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Background Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a huge public health problem. T2DM patients are more prone to hyperlipidemia, which make the patients at great chance of developing macrovascular and microvascular diseases. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level is a great indicator for glycemic control and to determining the possibility of diabetes complications and mortality. Materials, methods and subjects This cross sectional study was performed at Al-Wafaa diabetic center in Mosul city from December 2021 to February 2022. All patients were known to have T2DM. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and patients were divided to two groups, patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and patients without NAFLD depending on ultrasonography examination. The biochemical blood tests were done to determine HbA1c, lipid profile and liver transaminases levels (GOT and GPT). Results One hundred T2DM patients were registered for our study, and of those patients, 68 (68%) male and 32 (32%) female they were divided to two groups depending on ultrasound finding: GroupI: thirty nine (39) patients with non fatty liver. Group II: this group includes 61 patients with NAFLD. Diabetic patients with NAFLD had a mean BMI of 30.90 vs. 26.66 for non fatty liver patients. The mean value for HbA1c, total cholesterol(TC), low density lipoproteins(LDL), triglyceride(Tg), high density lipoproteins(HDL), GOT and GPT values for diabetic patients with non fatty liver compared to FL diabetic patients were 7.2% vs. 9.1 %, 200.1 mg/dl vs.235.24 mg/dl .110 mg/dl vs 160 mg/dl, 145.5mg/dl vs. 230.3mg/dl, 42.4mg/dl vs. 44.4 mg/dl, 19.3 IU/L vs. 22.3 IU/L and 19.8 IU/L vs. 25.2 IU/L respectively. There was a highly significant positive correlation(r) between plasma HbA1c with triglyceride (Tg) and GPT. Conclusion Our study has showed that elevated HbA1c and triglyceride in T2DM with high GOT and GPT is significantly accompanied with NAFLD. Early detection of non alcoholic fatty liver in T2DM is important to prevent progress of the disease and minimize morbidity and mortality. Modified lipid profile is one of major feature of diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) are enzymes associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence. However, limited information is available regarding the association of liver enzymes and DM consistently present in obese and non-obese individuals. We examined whether the combination of ALT and GGT enzymes is associated with the prevalence of DM regardless of obesity in a general Japanese population. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 62,786 participants aged ≥20 years who lived in Miyagi and Iwate, Japan. We divided all the participants into eight groups according to the ALT level (low

Background & aims Upper levels of normal for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) generally take sex into account, but not age. This simplification may lead to misclassification and burden the patient and health system unnecessarily. Methods Consecutive blood samples were analyzed from a German laboratory. Subcohorts included samples from a prescribed routine check-up and a healthy cohort, defined as patients without increased GGT, triglyceride, cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, or glucose levels, and without known hepatitis B. Results A total of 1,369,180 blood samples were analyzed from 601,779 participants (50.8% female; mean age, 58.5 y; SD, 18.0 y). There is an extreme age dependence in ALT values for men: increased values were seen in 20.0% (95% CI, 19.5%-20.4%) of patients in the age group of 25 to 34 years, but only 6.7% (95% CI, 6.4%-7.0%) for the ages of 65 to 74 years. The 95th percentile reaches values greater than 80 U/L instead of 50 U/L at the age of 35, and decrease to less than 50 U/L by the age of 75. The subpopulations of prescribed routine check-up and healthy individuals showed similar qualitative results. The age dependence is much weaker for ALT in women. The proportion of women with an increased aspartate aminotransferase level increases from approximately 6% to 12% at approximately age 50. The 95th percentile for GGT increases up to the age of 60 in men, and throughout life in women. Conclusions Current guidelines and reference values for ALT imply that subsequent diagnostics are needed for a large proportion of young men. Our data strongly suggest that age adaptation should be considered.

This paper describes the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles by sol-gel route using organic molecules as gelatin media. At70ᵒC the CdS nanoparticles are formed with particle size 75.28nm.The nanoparticles are characterized by XRD,SEM, AFM and FTIR. The effect of nanoparticles on activity of liver enzymes (GPT and GOT)is also studied by using different concentration of NPs. It is found that the activity of GPT and GOT enzymes increases with decreases in nano particles concentrations and decreases in inhibition percentage. The greater activation of nano was demonstrated at concentration (10-1 M).

Rhabdomyolysis is a frequent complication in war wounded. Its complex pathophysiology suggests that it not only affects kidneys but also other organs such as the liver. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between creatine kinase (CK) and liver enzymes in war wounded with rhabdomyolysis.War wounded admitted to the intensive care unit of Percy Military Hospital between 2009 and 2017 with a rhabdomyolysis (CK peak1,000 U/L) were included. They were divided in two groups: mild (CK peak10,000 U/L) and severe rhabdomyolysis (CK peak ≥10,000 U/L). Demographic characteristics, peaks in transaminases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and CK were recorded. Mann Whitney-U test and, Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. A Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between CK and liver enzymes after a log-normal transformation of the data.Fifty-one patients were included (31 in the mild and 20 in the severe rhabdomyolysis group). Patients in the severe rhabdomyolysis group were more likely victims of explosions (85% vs 39%, p = 0.003). The transaminases peak was significantly higher in the severe rhabdomyolysis group (median AST peak 398 (270-944) vs 91 (63-157) U/L, p0.0001, and median ALT peak 106 (77-235) vs 45 (34-71) U/L, p0.0001). Bilirubin and ALP were higher in the severe rhabdomyolysis group (39 (25-49) vs 14(11-23) U/L, p = 0.0031 and 84 (55-170) vs 52 (39-85) U/L, p = 0.0063, respectively). We found a significant positive linear correlation between CK and ALT (r = 0.73, p0.0001), AST (r = 0.89, p0.0001), ALP (r = 0.41, p = 0.0035), and bilirubin (r = 0.37, p = 0.0083).We found a statistically significant positive correlation between CK and liver enzymes in rhabdomyolysis war wounded, indicating that hepatic damage occurs when rhabdomyolysis is severe and associated with elevated bilirubin and ALP. Further studies are needed to confirm this phenomenon and elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism.IV STUDY TYPE: Diagnostic.

Although previous studies have presented that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) regulates liver enzyme levels in the development of liver diseases, the evidence regarding the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and liver enzyme is not robust. We further aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize the recent evidence on the effects of PM2.5 on liver enzyme in humans. In the meta-analysis, we retrieved online databases including PubMed and Web of Science database from 1982 up to 2022. A random-effects model was applied to evaluate the correlation between PM2.5 and liver enzyme level. A total of 10 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, including five prospective cohort studies, two cross-sectional studies, two longitudinal studies, and one time-series analysis. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was significantly correlated with a 4.45% increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (95% CI: 0.51–8.38%, p = 0.03), a 3.99% increase in aspartate transferase (AST) level (95% CI: 0.88–7.10%, p = 0.01), and a 2.91% increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) level (95% CI: 1.18–4.64%, p < 0.001), but this significant association was not observed in alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Subgroup analysis revealed that PM2.5 has a significant correlation with ALT (5.07%, 95% CI: 0.81–9.33%), AST (4.11%, 95% CI: 0.74–7.48%), and GGT (2.74%, 95% CI: 1.09–4.38%) in Asia. Our meta-analysis showed that increments in PM2.5 exposure were significantly associated with a higher level of ALT, AST, and GGT. In addition, investigations into liver enzyme subtypes and specific chemical components of PM2.5 are important directions for future research.

