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Additional file 1: Table S1. Descriptive statistics by season. Table S2. Descriptive statistics by quartiles of rural population. Table S3. Descriptive statistics for complete-case analysis. Table S4. Percent increase in daily CVD admissions and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per 10 µg/m3 for all PM2.5 products. Table S5. Quasi-Akaike’s Information Criterion (qAIC) for select seasonal and long-term trends. Figure S1. Percent increase in daily CVD admissions rates per interquartile range for all PM2.5 products. Figure S2. Percent increase in daily CVD admissions rates for subset excluding AQS. Figure S3. Percent increase in lag 0–1 CVD admissions rates per 10 µg/m3 for all PM2.5 products. Figure S4. Sensitivity analysis adding bank holiday as a potential confounder. Figure S5. Time series of average PM2.5 exposure estimates by PM2.5 product.

Additional file 1. Prevalence of atrioventricular block by age groups and by provinces.

The ICME (Integrated Computational Materials Engineering) for aluminum alloys was applied to combine key experiments with multi-scale numerical simulations from nano (10-10-10-8 m) to micro (10-8-10-4 m) to meso (10-4-10-2 m) and to macro (10-2-10 m) during the whole R&D (research and development) process of aluminum alloys. Using integrated analysis of the composition-processing-structure-properties, the methodology for developing aluminum alloys was promoted from trial and error to scientific design, SO the R & D of aluminum alloys was significantly speed up and the cost was reduced. In this paper, multi-scale simulation approaches including Ab-initio, CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram), phase field, and finite element method together with experimental methods characterizing structure and properties are elaborated. The function of each method in the R & D of aluminum alloys is carefully discussed. Based on ICME, the framework for R & D of aluminum alloys, involving end-user demand, product design and industrial design, is established. Two application examples are presented to describe the important role of ICME during the development stage of aluminum alloys, which provides an innovative pattern for R & D of advanced aluminum alloys.

In order to improve the comprehensive performance of aluminium alloys for the aviation application, it is necessary to experimentally characterize the microstructure, and thus to build a bridge between the microstructure and macro-performance of aluminum alloys. This paper introduces the brief developing course of 2xxx, 6xxx and 7xxx aluminum alloys and their microstructure evolution during artificial aging.The structural characteristics of significant phases like GP zones in Al-Cu alloys and GPB zones in Al-Cu-Mg alloys, and the precipitation behavior of S phase in Al-Cu-Mg alloys, etc, are thoroughly studied. The application of Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy, 3-Dimentional Atom Probe in the investigations of structure, morphology, composition, interface structures, intergranular corrosion resistance and so on has been reviewed, especially the Ω phase in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys and β" phase in Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys. Our group has finished the works such as the simulation and characterization of complex selected area electron diffraction patterns in Al alloys, as well as the measuring of the precipitates' volume fraction with high accuracy which is based on the convergent beam electron diffraction.

The application of 3D(three-dimensional) virtual reality technology for theoretical and interactive training of civil aircraft has become a development tendency. However, there still remains problems in the lack of modifiability and the complexity of development process in this application. In this paper, based on analysis of the training content requirements and characteristics of virtual reality technology, the 3D virtual training courseware for civil aircraft is divided into component recognition courseware, gas/ liquid flow courseware, mechanism action courseware, and disassembly/ assembly courseware. The function requirements of 3D virtual training courseware are analyzed, and a design scheme of 3D virtual training courseware development system for civil aircraft including system architecture design, virtual reality engine selection and courseware flow and logic editing was proposed. Finally, a sample courseware application test was conducted for four types of courseware.

Due to the difficulty to maximize the value of each resource when considering the interests of a single entity or several entities in the distribution network planning, this paper proposes an active distribution network bi-level planning model considering "source-grid-load-storage" collaborative. The upper level of the model considers the minimum annual comprehensive cost as the optimization goal, which includes the annual investment cost and annual maintenance cost of distributed generation and energy storage, demand-side management annual cost and annual network loss cost. The optimized variables are the installation location and capacity of distributed generation and energy storage. The lower level planning aims to minimize the annual network loss, and according to the installation location and capacity of the distributed generation and storage determined by the current upper level plan, the coordination and optimization strategy of distributed generation, energy storage and demand responses are proposed. A hybrid strategy combining catastrophe genetic algorithm and interior point method is used to solve the planning model. Simulation analysis of the IEEE33 node system verifies the validity of the active distribution network bi-level planning model considering "source-grid-load-storage" collaborative, and the economical efficiency compared with "source-storage" planning and "source-load" planning.

Oxy-steam combustion technology is regarded to be the next generation of oxy-fuel combustion technology. Because the physical and chemical properties of steam are very different from that of CO 2 or N 2 , especially its reactivity, the ignition characteristics of coal in oxy-steam combustion are expected to be different from those in conventional combustion or O 2 /CO 2 recycled combustion. This paper presents experimental investigations of the ignition behaviors of coal in O 2 /N 2 and O 2 /H 2 O atmospheres using different oxygen fractions (21%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 50%). Ignition experiments were performed in a drop tube furnace. The ignition behaviors were recorded using a high-speed camera and a two-color pyrometer. According to the images of the ignition, the pulverized coals ignite homogeneously in all cases. The ignition of pulverized coal in the O 2 /H 2 O atmospheres occurs sooner than in the O 2 /N 2 atmospheres at identical oxygen fractions. A high concentration of steam may enhance the steam gasification reaction (C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 ) and the steam shift reaction (CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 ) in O 2 /H 2 O atmospheres. These two reactions can form a large amount of H 2 and CO in O 2 /H 2 O atmospheres in the gaseous mixture around the coal particle. This result is beneficial to reducing the ignition delay times of volatiles mixtures in O 2 /H 2 O atmospheres.

The main objective of the thesis is to develop a prognostic surface albedo of the visible spectrum and near infrared and assess its impact on the energy balance and hydrology in the modelling platform of SURFEX. First, a statistical approach has generated a global climate albedo product at 0.05 ° for bare soil and vegetation using multiple years 8 -day MODIS onboard TERRA and AQUA satellites heliosynchronous data. Then, an original method has been developed to reduce temporal resolution of MODIS 500m albedo to daily. The result is validated against in situ measurements as well as daily albedo from geostationary satellite MSG / SEVIRI Land SAF project after projection of MODIS. Then a method of separating albedo of bare soil and vegetation is applied to the datasets of the two satellite systems. Using a threshold of vegetation cover, a calibration of the albedo bare soil with measured soil moisture is derived from 2007 to 2010 for 12 SMOSMANIA stations over southwestern France. We derived a parameterization of the albedo of bare soil with moisture to make the climate changing albedo. The albedo and simulated happens to be very well correlated with observations from space, which helps to explain the albedo variations at very short notice. To change seasonally albedo, a simple parameterization of canopy albedo derived from detailed radiative transfer code PROSAIL is used. The variables are the albedo of the sheet, canopy geometry and chlorophyll content. In order to be sensitive to chlorophyll, the study is based on an albedo at 560 nm. The theoretical approach is validated with MODIS satellite data for the site Majadas (Spain). The next step is to conduct an impact study of this new predictive albedo on the energy balance and hydrology within SURFEX over France and highlighting effects on temperature. More preliminary restricted to a SMOSMANIA station, an assimilation scheme is developed for surface albedo together with the leaf area index LAI and surface moisture. This effects an improvement in the prescribed LAI at the beginning of crop growth.