolution (neighborhood improvement association approved by the city). 3) The making process of the compressive way (leadership program ‒ alumni network - neighborhood improvement association) was adopted as the measure against devastation of neighborhoods (racial issues in the most diverse city in U.S., gang problems etc.) based on “Neighborhood Improvement Strategy”(1992). And we recognized it has developed so diff erently from Neighborhood Council measures which have its basis on neighborhood-citizen “Councils” as of Seattle. We recognized that Long Beach Neighborhood Leadership Program and the comprehensive measure is set for facilitating “neighborhood improvement association” institution eff ectively and sustainably develop, as one as one kind of unban devolution

This article analyzes the impact of changing housing and neighborhood characteristics on the accessibility of neighborhood businesses using Long Beach, California, as a case study. Although advocates of smart growth and New Urbanism encourage land use mixing, aggregate-level analysis can be too coarse to pick up on fine-grained aspects of urban streetscapes. This study uses assessor parcel records and a point-based business establishment data set to analyze city-wide patterns of accessibility from individual dwelling units to thirty-one types of neighborhood businesses, including grocery stores, service shops, drug stores, doctor's offices, and banks. Regression results compare parcel-level and neighborhood-level drivers of accessibility between 2006 and 2015 to gauge the aggregated effect of recent economic, demographic, and built environment changes on this aspect of urban spatial structure. Larger homes in older, multiunit buildings and higher income neighborhoods show substantial increases in accessibility to most establishment types, suggesting a trend toward both greater accessibility and larger dwelling units—despite the traditional trade-off between access and space. Although gradual increases in home and business density increased overall accessibility over this period, weaker neighborhood-level results indicate that this trend is less pronounced in high-poverty and non-white areas.

U radu je predstavljena taksonomska, ekološka i fitogeografska analiza vaskularne flore Velike plaže u Ulcinju i njenog zaleđa, a razlog zbog kog smo se opredjelili za ovo istraživanje je prilično oskudna istraženost ovog lokaliteta do sada u Crnoj Gori. Osim ovih takođe su urađene i analize za mart i avgust fizičko – hemijskih parametara u stalnim i povremenim vodenim basenima u zaleđu plaže kao i multivarijantne statističke analize - kanonijsko korespodentna analiza (CCA) i analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) koje objašnjavaju djelovanje ovih faktora na distribuciju i diverzitet vodenih biljaka u basenima. Razlog za ovo istraživanje je bio taj što vodene biljke do sada na prostoru Crne Gore nikad nijesu bile istraživane na ovaj način. Istraživani teren zauzima površinu oko 1500 ha i obuhvata Veliku plažu dužine 13 km i ostrvo Ada Bojanu dužine 3,7 km. Sopstvenim terenskim istraživanjima kao i pregledom literature na prostoru Velike plaže i ostrva Ada Bojana registrovano je 962 taksona (vrste i podvrste). Tri taksona se po prvi put navode za teritoriju Crne Gore i sva tri su predstavnici adventivne flore Elodea canadensis Michx., Physalis angulata L., Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Taksonomskom analizom flore Velike plaže i ostrva Ada Bojana konstatovano je 125 familija i 516 rodova. Rodovski koeficijent iznosi 53,6 %. Familija sa najvećim brojem taksona je Poaceae a za njom po brojnosti vrsta su familije Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae i dr. Rodovi sa najvećim brojem taksona su Euphorbia, Trifolium, Carex, Veronica, Medicago, Juncus, Bromus i dr. U biološkom spektru flore Velike plaže i ostrva Ada Bojana dominiraju terofite sa 35,6 % i hemikriptofite sa 25,0 %. što se objašnjava geografskim položajem istraživanog terena tj. intezivnim uticajem mediteranske klime... This thesis presents a taxonomic, ecological and phytogeographic analysis of vascular flora of Long Beach in Ulcinj and its hinterland, and the motive for this research is poor exploration of this region to date. Aside from the aforementioned, analyses of physicochemical parameters in permanent and temporary ponds in the beach hinterland, during March and August, were carried out, as well as multivariable statistical analyses, a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed to show the influence of physicochemical parameters on distribution and diversity of aquatic plants in ponds. Aquatic plants in Montenegro have never been studied in this manner, which was the reason for this research. The studied area is approximately 1500 ha and includes Long Beach ranging 13 km, and Ada Bojana island with the length of 3.7 km. During field research and literature review for the areas of Long Beach and Ada Bojana 962 taxa (species and subspecies) were registered. Three taxa are registered for the first time in Montenegro and all of them are representative of adventive flora Elodea canadensis Michx., Physalis angulata L., Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. The taxonomical analysis of Long Beach and Ada Bojana flora gives 125 families and 516 genera. The genera coefficient is 53.6%. The family with the largest number of taxa is Poaceae, followed by Euphorbia, Trifolium, Carex, Veronica, Medicago, Juncus, Bromus etc. In the biological spectrum of the flora of Long Beach and Ada Bojana therophytes with 35.6 % and hemicryptophytes with 25.0 % are dominant, which is explained by geology of the reached area, e.g. extensive influence of Mediterranean climate...