Although the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been widely reported, the relationship between SUA and liver enzymes has rarely been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of SUA levels with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in populations aged 20 years and older in the United States. We analyzed 7165 individuals aged 20 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States. Weighted multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between SUA and ALT and AST. A generalized additive model and a smooth curve fitting were used to observe the linear relationship. SUA was positively correlated with ALT and AST. In addition, the overall increasing trend of ALT and SUA was observed across the SUA quartile groups. In the stratified analysis by sex and race, the SUA levels in male, female, Mexican American, and Non-Hispanic White individuals, and those of another race, were positively correlated with ALT and AST. However, the SUA levels in Non-Hispanic Black individuals had a nonlinear relationship with ALT and AST. In individuals aged 20 years and older in the United States (excluding Non-Hispanic Black individuals), SUA levels were positively associated with ALT and AST. Therefore, with a rise in SUA levels, liver function should be monitored or intervened with in people aged 20 years and older in the United States.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of dry banana peels (Musa Acuminate) and dry mango peels (Mangifera indica L.) against lead toxicity in weaning rats. Forty five growing male albino rats with weighting (70 ± 5g), and were divided into two main groups. The first group was the negative control group (9) rats, the second group (36) rats were exposed to lead acetate (200 mg/ kg from weight rat) daily drinking orally and divided into four subgroups. The subgroup one positive control group fed on basal diet only, the subgroup two fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) banana peels, the subgroup three fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) mango peels, the subgroup four fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) combination of (banana and mango peels) for (6) weeks. Blood samples were collected and hemoglobin was determined, then iron, lead, liver enzymes and kidney function were estimated. Calcium, phosphorus and lead were also evaluated in the bones. The best result found in the group fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) combination banana and mango peels improved daily feed intake, body weight gain; feed efficiency ratio, hemoglobin and serum iron level. Moreover, lead concentration was decreased in serum and also it was improved the concentration of calcium, phosphorous as well as lead in bone of intoxicated rats. Dry peels of fruits were improved liver enzymes and kidney functions compared with positive group. The histopathology results were agreedwith the results of serum parameters. These results recommend increasing the consumption of banana and mango peels. Nutrition Education Programs are needed to illustrate the importance of banana and mango peels in reducing lead toxicity. تاثير قشور المانجو والموز علي السميه المحدثه بواسطه اسيتات الرصاص في الفئران الملخص العربى أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير قشور الموز الجاف وقشور المانجو الجاف ضد سمية الرصاص للجرذان في فتره النمو .خمسه واربعون جرذ من نوع ذکر الالبينو البيضاء فى فترة النمو بوزن (70 ± 5 جم) ، وتم تقسيمها إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين, المجموعة الاولى الضابطه السالبه (9) جرذان. اما المجموعة الثانيه (36) جرذ تعرضت لخلات الرصاص من خلال تجريعهم (200 مجم / کجم من وزن الجرذ) يوميا, وتم تقسيمها إلى أربع مجموعات فرعية. تم تغذيه المجموعة الفرعية الأولى الموجبة الضابطة على النظام الغذائي الأساسي فقط، المجموعة الفرعية الثانية تغذت على النظام الغذائي الأساسي المدعم بنسبة (15٪) من قشور الموز، المجموعة الفرعية الثالثة تغذت على النظام الغذائي الأساسي المدعم بنسبه (15٪) قشور المانجو، المجموعة الفرعية الرابعة تغذت على النظام الغذائي الأساسي المدعم بنسبه (15٪) مزيج من (قشر الموز والمانجو) لمدة (6) أسابيع. تم تجميع عينات الدم وتقدير هيموجلوبين الدم ثم تقدير کلا من الحديد, الرصاص, انزيمات الکبد, ووظائف الکلى فى السيرم و تقدير کلا من مستوى الکالسيوم و الفسفور و الرصاص فى العظام. أظهرت النتائج ان الجرذان التى تناولت خليط قشور الموز و المانجو کانت تمثل أفضل النتائج فى معدل الزياده فى الوزن و الطعام المتناول و معدل کفاءة الطعام و تحسين فى مستوى الهيموجلوبين و الحديد و انزيمات الکبد ووظائف الکلى و حدوث انخفاض فى مستوى الرصاص فى السيرم مقارنه بالمجموعة الضابطة الموجبة و أکدت نتائج الفحص الهستوباثولوجى نفس النتائج السابقه. لذلک توصى الدراسه بعمل برامج للتوعيه الغذائيه لتوضيح أهميه قشور الموز و المانجو فى خفض خطر الاصابه أو التلوث بالتسمم بالرصاص. الکلمات المفتاحيه: التسمم بالرصاص , قشر الموز, قشر المانجو.

Elevated liver enzymes are commonly seen by paediatricians in clinical practice. For many clinicians, interpreting deranged liver enzymes can be challenging. There is a lack of an evidence based approach to this. Alterations in liver enzymes may be a normal physiological response to an intercurrent illness or in certain cases may also reflect an underlying liver condition. In this review, we will aim to provide, through a series of cases, a guide on the approach of deranged liver enzymes to conditions that health care professionals may ‘commonly’ encounter.

Effect of Ashwagandha (powder, extract and their mixtures) on feed intake, body weight gains, feed efficiency ratio, lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney functions and fertility hormones in rats were examined. Forty-two adult male rats weighing (115±5 g) were divided into 2 main groups. The first main group fed on basal diet as a (negative control group) consisted of (7) rats, while the second main group consisted of (35) rats divided into five similar subgroups were injected with sodium valproate to induce testicular injury at a dose (500 mg/kg) body weight. The first subgroup was then maintained as positive control (+Ve), the second subgroup was fed on basal diet plus Ashwagandha powder (100 g/kg diet), the third subgroup was fed on basal diet plus Ashwagandha extract (10 mg/kg b.w/rat) orally, the fourth subgroup was fed on basal diet plus L-carnitine (150 mg/kg b.w/rat) orally, the fifth subgroup was fed on basal diet plus Ashwagandha powder and (Ashwagandha extract & L-carnitine/rat orally) for one month. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected from each rat and separate the serum which used for determination of some biochemical analysis. Tests specimens were taken for examination. The results of Ashwagandha powder, extract and combination orally to rats revealed that non-significant differences in body weight gains, feed efficiency ratio, feed intake and decreased serum lipid profile and increased in HDL-c. It also decreased in liver enzymes, kidney functions and fertility hormones serum Testosterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Lutenizing Hormone in induced rats which feed on combination of Ashwagandha powder, extract and L-carnitine. So this study recommended using Ashwagandha in improving fertility for patients. الملخص العربي الأشواجندا وتأثيرها على الهرمونات التناسلية لذکور الجرذان تم دراسة تأثير الأشواجندا (مسحوق، مستخلص، خليط منهما) على المأخوذ الغذائي ومعدل کفاءة الغذاء وزيادة وزن الجسم ودهون الدم ووظائف الکبد والکلى وهرمونات الخصوبة في سيرم الجرذان. تم تقسيم أثنين وأربعين من ذکور الفئران البالغة والتي يتراوح أوزانها ما بين (115 ±5 جم) إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين. المجموعة الأولى الرئيسية تم تغذيتها على نظام غذائي أساسي کمجموعة ضابطة سالبة وتتکون من (7) فئران بينما المجموعة الثانية الرئيسية تتکون من (35) من الفئران قسمت إلى خمسة مجموعات فرعية متساوية تم حقنهم بمادة صوديوم فالبورات لإصابة الخصية بجرعة (500 ملجم/کجم). المجموعة الأولى الفرعية المصابة تم الاحتفاظ بها کمجموعة ضابطة موجبة، المجموعة الثانية الفرعية المصابة تم تغذيتها على النظام الغذائي الأساسي مضاف له مسحوق الأشواجندا (100 جم/کجم) من الغذاء، المجموعة الثالثة الفرعية المصابة تم تغذيتها على النظام الغذائي الأساسي ومستخلص الأشواجندا (10 ملجم/کجم) من وزن الجسم لکل فأر بالفم، المجموعة الرابعة الفرعية تم تغذيتها على النظام الغذائي الأساسي والکارنتين (150 ملجم/کجم) من وزن الجسم لکل فأر بالفم، والمجموعة الخامسة الفرعية تم تغذيتها على النظام الغذائي الأساسي مضاف له مسحوق الأشواجندا وإعطاء مستخلص الأشواجندا والکارنتين لکل فأر عن طريق الفم لمدة شهر. وفي نهاية التجربة تم جمع عينات الدم لفصل السيرم المستخدم في التحاليل البيوکيميائية، کما أخذت عينة من الخصية لإجراء الفحوص عليها. وأوضحت النتائج عدم وجود فروق معنوية في المأخوذ الغذائي ومعدل کفاءة الغذاء وزيادة نسبة وزن الجسم وإنخفاض مستويات السيرم من الکوليسترول الکلي (TC) والدهون الثلاثية (TG) والبرويتينات الدهنية منخفضة الکثافة (LDL-c)، والبروتينات الدهنية منخفضة الکثافة جدا (VLDL-c)، وزيادة في البروتينات الدهنية عالية الکثافة (HDL-c). کما حدثت انخفاض في إنزيمات الکبد، ووظائف الکلى. کما زادت هرمونات الخصوبة في السيرم من Testosterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Lutenizing Hormone في الفئران المصابة التي تغذت على خليط من مسحوق ومستخلص الأشواجندا والکارنتين. لذا توصي الدراسة باستخدام الأشواجندا لتحسين هرمونات الخصوبة للمرضى. الکلمات المفتاحية الأشواجندا، الفئران، هرمونات الخصوبة، دهون الدم، إنزيمات الکبد، وظائف الکلى، التحاليل الکيميائية الحيوية.

