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Genus Paracercopis Schmidt Paracercopis Schmidt, 1925: 4; Lallemand, 1949: 80; Metcalf, 1961: 550; Nast, 1972: 157. Type species: Cercopis (Callitettix) seminigra Melichar, 1902: 105, pl. v, fig. 11, by original designation. Esakius Ôuchi, 1943: 498. Type species: Esakius sinensis Ôuchi, 1943: 498, by original designation. [Synonymized by Liang, 1993 (1992): 444.] Generic diagnosis. Members of Paracercopis can be distinguished from other cercopid genera by the combination of the following characters: body medium-sized, relatively robust, oval (Figs 1A–D, 5A, 5D); postclypeus centrally longitudinally sulcate (Fig. 5C); hindwing with 4 closed apical cells, Cu 1a and Cu 1b on short stalk, cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b, basal half of Cu 1b strongly arched against Cu 2, fourth apical cell very long and large (Fig. 4A); hind tibiae with one lateral stout spine, and the male genitalia with the subgenital plates with basal body large and elongate, apex constricted into spinous process, basal plate present, parameres elongate with apex furcated, aedeagal shaft relatively short, broad and robust, apex without spinous processes; gonopore subapical on dorsal edge. The unique hindwing venation pattern (Cu 1a and Cu 1b on short stalk, cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b), oval body shape, genital styles with stout apical processes, and short and broad aedeagal shaft [see Liang 1993 (1992)] appear to be good autapomorphies of Paracercopis that support the monophyly of the genus. Paracercopis has close affinity to the Oriental Paracercopoides Liang, 1994 in head morphology, hindwing venation, and structure of the male genitalia, but can be distinguished by the broadly sulcate postclypeus (very narrowly sulcate in Paracercopoides); hindwing with cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b (Fig. 4A) [m-cu meeting Cu 1a just before furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b in the males or well before furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b in the females in Paracercopoides (Fig. 4B)] and the basal half of Cu 1b strongly arched against Cu 2 (Fig. 4A) [nearly straight and more remote from Cu 2 in Paracercopoides (Fig. 4B)]; and the minutiae of the male genitalia. This genus is also closely related to several other Oriental genera, including Eoscarta Breddin, with the sulcate postclypeus and the hind tibiae with one lateral spur, but can be separated reliably by hindwing venation and the structure of the male genitalia. Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of Paracercopis seminigra. Antennae with scape cylindrical and short (Figs 2A, 2B); pedicel cylindrical and relatively elongate, with surface transversely imbricated (Figs 2A, 2B); flagellar base expanded and hidden in apical cavity of pedicel and visible in ventrolateral view, with surface sparsely transversely imbricated (Figs 2A, 2B). Three types of sensilla, namely basiconic sensillum, coeloconic sensillum and trichoid sensillum were found in the antennae. The basiconic and coeloconic sensilla are found on the expanded flagellar base and the trichoid sensilla are seen in the pedicel. The expanded flagellar base bears a large and distinct basiconic sensillum and 8–10 coeloconic sensilla (Figs 2A– D). The basiconic sensillum is large, peg-like and is located in a large, broad, shallow pit at the apex of the expanded flagellar base (Figs 2A–D). It is broad basally and is tapered to a blunt apex pointing along the flagellar extension, with the outer cuticular surface pitted (Figs 2C, 2D). It is about 62 μm long and 17.5 μm in width subbasally. The coeloconic sensilla are porous structures located at the upper ventrolateral area of the expanded flagelar base (Figs 2A, 2C, 2D). They are concentrated on left side of the basiconic sensillum with a diameter of 4.12–6.90 μm (Figs 2A, 2C, 2D). Six hair-like trichoid sensilla are present in a cluster near the base of the pedicel laterally (Fig. 2A). They are 56–67 μm long and are curved toward the antennal shaft (Fig. 2A). The hair bases are inserted tightly into a small cuticular socket and protrude between 30–40° from the antenna. Very similar trichoid sensilla were seen on the antenna of some other cercopid spittlebug species, for example, Euryaulax carnifex (Fabricius) from Australia, Tomaspis inca (Guérin-Méneville) from Central America and Cercopis sanguinolenta (Scopoli) from Europe (Liang & Fletcher 2002; Liang unpublished data). The ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla in P. seminigra is similar to that found in species from the Oriental and Australian cercopid genera Sounama Distant, Aufidus Stål, Euryaulax Kirkaldy, Petyllis Kirkaldy and Tonnoiria Lallemand (Liang & Webb 2022; Liang & Fletcher 2002). Rostral sensilla of Paracercopis seminigra. The rostral tip of P. seminigra consists of 2 lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe possessing two terminal fields of 8 basiconic sensilla (Fig. 2E–H): both inner and outer terminal fields each having two types of 4 basiconic sensilla, type I sensillum (b 1 in Figs 2F and 2G) being 3 in number, relatively long (ca. 20 μm in length, 4.3 μm in width basally and 0.9 μm in width apically), gradually tapered from base to apex and having longitudinally grooved surface; type II sensillum (b 2 in Figs 2F–G) being 1 in number, distinctly short (ca. 15 μm in length), relative broad and blunt (ca. 5.8 μm in width basally and 1.2 μm in width apically) and having smooth surface and several very fine pits on surface. The type I sensilla are possibly mechanosensory organs and the type II sensilla are possibly chemical sense organs. Biology. In common with most spittlebug groups, currently few biological data are available for species of Paracercopis. Here some host plant associations of several Paracercopis species are reported for the first time. P. seminigra (Melichar, 1902) was found in a species of the family Criceferae in Chongqiang, southwestern China. An unidentified Paracercopis species in Yunnan, southwestern China was found in a species of Pteridophyta. The nymphs of P. chekiangensis Ôuchi, 1943 produce conspicuous masses of cuckoo-spit on shrubs of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb (Fig. 1E). Some Paracercopis species can be attracted at light (Liang unpublished data). Distribution. Paracercopis occurs in southern and central China, from Zhejiang Province in the east through to Xizang (Tibet) in the west, in the northeastern India and northern Burma, Vietnam and Thailand (new country record)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping, Zhang, Pei-Yi, Zhu, Xiao-Qing, Wang, Ye-Qing & Xiao, Neng-Wen, 2023, The Oriental spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) revisited, with description of one new species from Hubei, China, pp. 232-242 in Zootaxa 5306 (2) on pages 237-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8058774, {"references":["Schmidt, E. (1925) Paracercopis, eine neue Cercopidengattung. Societas Entomologica, 40, 4 - 5.","Lallemand, V. (1949) Revision des Cercopinae (Hemiptera Homoptera). Premiere partie. Memoires du Musee royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 32 (2), 1 - 193, pls. i - iv.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1961) General catalogue of the Homoptera. Fasc. VII, Cercopoidea. Part 2. Cercopidae. Waverly, Baltimore, Maryland, 607 pp.","Nast, J. (1972) Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera): an Annotated Check List. Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, 550 pp.","Melichar, L. (1902) Homopteren aus West-China, Persien und dem Sud-Ussuri-Gebiete gesammelt von Potanin, Berezovski, Zarudny und Jankovski. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Acaemie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 7, 76 - 146.","Ouchi, Y. (1943) Contributiones ad Congnitionem Insectorum Asiae Orientalis 12. Notes on some cercopid insects from east China. Shanghai Sizenkagaku Kenkyusyo Ibo, 13 (6), 496 - 504. [in Japanese with English summary]","Liang, A. - P. [1993 (1992)] A revision of the spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Homoptera: Cercopidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 23 (4), 443 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631292 x 00236","Liang, A. - P. (1994) Paracercopoides, a new Oriental spittlebug genus related to Paracercopis Schmidt (Insecta: Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae). Reichenbachia Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 30, 123 - 127.","Haupt, H. (1924) Die Homoptera der Tibetreise W. St ˆ tzners. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 295 - 306.","Liang, A. - P. & Fletcher, M. J. (2002) Morphology of the antennal sensilla in four Australian spittlebug species (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) with implications for phylogeny. Australian Journal of Entomology, 41 (1), 39 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 6055.2002.00266. x"]}