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Ports are important nodal points that stimulate the US economy. This is particularly true of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (POLA/LB). Over 40% of all containers shipped to and out of the US flow through this two-port complex. The POLA/LB along with other port complexes face many challenges - including maximizing operational efficiency while simultaneously minimizing risk from catastrophes, including terrorism and other man-made or natural disaster events and minimizing environmental impacts. Often these challenges are at odds with one another - increasing one often comes at the expense of achieving the other. The DHS-funded Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) is developing a port security risk management and resource allocation system (PortSec). PortSec will support both tactical day-to-day security decision-making and long-term strategic security planning. An initial PortSec prototype (1.0) that supports tactical day-to-day risk assessment and resource allocation is currently undergoing evaluation at POLA/LB. © 2010 IEEE. 264 269 Sponsors: IEEE Boston Section IEEE-USA IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Women in Engineering Conference code: 83344 Cited By :5

The U.S. Coast Guard has deployed several hundred port patrol vessels to protect U.S. Navy ships and other high-value assets in ports world-wide. Each vessel has an armed crew of four, is relatively fast, and features a simple surface search radar, radios, and a machine gun. These vessels coordinate surveillance patrols in groups of two or four, perhaps working with shorebased radar. We seek to advantageously position these vessels, and perhaps shore-based radar too, to minimize the probability that an intelligent adversary in one or more speed-boats will evade detection while mounting an attack. Attackers can use elevated obstructions to our radar detection in their attack paths, and ports feature many such restrictions to navigation and observation. We make a key, but realistic assumption that complicates planning: we assume the attackers will see or be told of our defensive positions and capabilities in advance of mounting their attack. We demonstrate our defender-attacker optimization with a fictitious port, and with Los Angeles-Long Beach, Hong Kong, U.S. Navy 5-th Fleet in Bahrain, and the Al Basra oil terminal. In cases we analyze, we can almost certainly detect any attack, even though the attacker, observing our pre-positions, plans clever, evasive attack tracks. http://archive.org/details/optimalemploymen109454107 Outstanding Thesis Royal Bahraini Navy author Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This paper studies substitution between empty containers of different types in an attempt to reduce the cost of empty container interchange. Since finding an optimal solution requires substantial computational efforts, a heuristic method is developed which yields an integer solution relatively fast. The developed methodology divides the problem into dependent and independent parts and applies a branch-and-bound procedure to the dependent part. Available data from the combined Los Angeles and Long Beach ports are used to evaluate the proposed technique. Computational tests are used to demonstrate the efficiency of the developed method in terms of computational time and solution quality. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 44 2 203 216

This project was designed togather information on how to best retrofit terminals and to validate new seismic design criteria. This was done by subjecting a 50-year-old former Navy pier in the Port of Long Beach to a battery of seismic tests. Because the pier was scheduled to be demolished, scientists were allowed to conduct seismic tests at an intensity that, under normal circumstances, would be infeasible. The National Sea Grant College Program funded the project with a broader goal of helping to revitalize the nation’s port infrastructure.

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/ A hybrid finite element numerical model was used to calculate harbor resonance for the Pier J completion and tanker terminal project of Long Beach Harbor with no landfill. The numerical model calculates harbor oscillation for harbors of arbitrary shape and variable depth. A finite element grid which covered the immediate vicinity of the breakwater-protected tanker terminal area was used to calculate the response of this area to incident waves with periods from 30 sec to approximately 6 min.

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/ Proposed relocations of the Terminal Island Treatment Plant outfall in Los Angeles Harbor were tested in a physical hydraulic model of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, California. The model, with length scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:400 horizontally, reproduced proposed plans of harbor modifications that included dredging and landfill in Los Angeles Harbor and dredging and construction of an oil loading pier in Long Beach Harbor. Five potential locations of the outfall were tested for conditions of a mean tidal range, a modeled effluent representing a prototype effluent of 10 ppt and 76°F discharging into receiving water of 34 ppt and 60°F. The model effluent was dyed red and photographed as it moved through the harbors. Outfall locations along the face of the proposed Los Angeles phase I landfill produced a plume that generally followed an eastward curving path toward the breakwater, passing out through Angel's Gate with ebb phase flows. During flood phase flows some dye moved back northward toward the outfall location. One location, near the western edge of the proposed landfill, showed an instability in direction of plume travel, moving westward at times. Tests of two locations were performed with a possible phase II landfill installed in the model. These tests showed that the outfall location behind the island produced a buildup of dye in that area, whereas a location on the southern (ocean) side of the island permitted dye to readily escape from the harbors via Angel's Gate.

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/ A hybrid finite element numerical model was used to calculate harbor resonance for existing conditions and proposed improvements of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors. The numerical model calculates harbor oscillation for harbors of arbitrary shape and variable depth. Ten finite element numerical grids were used to calculate the response of the harbors complex for incident waves with periods from 1 to 10 min. Calculations of the model for existing conditions of the harbors were shown to be in good agreement with prototype measurements. The numerical model calculations indicate that resonant oscillations in existing harbor facilities will not be radically altered by the proposed modifications of the harbors complex. The resonant oscillations are, in general, somewhat smaller for the modified conditions of the harbors complex than for existing conditions.

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/ A hybrid finite element numerical model was used to calculate harbor response for three alternate geometrical plans and two water depths for the Pier J completion and tanker terminal project of Long Beach Harbor. The numerical model calculates harbor oscillation for harbors of arbitrary shape and variable depth. Three finite element grids which covered areas only in the immediate vicinity of the breakwater-protected tanker terminal area were used to calculate the response of this area to incident waves with periods from 30 sec to approximately 6 min.

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/ A hybrid finite element numerical model was used to calculate harbor resonance for three alternate plans for the Pier J completion and tanker terminal project of Long Beach Harbor. The numerical model calculates harbor oscillation for harbors of arbitrary shape and variable depth. Three finite element grids which covered areas only in the immediate vicinity of the breakwater- protected tanker terminal area were used to calculate the response of this area to incident waves with periods from 30 sec to approximately 6 min.

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