BACKGROUND: Few reports have examined the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on changes to serum albumin (Alb) and liver enzyme levels. OBJECTIVE: To compare short-term post-surgery changes in serum Alb, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) levels. Body composition changes were also measured and compared among three groups. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study conducted in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: 151 OAGB, RYGB and SG patients referred to the obesity clinic of Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Tehran, Iran, were evaluated. Physical characteristics and biochemical parameters were measured pre-surgery and then after three and six months. RESULTS: Through repeated measurements to determine intragroup changes, significant changes in serum AST (P = 0.003) and ALT (P < 0.001) were observed in follow-ups. However, Alb levels did not change (P = 0.413). Body fat, fat-free mass and muscle mass decreased significantly in each group (P < 0.05). In a univariate general linear model for determining intergroup changes, SG showed greater decreases in ALT and AST at three and six months (P < 0.05) and in ALKP at six months (P = 0.037), compared with OAGB. There were no significant differences in Alb levels. Also, RYGB had a greater effect on reducing fat percentage (three months, P = 0.011; six months, P = 0.059) and fat mass (three months, P = 0.042) than OAGB. CONCLUSION: SG and RYGB may be superior to OAGB in reducing liver enzymes and body fat, respectively. However, Alb levels showed no significant differences.

This reaearch aim was to evaluate some liver enzymes of albino rats subjected to administration of methanol and water extracts of Maytenus senegalensis and Cassia alata after infection with schistosome cercariae. As curative agents, the extracts were well tolerated by rats. The total protein (69.0-77.9g/l and 71.8- 79.1g/l) for methanolic extracts of and (64.3-74.3g/l and 70.3- 77.5g/l) for water extracts for M. senegalensis and C. alata respectively. The Alkaline phosphate values range from (145-226iu/l and 189-207iu/l) for methanol and (143-234iu/l and195-207iu/l) for water as for M. senegalensis and C. alata extracts. The Aspartate aminotransferase values were (7.7-8.7iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (8.0- 8.6iu/l) for C. alata with methanol extraxts and (7.1-8.8iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (8.4-8.9iu/) for C. alata water extracts. The Alkaline aminotransferase values range from (5.1-6.3iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (3.5-6.4iu/l) for C. alata in methanol and (4.2-6.3iu/l) for M. senegalensis and (4.1-6.4iu/l for C. alata with water extracts. The Total Bilirubin values of both methanol and water extracts for M. senegalensis (6.3-18.9μm/l) and (9.0-12.7μm/l) for C. alata and (4.2-6.3μm/l) for M. senegalensis and (4.1-6.4μm/l) for C. alata respectively were all within the normal values. This indicates that all these extracts were well tolerated. However the 9g/kg body weight of the water leaf extracts, although having normal values were toxic to other organs such as the lungs.

It is obvious that farmers cannot raise chicken without supplementary nutrients in the form of vitamins, minerals and amino acids provided either as anti-stress, immune booster or for growth and high productivity. The high cost of these conventional supplementary nutrients is becoming very alarming leading to high cost of production and consequently high cost of poultry products. Whereas, leaves of most plants in our agroecological zone contain these nutrients and can be obtained at no cost, it is necessary to utilize them for similar purposes to reduce cost and enhance the wellbeing of the animals. Moreso, the use of these plant leaves as juice extract will enhance absorption and utilization of the nutrients and enzymes contained therein. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementary fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves extract on the performance, haematological and serum biochemical indices of finisher broiler chickens. 200g of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves were plucked and crushed. One litre of H2 O was used to squeeze the 2 extract (juice) from the 200g leaf. The leaf extract was further mixed (diluted) in clean drinking water at the rate of 0ml/litre of H2 O, 100ml /litre of H 2O, 200ml/litre of H20 300ml/litre of H2 O designated as T , T , T , T . In T The chickens were given conventional 2 1 3 4 5 2. supplement (vitalyte). Five groups of 30 broiler chicks (28 days old) of agritech breed were randomly assigned to one of the supplementary fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves extract and the conventional supplement for 28 days in a completely randomized design. Each group was subdivided into three replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were fed normal broiler chicken finisher diet for all the groups. At the end of the 28 days dietary trial, results showed that average body weight changes and average daily body gains were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at T (200ml/litre of H 2O). Feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased (P< 0.05) at T (200ml/litre of H2 O) compared to T and T but similar to T and T . 4 2 1 5 2 3 T also showed high degree of cost effectiveness. Haematological indices (Haemoglobin 4 Packed cell volume, Red blood cell, White blood cell etc) did not show any significant treatment (P > 0.05) effects. Biochemical indices (such as total serum protein, urea, creatinine, liver enzyme, cholesterol etc) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of Telfairia occidentalis leaf extract as an alternative supplement to costly conventional supplements should be administered orally at 200ml/litre of H 2O due to heavier body weight gain and cost effectiveness. Il est évident que les agriculteurs ne peuvent pas élever de poulet sans nutriments supplémentaires sous forme de vitamines, de minéraux et d'acides aminés fournis soit commeanti-stress, soit comme stimulant immunitaire, soit pour la croissance et une productivité élevée. Le coût élevé de ces nutriments supplémentaires conventionnels devient très alarmant, ce qui entraîne des coûts de production élevés et par conséquent des coûts élevés des produits avicoles. Alors que les feuilles de la plupart des plantes de notre zone agro écologique contiennent ces nutriments et peuvent être obtenues gratuitement, il est nécessaire de les utiliser à des fins similaires pour réduire les coûts et améliorer le bien-être des animaux. De plus, l'utilisation de ces feuilles de plantes comme extrait de jus améliorera l'absorption et l'utilisation des nutriments et des enzymes qu'elles contiennent. Une expérience a été menée pour déterminer l'effet d'un extrait supplémentaire de feuilles de citrouille cannelée (Telfairia occidentalis) sur les performances, les indices hématologiques et biochimiques sériques des poulets de chair en finition. 200g de feuilles de courge cannelée (Telfairia occidentalis) ont été cueillies et écrasées. Un litre d'H2O a été utilisé pour presser l'extrait (jus) de la feuille de 200g. L'extrait de feuille a été ensuite mélangé (dilué) dans de l'eau potable à raison de 0 ml/litre de H2O, 100 ml/litre de H2O, 200 ml/litre de H2O et 300 ml/litre de H2O désignés comme T1, T3, T4, T5. Au T2. Les poulets ont reçu un supplément conventionnel (vitalyte). Cinq groupes de 30 poussins de chair (28 jours) de race agritech ont été assignés au hasard à l'un des extraits de feuilles de citrouille cannelées supplémentaires (Telfairia occidentalis) et au supplément conventionnel pendant 28 jours dans un design complètement randomisé. Chaque groupe a été subdivisé en trois répétitions de 10 oiseaux chacune. Les oiseaux ont été nourris avec un régime alimentaire de finition de poulet à griller normal pour tous les groupes. À la fin de l'essai diététique de 28 jours, les résultats ont montré que les changements de poids corporel moyen et les gains corporels quotidiens moyens étaient significativement augmentés (P < 0,05) à T4 (200 ml/litre de H2O). Le taux de conversion alimentaire était significativement diminué (P< 0,05) à T4 (200 ml/litre de H2O) par rapport à T1 et T5 mais similaire à T2 et T3. Le T4 a également montré un haut degré de rentabilité. Les indices hématologiques (volume globulaire d'hémoglobine, globules rouges, globules blancs, etc.) n'ont montré aucun effet significatif du traitement (P > 0,05). Les indices biochimiques (tels que les protéines sériques totales, l'urée, la créatinine, les enzymes hépatiques, le cholestérol, etc.) n'ont pas varié de manière significative (P > 0,05). Il a été conclu que l'inclusion de l'extrait de feuille de Telfairia occidentalis comme supplément alternatif aux suppléments conventionnels coûteux devrait être administrée par voie orale à 200 ml/litre de H2O en raison d'un gain de poids corporel plus important et d'un rapport coût-efficacité plus élevé.