Liang, Ai-Ping, Zhang, Pei-Yi, Zhu, Xiao-Qing, Wang, Ye-Qing, Xiao, Neng-Wen (2023): The Oriental spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) revisited, with description of one new species from Hubei, China. Zootaxa 5306 (2): 232-242, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4

Paracercopis unicolor Liang, Zhang & Xiao, new species (Figures 5A–C) Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from other known species in Paracercopis by its largest body size (the largest currently known species in Paracercopis); shining black head, pronotum and scutellum; and uniformly reddish brown forewings (Figs 5A, 5B). This new species is externally similar to P. fuscipennis (Haupt, 1924) (Fig. 5D) from China, but can be distinguished from the latter by the body distinctly much larger and more broad and the forewings reddish brown (Figs 5A, 5B). Description. Female. Body large, length (from apex of vertex to tip of forewing) 9.8–10.8 mm; oval in shape, shortly pilose, legs more strongly pilose. Coloration. Head (including face), pronotum and scutellum uniformly shining black. Compound eyes grey. Ocelli bright and pale yellowish. Antennae black, with flagellar aristae grey. Forewings reddish brown. Thorax beneath blackish. Legs fuscous to black. Abdomen black, with posterior abdominal segmental margin dark rose. Structure. Head short and broad, much narrower than pronotum, forwardly reclined; vertex transversely depressed in front of eyes, posterior disk convex; ocelli closer to each other than to eyes; postclypeus strongly inflated, moderately laterally compressed, upper three-fourths centrally, longitudinally, broadly sulcated (Fig. 5C); lateral areas with 10 transverse striae. Antennae with expanded flagellar base visible. Pronotum relatively large and broad, coarsely punctate, and faintly centrally longitudinally carinate, with basal and apical parts of central carina invisible; anterior lateral areas depressed, foveate on each side near anterior margin; anterior lateral margins arched and reflexed, anterior field strongly sloping to depressed vertex; posterior lateral margins longer than anterior lateral margins. Scutellum centrally foveate and impressed at apex (Fig. 5A). Forewings relatively broad, densely and finely punctate. Hindwings with Cu 1a and Cu 1b on short stalk, cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b, Cu 1b with basal half strongly arched against Cu2, fourth apical cell long and large. Posterior femora with one stout black-tipped spine on outer edge beyond middle and 12 black-tipped spines in two rows at apex. Male. Unknown. Host plants. Unknown. Type material examined. Holotype ♀, China: Hubei Province, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Xiaosuidao, 950 m, 15.v.2018 (E. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, Q. Chen, D.M. Huang) (IZCAS). Paratypes. CHINA: Hubei Province: 2♀♀, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Jietou, 1163 m, 14.v.2018 (E. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, R. H. Gong, Q. Chen, D.M. Huang); 3♀♀, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Yaowan, 1180 m, 12.v.2018 (X.Q. Zhu, R. H. Gong, D.M. Huang, Q. Chen); 2♀♀, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Shuikuwan, 1193 m, 10, 13.v.2018 (E. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, R. H. Gong, P.Y. Zhang) (IZCAS, TNU). Other material examined (not syntypes). CHINA: 1♀, Hubei Province, Hefeng, 800–1200 m, 30.v.1989 (Wenzhen Ma) (IZCAS). Etymology. This new species is named for its uniformly reddish brown forewings (Figs 5A, 5B). Distribution. China (Hubei). Remarks. The male specimens and examination of male genitalic structures of this new species are needed., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping, Zhang, Pei-Yi, Zhu, Xiao-Qing, Wang, Ye-Qing & Xiao, Neng-Wen, 2023, The Oriental spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) revisited, with description of one new species from Hubei, China, pp. 232-242 in Zootaxa 5306 (2) on page 240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8058774, {"references":["Haupt, H. (1924) Die Homoptera der Tibetreise W. St ˆ tzners. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 295 - 306."]}

