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The climate system of the Third Pole region, including the (TP) and its surroundings, is highly sensitive to global warming. Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are understood to be a vital component of this climate system. Driven by the monsoon circulation, surface heating, and large-scale and local moisture supply, they frequently occur during summer and mostly over the central and eastern TP as well as in the downstream regions. Further, MCSs have been highlighted as important contributors to total precipitation as they are efficient rain producers affecting water availability (seasonal precipitation) and potential flood risk (extreme precipitation) in the densely populated downstream regions. The availability of multi-decadal satellite observations and high-resolution climate model datasets has made it possible to study the role of MCSs in the under-observed TP water balance. However, the usage of different methods for MCS identification and the different focuses on specific subregions currently hamper a systematic and consistent assessment of the role played by MCSs and their impact on precipitation over the TP headwaters and its downstream regions. Here, we review observational and model studies of MCSs in the TP region within a common framework to elucidate their main characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and impact on seasonal and extreme precipitation. We also identify major knowledge gaps and provide suggestions on how these can be addressed using recently published high-resolution model datasets. Three important identified knowledge gaps are 1) the feedback of MCSs to other components of the TP climate system, 2) the impact of the changing climate on future MCS characteristics, and 3) the basin-scale assessment of flood and drought risks associated with changes in MCS frequency and intensity. A particularly promising tool to address these knowledge gaps are convection-permitting climate simulations. Therefore, the systematic evaluation of existing historical convection-permitting climate simulations over the TP is an urgent requirement for reliable future climate change assessments.

International audience; High ionic conductivity, low grain boundary impedance, and stable electrochemical property have become the focus for all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSB). One of the approaches is to promote the rapid diffusion of lithium ions by regulating the chemical bond interactions within the framework. The structure control of P5+ substitution for Sn4+ on lithium-ion transport was explored for a series of Li3PS4-Li4SnS4 glass-ceramic electrolytes. Results showed that the grain boundary impedance of the glass electrolyte was reduced after heat treatments. The formation of LiSnPS microcrystals, a good superionic conductor, was detected by X-ray diffraction tests. Electrochemical experiments obtained the highest conductivity of 29.5 S cm(-1) at 100 degrees C and stable electrochemical window from -0.1 to 5 V at 25 degrees C. In addition, the cell battery was assembled with prepared electrolyte, which is promoted as a candidate solid electrolyte material with improved performance for ASSLSB.

The figure of SEM, XRD and the nonlinear refractive and nonlinear absorption versus laser power.

With the popularity of pasteurized milk.the requirements for quality and quantity from customers are increasing. This article takes cold chain distribution network of the Guangzhou dairy company as research object and bases on the special needs of pasteurized milk on time and temperature.establishing a vehicle routing optimization model of cold chain logistics with time window in dynamic network model through improving traditional vehicle routing problem.Also,a hybrid genetic algorithm is designed to solve the model which uses the excellent local search ability of hill climbing algorithm to optimize the genetic algorithm.Finally,it analyzes data from the company.sets reasonable parameters and obtains the optimization results.through which, the author gives corresponding recommendations in order to improve the quality of dairy products and the cold chain delivery efficiency of this company.

A serial of Er3+∶Ag-bismuth glass nanocomposites were prepared by the conventional melting-quenching method.The effect of nano-silver addition on the emission intensity of Er3+ was investigated.The experimental results indicate that Ag nanoparticles of mass fraction of 0.2% drastically enhances the intensity(~4.6 times) of 1.53 μm emission bands of Er3+.Local field enhancement induced by Ag0 surface plasmon resonance(SPR) and energy transfer from fluorescent Ag0→Er3+ ions are found to be responsible for this enhancement.

International audience; Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy combined with Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation was applied to study free-volume entities in GeS2-Ga2S3 glasses affected by Ga additions. It is shown that Ga-related void sub-system plays a decisive role in positron trapping process, while the overall density variation is defined mainly by Ge-related sub-system. These results serve as basis for new characterization route for inner free-volume structure of these glasses.