Introduction: Benzene is a carcinogenic compound that can be found in a car painting workshop in Surabaya. The source of benzene in the car painting workshop comes from thinners. Inhalation is the main route for benzene to enter the body. The duration of benzene exposure can affect the accumulation of benzene concentrations. If work safety is not considered, the benzene compound can cause the liver disease. Furthermore, SGOT and SGPT are basic parameters of liver function. The study aims to determine the relationship between the duration of benzene exposure with SGOT and SGPT levels in car painting workshop workers. Method: observational research with a cross-sectional approach was applied as the method of this study. The research was conducted in a car painting workshop in 2019 with 20 workers. The variables were the duration of benzene exposure (hours/day) and levels of SGOT and SGPT. Data analysis used the Fisher's Exact Test and Coefficient Contingency test. Results: Workers worked with a duration of benzene exposure ≤ 8 hours/day by 70% and > 8 hours/day by 30%. The measurement results exceeded the normal limit with the value of SGOT of 15% and the SGPT of 30%. Furthermore, the Sstatistical test show p-values between the duration of benzene exposure and SGOT (0.202) and SGPT (0.303), body weight with SGOT (1.000) and SGPT (1.000), education with SGOT (0.199) and SGPT (0.182) and alcohol consumption with SGOT (1.000) and SGPT (1.000). Conclusion: There was no relationship between the duration of benzene exposure with SGOT and SGPT levels in car painting workshop workers in Surabaya with a p-value >0.05.Keywords: car painting workers, duration of benzene exposure, SGOT, SGPT

Objective: Propolis is a sticky, resinous substance produced by honeybees from various plants. Various biological properties of propolis and its extracts have been recognized in previous studies including the antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antibacterial and antimycotic properties. This study aimed to summarize the effect of propolis on metabolic parameters in human adults using systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was performed in ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to July 2020 for controlled clinical trials evaluating the impact of propolis on lipid profile and liver enzyme biomarkers. A random effects model was used to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the difference between the mean for the intervention and control groups. Results: The present meta-analysis included six randomized controlled trials. There was significant reduction in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) in comparison to the control groups (WMD=-2.01; 95% CI: -3.93--0.10; p=0.039). However, a non-significant effect was observed in Triglycerides (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (WMD=-0.05 mg/dl; 95% CI: -0.27-0.18; p=0.688; WMD=7.08 mg/dl; 95% CI: -37.31-51.46; p=0.755; WMD=-0.94 mg/dl; 95% CI: -6.64-4.77; p=0.747; WMD=3.14 mg/dl; 95% CI: -1.84-8.13; p=0.216, respectively). Conclusion: Current meta-analysis revealed that propolis supplementation can reduce AST; nevertheless, there was no significant effect on lipid profile indices and ALT.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract on hepatic enzyme levels of alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Forty (48) male wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting of eight animals each. Diabetes mellitus was induced using intraperitoneal administration 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment was carried out for a period of 28 days. The first group served as the normal control and received only feed and water ad libitum. In Group 2 were diabetic rats without treatment with extracts. Group 3: diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 600mg/kg ethanol extract of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. While Group 6 was diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) changed in rats treated with Alloxan (150mg/kg b.w.) while treatment with the respective dosages of extracts significantly changed the levels of these parameters to normal. The results obtained indicate that the different doses of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extracts were beneficial in mending damages to the liver caused by Alloxan monohydrate in the male wistar rats.

AIM Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme expressed in several organs; therefore, AST elevation may reflect outside of liver pathology. AST elevation may also be associated with macro-AST (m-AST). The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term course of children with prolonged isolated AST elevation and the prevalence of m-AST in our cohort. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of children diagnosed with prolonged isolated AST elevation and were evaluated for m-AST. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were included. AST elevation persisted for a median of 66.6 months and ranged from 1.23 to 12-fold upper limit of normal (ULN). Twenty-two percent were m-AST positive and 44% had borderline levels of m-AST. A statistically significant difference was found for age at presentation between the borderline and the positive m-AST groups (31 vs. 69 months, respectively. p = 0.045). None of the patients with elevated AST developed significant liver disease. CONCLUSION We confirm the benign course of prolonged isolated AST elevation in general and m-AST in particular. A fifth of the patients with isolated AST elevation were m-AST positive. No differences have been found in AST levels between negative, borderline or positive m-AST.

Metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics are an important cause of deterioration of cognitive function and failure of drug adherence. The antifatty effect trypsin/chymotrypsin (T/C) and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. To investigate possible therapeutic effect of T/C in rat model of chronic olanzapine (OLZ) – induced hepatic steatosis. Twenty rats were divided into two groups: control (C), given distilled water, and O, given 1 mg/kg of OLZ orally daily for 7 weeks. Then, both groups were given T/C 3 enzyme activity unit (EAU)/kg orally as an add-on treatment daily for the next 5 weeks and were named T/C or T/C+O groups. Rat performance in radial arm water maze was tested twice before and after T/C treatment. We measured liver enzymes, alpha-1 antitrypsin, albumin, total protein, direct and total bilirubin, inflammatory cytokines, and lipoprotein serum levels. Liver samples were collected for histopathology and Ki67 expression. The T/C add-on caused significant reduction in OLZ-induced elevation of alanine transaminase (ALT; P < 0.01), aspartate transaminase (AST; P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; P < 0.05), total cholesterol (Tc; P < 0.01), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c; P < 0.05), steatosis score (P < 0.001), hepatocyte necrosis (P < 0.01), and significantly increased Ki67 expression (P < 0.01). The T/C add-on to OLZ provided protection against hepatic steatosis, elevated enzymes, and disturbed lipid profile and increased Ki67 without disturbing memory function.

The aim: to study peculiarities of liver enzymes state and clinical status of patients with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) of mild and moderate severity with background of excess body weight and obesity. Materials and methods: 166 patients with COVID-19 infection were included in an open prospective clinical study. The study group (group I) was 118 patients, average age 57.5 [47; 64] years with overweight and obesity (body mass index (BMI) - 31.2 [28.6; 34.9] kg/m2). The comparison group (II) was 48 patients (mean age 53 [41; 62] years) with normal body weight (BMI 23.9 [22.6; 24.6] kg/m2). Clinical-functional, laboratory indicators, data from instrumental research methods were studied. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest organs. Results: Overweight and obese patients with COVID-19 (n = 118) showed a more significant increase in hepatic transaminases compared to the control group: ALT level was 28.05 [17.9; 45] vs 17,9 [13,6; 24.7] U/L (reference interval < 35U/L), p = 0.000001, ACT - 32 [24; 43,5] vs 24 [19; 28.9] U/l, p = 0.000019. Direct correlation of BMI value in patients with COVID 19 with CT lung lesion volume (r = 0.26, p < 0.05), ACT level (r = 0.25, p < 0.05), ALT (r = 0.31, p < 0.05), CRP (r = 0.34, p < 0.05), ESR (r = 0.28, p < 0.05), the level of proteinuria (r = 0.19, p < 0.05). The volume of lung lesions in overweight and obese patients was significantly higher and amounted to 15 [10; 22.5]% versus 12.5 [6.25; 20]% in patients with normal body weight (p = 0.03). The average level of CRP in patients of group I turned out to be significantly higher compared to group II (21.7 [7.9; 51,8] vs 8,5 [3,5; 22.7] mg/l; p = 0.00049). Conclusion. Patients with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) against the background of excess body weight and obesity compared to patients with normal body weight are characterized by: a larger volume of lung damage by CT, more significant proteinuria, higher rates of CRP, ALT, ACT, which positively correlate with the magnitude of BMI.