Philagra straminea sp. nov. (Figs 1C, 3D, 3E, 7) Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other Philagra species by its small size; pale stramineous colouration; presence of a central longitudinal fuscous fascia on the dorsum of the cephalic process (excluding extreme apex), pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of the forewing with the fascia on the pronotum and scutellum containing a central longitudinal pale stramineous line (Figs 1C, 7A); forewings very sparsely covered by some longitudinal, short, fine, brownish fasciae (Fig. 1C); and by the structure of the male genitalia (Figs 7C–G). Description. Small sized, body length ♂ 8.8–9.1 mm, ♀ 10.5–10.7 mm, length of cephalic process: ♂ 1.6 mm, ♀ 2.1–2.3 mm (Fig. 1C). Generally pale stramineous, sometimes pale brown, with a central longitudinal fuscous fascia (relatively wider in male and narrower in female) on dorsum of cephalic process (excluding extreme apex), pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of forewings, with the fascia on pronotum and scutellum containing a central, longitudinal, pale stramineous line (Fig. 1C). Head brown ventrally; anteclypeus fuscous; postclypeus fuscous, darker towards apex in male, pale stramineous and suffused with brown in female. Rostrum with basal segment pale stramineous and apical segment fuscous. Forewing pale stramineous, with some fine, short, longitudinal brownish fasciae along veins. Legs brown, with claws darker, apical half of tarsomere III brown, tibiae and tarsomeres of posterior legs pale stramineous, and tips of spines on lateral outer edge of hind tibiae and tips of spines at end of hind tibiae and metatarsomeres I and II, black. Abdomen pale stramineous, with sterna sometimes fuscous or suffused with fuscous. Cephalic process short and somewhat stout, shorter than pronotum in dorsal view; relatively flat, subapically slightly restricted in dorsal view; without dorsal and ventral carina (Figs 1C, 7A, 7B). Antenna with flagellum segmented by scar-shaped rings (Figs 3D, 3E), with two peg-like basiconic sensilla (12.86–14.29 µm long, 5.41– 6.49 µm in diameter basally) and more than ten coeloconic sensilla on surface of expanded flagellar base (Figs 3D, 3E). Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 7C) relatively short and small, with posterior margin relatively narrowly extending posteriorly in lateral view. Subgenital plates (Fig. 7D) in ventral view relatively narrow and elongate, with basal half distinctly broad, gradually tapered from base to apex, extreme apex bluntly short, recurving anterodorsally in lateral view. Genital style (Figs 7C, 7E) relatively broad in lateroventral view, with ventral margin widely excavated subapically in lateral view. Aedeagal shaft (Figs 7C, 7F, 7G) relatively broad, curved slightly anterad, with apical spines distinctly broad and stout. Remarks. This species is similar to P. dissimilis Distant 1908 from southern China but can be distinguished from the latter by its pale stramineous body colour; the presence of a central longitudinal fuscous fascia on the dorsum of the cephalic process (excluding extreme apex), pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of forewings with the fascia on the pronotum and scutellum containing a central longitudinal pale stramineous line (Fig. 1C); the colour pattern on frons (Fig. 7B); and the details of the male genitalia (Fig. 7C–G). It is known only from the type locality. Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin word, “ stramineus ”, referring to its general stramineous body colour. Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Sichuan Province: Mt. Emei, Chudian, 1780 m, 26.vi.1957 (TJNU). Paratypes. CHINA: Sichuan Province: 1♂, Mt. Emei, 18.vi.1955 (K. R. Huang & G. T. Jin); 1♂, same locality, but 1800–2100 m, 24.vi.1955 (Z.L. Ge) (both in IZCAS); 1♀, same locality, but 25.viii.1961 (R. H. Jin) (CAU); 1♂, 3♀♀, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 10, 11.viii.1957 (K. R. Huang); 3♂♂, 2♀♀, same data except 17, 19, 21.viii & 25.ix.1957 (Y.C. Lu); 2♂♂, 3♀♀, same data except 8.vii & 10, 11, 25.viii.1957 (Z.Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS); 1♀, same data except 20.viii.1961 (R. H. Jin) (CAU); 1♂, Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 14.vi.1957 (Z.Y. Wang); 8♂♂, 9♀♀, Mt. Emei, Xixiangchi, 1800–2000 m, 14–21.viii & 8.ix.1957 (K. R. Huang); 12♂♂, 14♀♀, same data, except 25.vi & 9–28.viii.1957 (F.X. Zhu); 2♀♀, same data, except 18.viii & 7.ix.1957 (Z.Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS); 1♀, [Mt. Emei], Leidongping, 13.ix.1943 (TJNU).

Philagra bimaculata sp. nov. (Figs 1A, 2, 3A–C, 3F–H, 4) Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other Philagra species by the presence of one distinct, relatively large, nearly ovoid, yellowish orange marking crossing the claval suture before the middle of the forewing (Figs 1A, 2); presence of an inverse V-shaped, yellowish fascia on the upper two thirds of the postclypeus (Fig. 4B); and by the shape of the male genitalia (Figs 4D–H). This species is similar to P. cheni Liang 1988 in general external appearance but can be very easily distinguished from the latter by the distinctive large, round, yellowish orange marking on the forewing (Figs 1A, 2). Description. Relatively small to medium sized, slender species, body length: ♂ 9.7–11.4 mm, ♀ 10.9–12.6 mm, length of cephalic process: ♂ 2.0– 2.15 mm, ♀ 2.28–2.45 mm (Figs 1A, 2). Body brown, finely silverishly pilose; vertex and cephalic process fuscous. Eyes grey. Ocelli bright yellowish. Callosities between eye and ocellus grey. Postclypeus dark brown, with an indistinct inverse V-shaped yellowish fascia on upper two thirds of postclypeus (Fig. 4B). Antennae with basal segments and antennal ledges yellowish brown. Rostrum with basal segment yellowish brown, apical segment fuscous, with extreme apex yellowish brown. Prothorax and mesothorax with pleurum and sternum fuscous; metathorax with pleurum and sternum yellowish brown. Forewing with one distinct, relatively large, nearly ovoid, yellowish orange marking crossing claval suture before middle (Figs 1A, 2). Legs yellowish brown, femora of anterior and middle legs much darker, sometimes fuscous; claws and tarsomere III of posterior legs fuscous or blackish; tips of spines on lateral outer edge of hind tibiae and tips of spines at end of hind tibiae and metatarsomeres I and II, black. Abdomen yellowish brown or sometimes orange yellow. Cephalic process relatively slender and elongate, longer than pronotum, gradually tapered from base to apex, without dorsal and ventral median carina (Figs 1A, 4A–C). Antenna with scape short; pedicel cylindrical and relatively elongate; flagellum segmented by scar-shaped rings (Fig. 3C), flagellar base expanded, bulbous and hidden in apical cavity of pedicel and invisible in ventrolateral view, with two peg-like basiconic sensilla (ba in Fig. 3A) (12.63–15.26 µm long, 5.0–5.53 µm in diameter basally) and more than ten coeloconic sensilla (co in Fig. 3A) on surface (Figs 3A–C). Rostral tip consisting of 2 lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe possessing 10 basiconic sensilla with two types of sensilla (Figs 3G, 3H): 9 type I sensilla (possibly mechanosensory) (b 1 in Fig. 3G) distinctly slender and long (18.72–26.81 µm in length), gradually tapered from base to apex and having longitudinally grooved surfaces; 1 type II sensillum (possibly chemical sense organ) (b 2 in Fig. 3G) distinctly short (16.60 µm in length), relatively broad and blunt (4.04 µm in diameter basally and 3.30 µm in diameter subapically) and smooth with one very fine pit on surface subapically. Male genitalia with pygofer short and high, with posterior margin relatively broadly extending posteriorly in lateral view. Subgenital plates (Figs 4D, 4E) large, fully covering genital styles and aedeagus ventrally, with base broad, gradually narrowing toward apex over distal three fifths (Fig. 4E); arched subbasally and directed posterodorsally in lateral view, with extreme apex hooked and curved anterodorsally in lateral view (Fig. 4D). Genital styles as in Fig. 4F. Aedeagal shaft (Figs 4G, 4H) relatively slender, tubular, moderately elongate, directed dorsally, slightly curved anterad medially (Fig. 4G); apex with two relatively slender and acute, posteroventrally directed spines arising from apical lateral side in lateral view (Figs 4G, 4H); gonopore dorsal (Fig. 4H). Remarks. This species forms a relatively primitive Philagra species group together with P. albinotata Uhler 1896, P. quadrimaculata Schmdit 1920, P. graham Metcalf & Horton 1934 and P. cheni Liang 1988 from China and Japan since they possess many plesiomophic characters including the relatively slender and narrow cephalic process, absence of the median dorsal and ventral carina on the cephalic process and the presence of a yellowish inverse V-shaped fascia on the lateral margin of the cephalic process and propleurae. Distribution. Sothwestern China (Tibet, Yunnan), Bangladesh. Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin, prefix “ bis- (two)” and word “ macula (marking)”, referring to the presence of two distinct, yellowish orange markings on the forewings (Figs 1A, 2). Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Tibet: Mêdog County, Hanmi, light trap, 2120 m, 11.viii.2006 (Z.S. Song) (TJNU). Paratypes. China, Tibet: 1♀, Mêdog County, 2400 m, 18.viii.1982 (Y.H. Han); 3♂♂, 1♀, Mêdog County, Gelin village, 1550–1900 m, 24.v.1983 (Z. Lin); 1♀, same data, except 25.v.1983 (Z. Lin); 2♂♂, Mêdog County, Hanmi, light trap, 2120 m, 11.viii.2006 (Z.S. Song); 1♀, Bomê County, Yi’ong, 2300 m, 26.viii.1983 (Y.H. Han) (all in IZCAS); 5♂♂, 3♀♀, Yi’ong, 2300 m, 15.vi.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♂, 2♀♀, same data, except 16.vi.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♂, same data, except vi.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♀, same data except 29.vii.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♂, same data except 30.vii.1978 (F.S. Li); 2♀♀, same data except 31.vii.1978 (F.S. Li) (all in CAU); 1♂, Cona County, Le Town, Xian Village, 2800 m, N°27.8430, E°91.7589, collected in the daytime, 3.vi.2016 (H.B. Liang); 1♂, Cona County, Le Town, 4.5km of BianFangLiuLian road, 2670 m, N°27.8202, E°91.7576, collected in the day time, 7.vi.2016 (H.B. Liang) (all in IZCAS). Yunnan Province: 1♂, 1♀, Yunlong, Mt. Zhibenshan, 2550 m, 22.vi.1981 (S.B. Liao) (IZCAS). Other specimens examined. BANGLADESH: 1♂, 1♀, Enayet, Rajshahi, 14.viii.2016 (M.E.A. Pramanik) (TJNU).