This particular research study was basically carried out for the purpose to examine the impact of low intensity exercise on two particular liver enzymes i.e. alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP). 20 Non sportsmen were selected as subjects of the study (n=20, age 20 to 30 years (20.95±3.79), Body Mass Index (BMI) from 18 to 30 (25.90±5.54). Similarly the subjects were divided into two groups (Experimental Group and Control Group) through the application of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and measurement of Maximum Heart Rate (MHR). 12 weeks self-made low intensity exercise protocol was applied to an experimental group. 5ml blood was collected from all subjects to measure the effect of low intensity exercise on ALT and ALP. The data of pre and post-test were processed through SPSS version 24. Based on analysis and findings, the researcher concluded that in experimental group (EXG) the level of ALT and ALP was found significantly higher (p

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether a Mediterranean‐style, ketogenic diet mobile health application (app) with breath acetone biofeedback is superior to a calorie‐restricted, low‐fat diet app in promoting weight loss. Methods Participants (n = 155) with overweight/obesity (mean [SD]: age 41 [11] years, BMI = 34 [5] kg/m2, 71% female) were randomized to one of the interventions delivered entirely via app. Participants received a wireless scale and were instructed to take daily weight measurements. A third‐party laboratory collected blood samples at baseline and 12 weeks. Results Weight loss at 12 weeks was greater in the ketogenic (−5.6 kg; 95% CI: −6.7 kg to −4.5 kg) compared with the low‐fat group (−2.5 kg; 95% CI: −3.6 kg to −1.4 kg) (between‐group difference: −3.1 kg; 95% CI: −4.6 kg to −1.5 kg; p < 0.001). Weight loss at 24 weeks indicated durability of the effect (between‐group difference: −5.5 kg; 95% CI: −8.3 kg to −2.8 kg; p < 0.001). Secondary/exploratory outcomes of hemoglobin A1c and liver enzymes were improved to a greater extent in the ketogenic diet group (p < 0.01). Conclusions Among adults with overweight/obesity, a ketogenic diet app with breath acetone biofeedback was superior to a calorie‐restricted diet app at promoting weight loss in a real‐world setting.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which has become health problem of global interest, linked to renal disease. The study is to assess the activities of some liver enzymes and alpha fetoprotein level in type 2 diabetic patients. 81 participants comprised 38 diabetics and 43 controls were randomly recruited. Informed, oral and written consent was obtained from the participants. Ethical approval was obtained. 6mls of fasting blood samples were collected. Plasma glucose, alpha feto-protein (AFP) levels; serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The results showed significantly increased plasma glucose level in the diabetics than in controls (p=0.000), as well as in male diabetics than in female diabetics (p=0.048). But, the mean age, AFP, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT activities were the same in the diabetics and the controls; and in male and female diabetics at p>0.05 in each case. Relatively strong positive significant correlation was observed between ALT Vs AST (r=0.566; p=0.000) and a weaker negative association exist between ALT Vs Age (r= -0.353; p=0.022) in diabetics but no associations were observed with other parameters studied. In conclusion the positive association between ALT and AST may reveal transaminase derangements in liver status of type 2 diabetic subjects studied.

Aim: This research work investigated the impact of the differences in duration of alcoholic beverage consumption on hepatic and heamatological parameters. Methods: Fifty (50) healthy male volunteer subjects were recruited for this study from Kadima district of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria and were coded according to the years of alcohol consumption: 1-7, 8-14, 15-21, and 22-28 for groups B, C, D and E respectively with each having ten (10) volunteers. Group A was christened as the control having human subjects that have neither drank Burukutu nor factory- based lager beer. Full blood count was done using haematology analyser while spectrophometric method was used to assay for the activities of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT as well as various levels/concentrations of TB, DB, TP, urea and creatinine. Results: Result obtained showed that AST and ALP were raised (p < 0.05) in all the groups when compared to the control. ALT was elevated in group E only while GGT was increased (p < 0.05) in groups D and E. Total and direct bilirubin were both elevated (p < 0.05) in groups B, C and E but equal control in group D. Total protein was higher in groups B and C but lowered in groups D and E relative control. Concentrations of urea was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in groups C and E. Creatinine was only statistically significant in group C but equal control in other groups. Results of the haematological parameters showed that RBC and WBC were reduced in all the groups’ relative control. Hb concentration was increased (p < 0.05) in groups C, D and E. PCV was found to be reduced in groups B, C and D when compared to the control. Conclusion: This study has shown that prolong ingestion of local brew impacts negatively on hepatic biomarkers as well as some haematological indexes like WBC, RBC and PCV.

Aim: The level of some biomarkers such as the Lipid profiles and some liver enzymes were checked for in patients who were found to be co infected with HIV/HBV Study Design: The study was conducted among patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus attending the antiretroviral clinic at the Braith Waite memorial hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The samples and relevant data were gotten between the months of January and March 2019, using a structured questionnaire Methodology: The Samples were collected from patients infected with HIV attending the Braith Waite memorial hospital on antiretroviral medication. A total number of 98 samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of HBV IgM core antibody using the ELISA method. The statistical analysis was done using a Stata version 16 and the student T-test was used to determine the P value. A total of 98 samples were collected, 66(67.3%) were females and 32(32.6%) of them were males. Of the 98 samples, 5 (5.1%) of them were positive to HIV/HBV co infection of which 3(3.1%) were females and 2(2%) were males. The age range for those co infected was between 29 – 34 years old. The lipid profile and liver enzymes for the positive samples were analyzed. The result showed an increase in the level of LDL, HDL and triglyceride. The analysis for the liver enzymes showed an increase in the level of AST and ALP while the ALT and GGT remained within the healthy range. The increase in the level of most of the biomarkers, showed that the patients co infected with HIV/HBV were at risk of heart and kidney diseases since they are already immunocompromised. From this result, it shows that patients who are HIV positive should undergo HBV test regularly. Those who are positive should have their biomarkers monitored and put under medication early.

Background and aims: Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases with systemic involvement of the body skeleton. The Peganum harmala seed contains high amounts of carboline alkaloids, which have been shown to have positive effects on bone formation in animal studies. In the present study, the effect of an oral capsule of P. harmala seed on bone density was evaluated in menopausal women prone to osteoporosis. Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 100 women referring to the orthopedic clinic with a diagnosis of osteoporosis were included and divided into the intervention group treated with calcium D (500 mg) twice a day, Osteofos (70 mg) per week, and P. harmala (500 mg) twice‐a‐day, and the control group treated with calcium D and Osteofos. Before and three months after the intervention, patients were evaluated for osteoporosis using bone densitometry. Finally, independent t-test, paired t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur before and after the intervention showed significant improvements in the intervention and control groups (P

Although suspected hepatopathy in dogs can be assessed by the blood levels of both liver enzyme activities and functional liver parameters, very often the precise diagnosis of primary or secondary hepatobiliary diseases can remain uncertain. Therefore, in a number of patients, the therapeutic intervention has the purpose of slowing the progression of fibrosis and provide for optimal hepatic support. Recently the PPARs (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors) have been identified as a family of hepatic nuclear hormonal receptors, involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. The aim of this work is to assess the effect of mefepronic acid (PMPA), a PPAR agonist, on liver enzyme markers in blood samples of dogs with suspected hepatopathies. Twenty dogs, with suspected hepatopathies, were divided into two groups: ten of them received subcutaneously daily 10 mg/kg of PMPA for 7 days (treated, group T), while the remaining dogs were treated with a conventional supportive treatment for hepatopathies consisting of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) 10 mg/kg PO SID for 45 days (control, group C). PMPA yielded a faster decrease in liver enzyme activities compared to UDCA, that in most cases was maintained after the suspension of the treatment. These data suggest that PMPA might be considered as supportive treatment for dogs with suspected hepatopathy., Hepatopathy in dogs determines an imbalance of several blood markers. Mefepronhic acid presents a rapid action to ameliorate alanine aminotransferase, glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol levels in blood. Therefore mefepronic acid can contribute to the recovery of the damaged hepatocytes and to the functional reserve capacity of the organ.

Remdesivir, a nucleotide analog RNA polymerase inhibitor, which was originally evaluated in clinical trials to thwart the Ebola outbreak in 2014, has shown in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Experience on its efficacy and safety in COVID-19 is accumulating. In COVID-19, Remdesivir therapy is given intravenously for 5 to 10 days and is frequently accompanied by transient, reversible mild-to-moderate elevations in serum aminotransferase levels but has been only rarely linked to instances of clinically apparent liver injury as a drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It may be caused by direct toxicity possibly due to inhibition of mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Here, we have discussed two cases where liver enzyme levels increased dramatically on the day next after initiating Remdesivir. Case one and two showed grade 4 and grade 3 hepatotoxicity respectively. In both cases, a positive de-challenge was observed and concomitant drugs were not considered to be confounders. Hence, Remdesivir has a causal relationship with the occurrence of this adverse drug reaction.

Background: Erlotinib (ERL) and gefitinib (GEF) are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. Aspartame (ASP), an artificial sweetener, induces CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 enzymes in the brain and could increase liver enzymes. In this work, the influence of ASP on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ERL and GEF in Wistar rats was evaluated. Methods: The PKs of ERL and GEF were evaluated after receiving 175 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg of ASP for four weeks using UPLC-MS/MS. Levels of liver enzymes after four weeks of ASP consumption were also evaluated. Results: ASP 175 mg/kg was able to significantly alter levels of Cmax (36% increase for ERL, 38% decrease for GEF), AUC0–72 (205% increase for ERL, 41% increase for GEF), and AUC0–∞ (112% increase for ERL, 14% increase for GEF). Moreover, ASP 175 mg/kg decreased the apparent oral clearance ERL and GEF by 58% and 13%, respectively. ASP 1000 mg/kg increased Cmax of ERL by 159% and decreased GEF’s Cmax by and 73%. Both AUC0–72 and AUC0–∞ were increased by ASP 1000 for ERL and decreased for GEF. CL/F decreased by 64% for ERL and increased by 38.8% for GEF. Moreover, data indicated that ASP significantly increased levels of liver enzymes within two weeks of administration. Conclusions: Although ASP 175 and 1000 mg/kg alter ERL and GEF PKs parameters, ASP 1000 mg/kg has the highest impact on most parameters. ASP 1000 mg/kg also can significantly increase activities of liver enzymes indicating the possibility of inducing liver injury. Therefore, it might be of clinical importance to avoid the administration of aspartame containing products while on ERL or GEF therapy.

The authors� aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between chronic periodontitis and liver status using alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in women patients. The researchers conducted a case-control study on women patients referred to Dental School. The researchers collected 5 ml of peripheral venous blood from women for the laboratory process after performing periodontal examination. Participants were 124 women aged 25�50 years (62 cases and 62 control). The difference in serum levels of ALT and the difference in serum levels of AST between the two groups were not statistically significant. However, there was a significant correlation between liver enzymes and periodontitis parameters. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Aim: To explore data on non alcoholic fatty liver disease. For this systematic review, our major purpose is to compare grading of fatty liver disease diagnosed on ultrasound with cholesterol level and liver enzymes. Methodology: For this study, total 25 studies were included which follow the Preferred Reporting Items guideline for conducting this systematic review analysis (PRISMA). We search electronic articles from year 2008 to from year 2020 on PUB Med, online Willey library, and ScienceDirect site by using keywords related to sonographic imaging for fatty liver disease. Results: These case studies shows that increasing grades of fatty liver disease are significantly associated with increasing value of total cholesterol levels and liver enzymes.Comparing the heterogeneity level of studies we observed that AST studies have 85% heterogeneity whereas 77% ALT data and 76% GGT data were similar to each other. On the other hand, we observed complete study 12 studies provide information related to TG, TC, HDL, and LDL respectively. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis concluded that the severe cases of liver diseases need biopsies and histopathological examination. Though ultrasonography provides a complete liver picture with 84.8% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity which may help in many cases still the majority of the studies failed to observe steatosis, NAS score. Keywords: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),ultra sonography,lipid profile ,liver enzymes.

This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic properties of phenylmethane on internal organs and liver enzymes (Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alkaline serum transaminase (AST)changes in mice. Thirty albino mice randomly divided equally into 2 groups, each group contains (15) animals as following: 1st group was administrated orally (0.2 mg / kg B.w) of Phenylmethane daily for (8)weeks, 2nd group was considered as negative control group. Finally all animals euthanized and sample of blood were taken for biochemical examination and histopathological specimens were taken from liver, kidney and brain. Results revealed that phenylmethane pointedly enlarged in the level of liver enzyme after 8 weeks that ALP (88.50 ± 1.01), AST (250.20 ± 0.92) compare with control(50.00 ± 0.85), (231.80 ± 1.40). The histopathological lesions showed that the animals exposed to toxic dose of phenylmethane was characterized by inflammatory reaction, hemorrhage, congested blood vessels, necrosis, fibrosis and granuloma in internal organs. In conclusion, phenylmethane had possess toxic effects for internal organs in mice. To avoid its harm on human, the use of phenylmethane should be expertise.

Cholelithiasis is one of the most prevalent diseases in gastroenterology, and it is a major public health problem in all developed countries. It has the most common in patient diagnosis among gastrointestinal and liver diseases and it accounts for many hospital admissions and surgical interventions in our local population. Gallstone disease also known to cause liver disease and defragment of its enzymes. Our main objective in the this study was to investigate the biochemical changes in serum liver enzyme and total bilirubin associated with Cholelithiasis. High incidence of cholelithiasis was more prominent among females 127(84.7%) relatives to males 23(15.3%), giving males to females ratio (1:5.5).The most affected age groups were 41-50 years .The majority of patients 62(41.33%) were obese and their body mass index (BMI) 25-30. The most common type of stones was Mixed stones (MS). Serum liver enzymes level of patients was found to be nearly within the same range, whereas their serum total bilirubin significantly increased in comparison with the control group. Furthermore, it is found that there was significant difference between males and females in ALT and AST in patients group. The serum total bilirubin of the patients with pigment stones was significantly elevated. Cholelithiasis is an important cause to significant pathological changes in serum total bilirubin and slight changes in liver enzymes.

The current study was designed for two groups, each group contain (20) nonsmokers healthy persons males, first group was get (more than 7 hours sleep / day) , while the second group did not get enough sleep hours (less than 7 hours sleep / day). The results showed a significant increase in the level of body mass index (BMI) , the activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase enzyme (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase enzyme (GOT) and concentration of total serum bilirubin (TSB) at probability level (P≤0.049 , P≤0.047 , P≤0.032 , P≤0.035) Respectively in Persons with second group compared to Persons with first group, as well as the study showed a positive correlation between the studied parameters , with increase of all parameters in the second group with each other as a result of the same reason.

Background The effect of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on clinical laboratory parameters, including levels of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), is an area of uncertainty in transgender health. Aim We sought to estimate the distribution parameters of liver enzyme levels among transmasculine (TM) and transfeminine (TF) persons receiving GAHT relative to the corresponding measures in cisgender reference groups, and to evaluate longitudinal changes in these laboratory measures following GAHT initiation. Methods The data for this longitudinal study included 624 TF and 438 transmasculine (TM) people as well as 4,090 cisgender males and 4,797 cisgender females enrolled in 3 integrated health systems. Time under observation was divided into 2 intervals: from the first blood test to the date of the first filled GAHT prescription and from GAHT initiation to the most recent ALT or AST measurement. Linear mixed models were used to compare changes in log-transformed ALT and AST values among transgender cohort members before and after GAHT initiation, and relative to the reference groups. The results were expressed as relative differences (in %) and the ratios of these differences (ratios-of-ratios) along with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Outcomes Changes in ALT and AST levels among transgender people over time and relative to the corresponding changes in cisgender referents. RESULTS Among TM study participants, the post GAHT ratios-of-ratios for AST were 1.61 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.31) and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.31) relative to cisgender males and females respectively. For ALT, the corresponding comparisons yielded the ratios-of-ratios (95% CIs) of 2.06 (1.67, 2.54) and 1.90 (1.50, 2.40). No statistically significant changes were observed among TF participants. Other factors associated with higher liver enzyme levels included alcohol use/abuse and obesity. Clinical Implications TM persons may experience modest increases in ALT and AST concentrations following testosterone initiation; however, clinical significance of the observed association remains unclear and requires further investigation. By contrast, feminizing GAHT is unlikely to induce appreciable changes in liver enzyme levels. Strength and Limitations The strengths of this study are the longitudinal design and the ability to assemble an unselected cohort nested within large health systems. The main limitations include the lack of information on hormone levels and the inability to take into account GAHT doses and routes of administration. CONCLUSION The influence of long-term GAHT on ALT and AST levels appears modest and not likely to reflect clinically meaningful changes in liver function.