Philagra fuscofasciata s p. nov. (Figs 1B, 5–6) Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other Philagra species by its relatively large size and robust body; elongate, broad and flat cephalic process without dorsal and ventral median carinae; presence of a central, longitudinal, fuscous fascia on the dorsum of the cephalic process, pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of forewings; forewings speckled with short and fine fuscous stripes, and corium with one distinct, nearly rectangular, fuscous marking before the middle (Figs 1B, 5); and the structure of the male genitalia (Fig. 6). Description. Relatively large, robust species, body length: ♂ 17.6 mm, ♀ 19.8–19.9 mm, length of cephalic process: ♂ 4.3 mm, ♀ 4.8 mm (Figs 1B, 5). Body dark brown, strongly silverishly piolose, with a central, continuous, longitudinal, fuscous fascia on dorsum of cephalic process, pronotum, scutellum and inner margins of forewings (Figs 1B, 5). Body beneath dark brown, lateral margin of cephalic process, frons and propleurae lacking yellowish V-shaped vitta in lateroventral view (Fig. 5C). Antennae brown, pedicel with apex suffused with fuscous; antennal ledges centrally yellowish in lateral view. Rostrum brown, with apical segment (excluding extreme base) fuscous. Pronotum with a very short and fine yellowish stripe on base, anterior lateral margin yellowish in lateral view. Thorax beneath brown. Scutellum with apex centrally yellowish. Forewing speckled with short and fine fuscous stripes; corium with one distinct, nearly rectangular, fuscous marking before middle (Fig. 5C). Legs brown, with tarsomere III much darker, claws blackish, tips of spines on lateral outer edge of hind tibia and tips of spines at end of hind tibia and metatarsomeres I and II, black. Abdomen with dorsum yellowish brown and sternum dark brown. Male genital capsule yellowish brown, subgenital plates suffused with brownish; anal segments and anal tube dark brown. Cephalic process elongate, distinctly longer than pronotum, with extreme apex slightly expanded laterally and compressed dorsoventrally; relatively broad, flat and robust in dorsal view, relatively straight and gently extending anterodorsally in lateral view (Figs 1B, 5), without dorsal and ventral median carina (Fig. 5). Antenna with flagellum segmented by scar-shaped rings, with two peg-like basiconic sensilla and more than ten coeloconic sensilla on surface of expanded flagellar base. Legs relatively short and stout, apical tibial spines stout; metatarsomere II bilobed apically with outer lobe distinctly long, longer than inner lobe. Forewing strongly silverishly piolose. Male genitalia with pygofer short and high, with posterior margin angularly extending posteriorly mesially in lateral view (Fig. 6A); anal tube slender in lateral view (Figs 6A, 6B). Subgenital plates elongate (Figs 6A–D), with outer margin sinuate in ventral view (Fig. 6B) and strongly excavated over apical one fourth leaving apical part of the plate rod-like; extreme apex bidentate (Figs 6C, 6D), curving dorsoanteriorly in ventrolateral view (Fig. 6D). Genital style (Figs 6A, 6E, 6F, 6G) relatively broad with extreme basal part slender and laminate; upper margin greatly excavated over apical one fourth leaving apical one fourth narrow and slender in lateral view, with extreme apex of apical slender part forked, with inner edge of apical part of style with a dorsally directed, laminate process in lateral view (Figs 6E, 6F). Aedeagal shaft (Figs 6A, 6E–G) tubular, slender, nearly straight, base expanded posteroventrally and nearly knob-like, with apical spines distinctly narrow, slender and acute; gonopore subapical dorsally. Remarks. This new species is similar to P. subrecta Jacobi 1921 from China but can be distinguished from the latter by the much larger body, the presence of a central longitudinal fuscous fascia starting from apex of cephalic process, running along with median line of pronotum and scutellum, and ending at tip of inner margin of forewings (Fig. 5); and the details of the male genitalia (Fig. 6). The unique female specimen collected from Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province, China, and tentatively included in this species, lacks the fuscous marking on the corium before the middle (Fig. 1B). Distribution. Sothwestern China (Guizhou, Sichuan). Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin words “ fuscus (dark brown)” and “ fascia (band)”, referring to the presence of a longitudinal fuscous fascia runnin from apex of the cephalic process to tip of the inner margin of forewings (Figs 1B, 5). Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Guizhou Province: Jiangkou County, Taiping Town, Kaima village, 540 m, spreading, 27.8427º N, 108.7749º E, 2.viii.2014 (X.J. Peng et al.) (TJNU). Paratypes. CHINA: Guizhou Province: 2♀♀, same data as holotype (TJNU). Other specimen examined. CHINA: Sichuan Province: 1♀, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 6.vii.1957 (F.X. Zhu) (IZCAS).