Objective: There were few clinical trials which indicate altered liver biochemical findings in diabetic patients, but through investigation to compare the liver enzymes in-between hypertensive and normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes was not evaluated. Thus main objective of current study was to compare the liver enzymes in hypertensive and normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in a tertiary medical teaching hospital in Kolkata. Hospital OPD reports and patients clinical case records were used to fetch the required data in a predesigned clinical record pro forma. Result: Total 180 patients were participated in this observational retrospective trial where 33% patient were normotensive but having T2DM and 67% patients were hypertensive with T2DM. There were no statistically significant differences between the study variables among both the groups. However elevated level of GGT, ALT and AST were observed in T2DM normotensive patients as compare to T2DM hypertensive patients. abnormal liver functions were recorded in patients with uncontrolled diabetes as compared to patients with good control (p

Introduction: Green tea is related to the reduction of liver enzymes, lipoprotein, and body mass index. However, some reports related green tea to the risk of developing liver cancer, but their outcomes were conflicting. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between green tea intake and lipoprotein, liver enzymes, body mass index, and liver cancer. Methods: A systematic literature search up to January 2020 was performed and 22 studies included 169599 subjects with 97316 of them use green tea intake. Odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated to evaluate the relationship between green tea intake and lipoprotein, liver enzymes, body mass index, and liver cancer using the dichotomous or the contentious method with a fixed effect or a random effect models. Results: Green tea intake significantly lowered the risk of developing liver cancer, and body mass index compared to no green tea intake. Also, there was a significant lowering effect of green tea intake on liver enzymes, lipoprotein compared to no green tea intake. However, no significant different was found between green tea intake and no green tea intake on high-density lipoprotein. Conclusions: Based on this meta-analysis, green tea intake had a significant lowering effect on the risk of developing liver cancer and had a significantly improving effect on body mass index, liver enzymes, and lipoprotein compared to no green tea intake. These results suggest that green tea may be added to the daily dietary program to improve cardiovascular status with no possible risk of liver cancer. It even may have a protecting effect against liver cancer in the usual daily number of cups.

Present study is done to compare serum Liver enzymes including Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in hypertensive and cardiac patients. 24 patients were divided into 4 groups according to their treatment with 4 different types of antihypertensive drugs. Group I treated with Beta-blockers (1+1). Group II treated with ACE-Inhibitor once a day. Group III treated with Nitrates once a day. Group IV is taking Diuretics once a day. Data showed non-significant difference in serum ALT concentration in all groups. A significant rise (p< 0.05) in serum AST and ALP levels among hypertensive and cardiac patients is observed, ranging from 24.63-47.33U/L and 110-2484 U/L respectively when compared with normal controls. Thus, not only the risk of cardiac diseases in future might be predicted by altered levels of enzymes ALT, AST and ALP in serum but their concentrations should be monitored during the treatment of cardiac diseases to minimize the risk of cardiac arrest.

Medicinal plants usage in traditional medicine has risen over the years. Musa paradisiaca has been reported that it possesses various therapeutic efficacies. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of parts of the ethanol fruit extracts of Musa paradisiaca on haematological indices and serum liver enzymes. Thirty Wistar rats were grouped into five groups of six animals each which were administered 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of Musa paradisiac fruit (MPF) pulp extract or peel extract. Haematological indices and liver enzymes were assayed for at the end of the 14-days experimental period. MPF pulp and MPF peel at 400 mg/kg showed a significant (P0.05) increase in haemoglobin concentration in the treated rats as compared to the control. There was also a non-significant (P>0.05) change in AST, ALT, and ALP level of the treated rats as compared to the control. Fruit pulp and peel of Musa paradisiaca improve erythrocytes count and haematocrit level, and they may not be associated with liver toxicity.

Objective: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Loquat Leaf Extract (LLE) consumption on liver enzymes in obese men with NAFLD. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 men with NAFLD (BMI: 33.92±1.82 kg/m2) participated and randomly divided into four groups: HIIT (n= 10), LLE (n= 10), LLE+HIIT (n= 10) and control (n= 10). Exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 60 minutes with an intensity between 80-95% of heart rate reserve. Two capsules of 250 mg LLE was administrated daily for 8 weeks. Serum levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) were measured before and 48 hours after the intervention. Results: The results of paired t-test showed that the post-test serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in the LLE+HIIT (P=0.01, 0.01, 0.01) and HIIT groups decreased significantly (P=0.02, 0.01, 0.001). These changes were not significant in the control and LLE groups (P≥0.05). The results of Tukey’s test showed that serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in the LLE+HIIT and HIIT groups had the highest significant decrease (P=0.001) compared to the control group, while ALT and ALP serum levels in the LLE+HIIT group compared to the LLE group (P=0.03) and in the HIIT group compared to the control group (P=0.02) had the lowest decrease after eight weeks of intervention. Conclusion: It seems that consumption of LLE along with high- HIIT leads to a decrease in the level of liver enzymes in men with NAFLD. It is recommended that patients with NAFLD use this technique to improve their liver conditions.

The effect of administration of ethanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata leaves and Zingiber officinale rhizoids on serum liver enzymes (ASP, ALP and ALT) in normal male albino wistar rats, weighing 113-233g was evaluated. Twenty-five (25) animals were randomly assigned five groups of five rats each. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were treated with 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively of Andrographis paniculata leaves and Zingiber officinale rhizoids extracts. Group 5 (control) was not treated. Both treated and control animals were fed with commercial rat mash and water throughout three (3) weeks of experiments. At the end of the 21 days, significant decrease (P> 0.05) in serum AST level was recorded in treated groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 compared with the control. Significant decrease (P> 0.05) in serum ALP level was recorded in group 4 when compared with control. However, serum ALP level recorded significant increase in group 4 compared with group 3 (P>0.05). The results of this research work signified that administration of ethanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata leaves and Zingiber officinale rhizoids possessed no marked effects on the liver enzymes since variations in the levels of the enzymes were within their normal serum ranges.

Cefepime belongs to the fourth generation cephalosporin family of antibiotics, it showed side effects such as nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However little reports showed its hepatotoxic effects. The aim of the current study was to evaluate cefepime-induced hepatotoxicity and its associated histopathological changes in the liver. Also, it aimed to examine the effects of cefepime treatment on the proinflammatory cytokines as well as the protective and recovering roles of vitamin C against the cefepime-induced effects. . Blood samples were collected and the liver enzymes in serum ALT, AST and Total Bilirubin (T. Bil.) were estimated biochemically; liver tissues were collected and divided into two parts: the first part were fixed for histopathological examination by H&E staining whereas the other part was processed for RNA extraction and further for real time PCR examination of the mRNA expression of IL1β and TNFα. Cefepime could significantly increase the concentration of ALT, AST, T. Bil. as well as the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1β and TNFα; histopathological changes in the form of hepatic lobules distortion, marked degeneration, hepatocellular vacuolation and necrosis, nuclear pyknosis, scattered apoptosis, distortion of portal areas and marked fibrosis were observed after two weeks of cefepime administration; co- administration of vitamin C with cefepime or administration administering it for 7 days after cefepime could successfully improve the levels of ALT, AST, T. Bil., histopathological and mRNA expression of IL1β and TNFα. The current study suggested that cefepime has hepatotoxic effects shown as alternation of the liver enzymes, changing in the histopathological features as well as stimulating the inflammation in the liver tissue. Vitamin C can be used as a protective or recovering drug against cefepime-induced hepatotoxicity.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Korean government implemented policies including the systematic social distancing (SSD) system which started on 28 June 2020. The present study investigated the development and aggravation of fatty liver measured using ultrasonography during the transition period (from pre-SSD to SSD) compared to the fatty liver changes during the pre-SSD period. Changes in fatty liver and liver enzymes were assessed in different groups stratified by alcohol consumption. Our retrospective cohort analysis included 5668 participants who underwent health checkups at 13 university hospitals during the SSD period and two or more checkups before the SSD period. Fatty liver developed and aggravated more in the transition period (13.6% development and 12.0% aggravation) than in the pre-SSD period (10.8% development and 10.1% aggravation) in the alcohol consumption group. This finding was more prominent in women than in men. Abnormal alanine transaminase levels were more often developed in the transition period than in the pre-SSD period, especially in men (11.1% vs. 8.6% in each period). In conclusion, the SSD system may contribute to fatty liver changes in individuals who regularly consume alcohol. Further research of the post-pandemic period is needed to assess long-term changes in fatty liver disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin (NA) on growth performance, body proximate composition, liver enzyme activities and pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Groups of fish weighing 31 ± 2 g each in three replicates (30 fish per replicate) were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR), daily growth rate and condition factor (CF), body crude protein, fat, ash and moisture, liver enzymes (ALT and ALP) and pigmentation (skin and muscle carotenoids and muscle astaxanthin) were measured. The results showed that the addition of NA had a significant effect on growth indices (p < 0.05). The highest final body weight (FBW) (101.46 ± 4.46 g) was related 75 mg/kg NA, and the lowest FBW (93.10 ± 0.96 and 91.98 ± 4.08 g) was seen in control and 100 mg/kg NA respectively (p < 0.05). Also, the highest amounts of protein and ash were measured in 50 and 75 mg/kg NA treatments, while the lowest levels of these occurred in control and 100 mg/kg NA. The highest amount of serum ALT and ALP enzymes was in 100 mg/kg nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin treatment, and the lowest amount of ALT enzyme was in 50 mg/kg treatment. Also, the lowest amount of ALP enzyme was obtained in control treatment. The concentration of carotenoids in skin and fillet and fillet astaxanthin increased significantly by adding nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin to the diet (p < 0.05). The highest carotenoid quantity of skin and fillet and astaxanthin fillet was observed in fish fed 75 mg/kg nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin and the lowest amount in the control group. These results suggest that the incorporation of nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin into rainbow trout diet at the level of 75 mg/kg can have a positive effect on growth indices, reduced liver enzyme activity and improved skin and fillet pigmentation.