Genus Philagra Stål, 1863 Chalepus Walker, 1851: 731. Type species: Chalepus hastatus Walker, 1851, by subsequent designation of Distant, 1908: 107. Preoccupied by Chalepus Thunberg, 1805. Philagra Stål, 1863: 593; Distant, 1908: 107; Metcalf & Horton, 1934: 399; Metcalf, 1962: 571. Type species: Philagra douglasi Stål, 1863, designated by Metcalf and Horton, 1934: 399. Diagnosis. Species of Philagra Stål can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body relatively slender and elongate, medium to large-sized, covered with fine, short, silvery setae (Figs 1, 2, 5); head relatively narrow, conically produced in front of eyes into a cephalic process as long as or longer than pronotum and scutellum combined, usually curving dorsad (Figs 1, 2, 4A–C, 5, 7A,B); pronotum wider than head; scutellum relatively large, usually about half as long as pronotum; antennae with expanded flagellar base (Figs 3A–E) hidden in apical cavity of pedicel and not visible in lateral aspect, bearing two peg-like basiconic sensilla and a few coeloconic sensilla on surface (Figs 3A–E); rostrum short, not passing trochanters of middle legs; forewings usually large, coriaceous, with venation indistinct, costal margin usually strong convex, widest about level of apex of scutellum, with apical angle acuminate; venation inconspicuous, M and Cu fused basally, with 3 preapical cells of similar width; legs relatively robust and short, posterior tibia short and stout, with two stout spines on lateral edge, the distal larger than the proximal, second segment of hind tarsus bilobed with median lobe usually longer than lateral lobe; male pygofer in lateral view short, cylindrical (Figs 4D, 6A–D, 7C); anal segments and anal style elongate (Figs 4D, 6A–D, 7C); subgenital plates relatively large, narrow, acuminate, and elongate, base fully fused with pygofer, tapering from base to dorsally recurved apex, fully covering genital styles and aedeagus in ventral view, with a strong recurved process at apical margin (Figs 4D,E, 6A–D, 7C,D); genital style elongate, usually forked or excavated apically, with upper edge subapically strongly excavated in lateral view (Figs 4D,F, 6A,E–G, 7C,E); aedeagal shaft slender, tubular, moderately long, nearly perpendicular, apex usually with two spinose processes directed postero-ventrad; gonopore subapical dorsally (Figs 4G,H, 6E–G, 7F,G) (Metcalf & Horton 1934; Liang & Fletcher 2003). Biology. In common with most spittlebug groups, currently no biological data are available for Philagra species. The nymphs of Philagra species produce conspicuous masses of cuckoo-spit on shrubs and small trees (Liang & Fletcher 2003). Distribution. India, China, Japan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (Batjan, Halmahera), and Australia (Metcalf 1962; Liang & Fletcher 2003). Notes on the type species of the genus. Metcalf and Horton (1934) discussed the question of a type species for Philagra. They regarded Stål's (1863: 593) description of Philagra as the creation of a new genus rather than a replacement name for Chalepus Walker, which was preoccupied. Stål (1863) appeared to have been unaware of Walker's genus Chalepus and described Philagra as a new genus with two new species, P. douglasi and P. scotti, neither of which was designated as type species. Metcalf and Horton (1934) rightly pointed out that a type species for such a new genus needed to be designated from those species placed in the genus by the original author. As Stål (1863) had failed to designate a type species, Metcalf and Horton (1934) selected the first of the two species included in the genus by Stål (1863) as the type. Other authors have followed Distant (1908) who selected Chalepus hastatus Walker as the type on the assumption that Stål's name simply replaced Walker's preoccupied name but, as pointed out by Metcalf and Horton, this was not the case and C. hastata cannot be considered available for designation as type species of Philagra (Liang & Fletcher 2003). Schmidt (1920) established the tribe Philagrini to accommodate Philagra. Three genera, Philagra, Interocrea Walker, 1870 and Grellaphia Schmidt, 1920 were included in the world catalogue of the family Aphrophoridae (Metcalf, 1962). Philagrini is obviously not a monophyletic group and the phylogenetic position of the tribe needs to be investigated cladistically.