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to assess effect of consuming anthocyanins (ACNs; pure ACNs or products containing ACNs) on liver enzymes levels including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT). Although no significant impact was detected on the liver enzymes, a significant reduction was observed on ALT (WMD = −4.932 U/L, 95% CI = −9.848 to −0.015, p = .049) and AST (WMD = −3.464 U/L, 95% CI = −6.034 to −0.894, p = .008) in the studies that examined them as primary outcomes. A significant decrease was found on AST among the healthy subjects (WMD = −4.325 U/L, 95% CI = −8.516 to −0.134, p = .043) and in the studies that used products containing ACNs as intervention (WMD = −2.201 U/L, 95% CI = −4.275 to −0.127, p = .037). Although no significant relation was detected between ACNs dosage and the liver enzymes, significant associations were found between the duration of trial with ALT (ALT: slope: 0.09, 95% CI = 0.040 to 0.139, p = .0003) and AST (slope: 0.076, 95% CI = 0.037 to 0.115, p = .0001). In conclusion, although ACNs had no significant effect on the liver enzymes, a significant decrease was discovered on ALT and AST in the studies that evaluated them as primary outcomes. A significant reduction was observed in AST in the healthy individuals and in the studies used products containing ACNs as intervention. Significant relations were also found between the duration of trial with ALT and AST. Further studies are required to confirm these results., This systematic review and meta‐analysis indicated no significant impact on ALT, AST, and GGT levels. However, a significant reduction was found on ALT and AST in the studies which examined liver enzymes as primary outcomes. Moreover, a significant decrease was observed on AST among healthy subjects and in the studies with products rich in ACNs as intervention.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of turmeric intake alone or in combination with resistance training on liver enzymes in adult men who regularly consumed alcohol at least twice a week.METHODS: Twelve men (age: 36.0±5.26 years, weight: 99.9±17.9 kg, and height: 184.0±6.5 cm) were randomly assigned to the turmeric intake (2-3 g/day) alone (TI, n=6) group or the TI plus resistance training (60 minutes of RT 3 times a week) (TI+RT, n=6) group for 8 weeks. Blood was collected before and after 8 weeks of treatment. The analyzed variables included glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GTP), and GOT/GPT ratio.RESULTS:There was no significant interaction effect in all variables, but the main effect was found in all variables only in TI+RT group. The Cohen’s d effect size on the main effects of the TI+RT group on GOT (d=0.548), GPT (d=0.835), γ-GTP (d=0.623), and GOT/GPT ratio (d=0.800) ranged from 0.548-0.835, respectively. However, body composition such as percent body fat (%, p>.05) and muscle mass (kg, p>.05) did not show the main effect on time points as well as the interaction effect (p>.05).CONCLUSIONS:Although the 8-week TI treatment did not show any statistically significant change, TI treatment showed a tendency to decrease in GOT, GPT, and γ-GTP, and the GOT/GPT ratio tends to increase. Therefore, there was a synergic effect of the TI plus RT treatment or the sum of the two treatments for 8 weeks.

Context Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease caused by liver failure. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is a traditional medicine used to treat liver injury. Objective To investigate the effects of dihydromyricetin (DMY) on hepatic encephalopathy associated with acute hepatic failure mice models established by thioacetamide (TAA) exposure. Materials and methods Female BALB/c mouse were randomly divided into control, DMY, TAA, and TAA + DMY groups (n = 8). The first two groups were intraperitoneally injected with saline or 5 mg/kg DMY, respectively. The last two groups were injected with 600 mg/kg TAA to establish HE models, and then the mice in the last group were treated with 5 mg/kg DMY. Neurological and cognition functions were evaluated 24 and 48 h after injection. Mice were sacrificed after which livers and brains were obtained for immunoblot and histopathological analysis, while blood was collected for the analysis of liver enzymes. Results In the TAA + DMY group, ALT and AST decreased to 145.31 ± 12.88 U/L and 309.51 ± 25.92 U/L, respectively, whereas ammonia and TBIL decreased to 415.67 ± 41.91 μmol/L and 3.31 ± 0.35 μmol/L, respectively. Moreover, MDA decreased to 10.74 ± 3.97 nmol/g, while SOD and GST increased to 398.69 ± 231.30 U/g and 41.37 ± 21.84 U/g, respectively. The neurological score decreased to 2.87 ± 0.63, and the number of GFAP-positive cells decreased to 41.10 ± 1.66. Furthermore, the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and GABAA in the cortex decreased. Conclusions We speculate that DMY can serve as a novel treatment for HE.

Increasing evidence highlights the role of muscular strength as a protective factor for cardiometabolic health in adolescents. However, it is not known the relationship between liver enzyme concentrations, liver disease risk factors, and muscular strength among young populations. The aim of this study was to determine the association between muscle strength and liver enzymes and chronic liver disease risk among US adolescents. Data from the NHANES cross-sectional study (2011–2014) was used. A total of 1270 adolescents were included in the final analysis (12–17 years old). Absolute handgrip strength (kg) was normalized according to body composition parameters by body weight [NHSw], whole-body fat [NHSf], and trunk fat [NHSt]). In boys, handgrip strength was inversely associated with higher values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) for all estimations of muscle strength (NHSw, NHSf, and NHSt) (p

Enzim SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvat Transminase) terdapat pada jaringan hati, jantung, otot dan ginjal. SGPT memiliki spesifitas yang relatif tinggi untuk kerusakan hati. Penggunaan kontrasepsi pil KB dalam jangka waktu yang panjang dapat menimbulkan kerusakan jaringan hati. Gangguan fungsi hati terjadi karena adanya hormon progesteron yang menyebabkan aliran empedu menjadi lambat, dan bila berlangsung lama saluran empedu akan tersumbat, maka cairan empedu dalam darah meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar SGPT pada akseptor kontrasepsi pil KB di Wilayah Kabupaten Ciamis. Metode penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pemeriksaan kadar SGPT yang dilakukan terhadap 30 akseptor pil KB di wilayah Kabupaten Ciamis didapatkan hasil 9 orang (30%) mempunyai kadar SGPT yang tinggi dan didapatkan hasil 21 orang (70%) mempunyai kadar SGPT normal.

Background: Aerobic and intense exercises with an increase in free radicals cause damages at the cellular level, heart disease, cancer, and the development of aging processes, which one of its symptoms is increased serum concentrations of liver enzymes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the concurrent effect of four weeks of aerobic training and propolis supplementation on the activity of liver enzymes, including ALT, AST, and SOD in endurance athletes. Methods: Thirty-two male athletes (age: 21±1.4 years) in track and field were randomly divided into three groups: exercise group, exercise with placebo group, and exercise with supplement group. Propolis supplementation was taken as two tablets (500 mg) twice a day and aerobic exercise was performed for 4 weeks and in 24 sessions with an intensity of 60 to 65% of heart rate. The statistical method was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test by SPSS v. 18 software. Findings: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between groups in serum levels of SOD, AST, and ALT (P0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that aerobic exercise alone can increase SOD levels and propolis supplementation with aerobic exercise can reduce AST and ALT serum levels and lead to improved liver cell function.