Key to the Dictyopharidae known from Nepal 1 Mesonotum with lateral carinae nearly straight and parallel (Figs 1A, B; 2A); lobes of phallobase on aedeagus with long sclerotized spines around (Figs 3D–F) (Dictyopharini)............................................................... 2 – Mesonotum with lateral carinae incurved and convergent (Figs 1D, E); lobes of phallobase on aedeagus without long sclerotized spines (Orthopagini)........... 3 2 Cephalic process in front of eyes narrowed and distinctly slender; vertex with basal width narrower than transverse diameter of eyes (Figs 1A, 2A–C)............................... Dictyohimalaya nepalensis gen. & sp. nov. – Cephalic process in front of eyes not narrowed and distinctly robust; vertex with basal width equal to or wider than transverse diameter of eyes (Fig. 1B).............................................................................. Raivuna sp. 3 Apex of cephalic process truncated; forewings with a large sublunate fuscous streak on posterior margin of apical area; fore femora flattened and dilated (Fig. 1D), with a large blunt spine near apex................................................................. Orthopagus lunulifer Uhler, 1897 – Apex of cephalic process acuminate; forewings without sublunate fuscous streak; fore femora not flattened and dilated (Figs 1E, F), with a small acute spine near apex........... Tenguna medogensis Song & Liang, 2007, Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Jiang, Gong-Cheng & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2020, Dictyopharidae of Nepal (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), with description of a new genus, pp. 545-552 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 60 (2) on page 547, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.037, http://zenodo.org/record/5177655, {"references":["SONG Z. - S. & LIANG A. - P. 2007: A new species of the Oriental planthopper genus Tenguna Matsumura, 1910 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae) from Xizang, China. Zootaxa 1439: 57 - 64."]}

Tenguna medogensis Song & Liang, 2007 (Figs 1E, F) Material examined. NEPAL: 1 ♀, Godawari Kathmandu V., 13,14, 17. ix.1987, H. Takizawa (EIHU). Remarks. This species is a new record for Nepal. Tenguna medogensis was described from Tibet, China (SඈඇǤ & Lං- ൺඇǤ 2007). The single female of T. medogensis from Nepal is identical in external characters to the type specimens.

Tenguna medogensis Song & Liang, 2007 (Figs 1E, F) Material examined. NEPAL: 1 ♀, Godawari Kathmandu V., 13,14, 17. ix.1987, H. Takizawa (EIHU). Remarks. This species is a new record for Nepal. Tenguna medogensis was described from Tibet, China (SඈඇǤ & Lං- ൺඇǤ 2007). The single female of T. medogensis from Nepal is identical in external characters to the type specimens., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Jiang, Gong-Cheng & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2020, Dictyopharidae of Nepal (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), with description of a new genus, pp. 545-552 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 60 (2) on page 551, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.037, http://zenodo.org/record/5177655, {"references":["SONG Z. - S. & LIANG A. - P. 2007: A new species of the Oriental planthopper genus Tenguna Matsumura, 1910 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae) from Xizang, China. Zootaxa 1439: 57 - 64."]}

Orthopagus lunulifer Uhler, 1897 (Fig. 1D) Material examined. NEPAL: 1J, Chitwan National Park, Island Jungle reserve, 29–30.x.1995, L. Peregovits (HNHM). Remarks. The genus Orthopagus was revised by SඈඇǤ et al. (2018b) who also reported the specimen cited here from Nepal. This specimen is identical in external characters to specimens of O. lunulifer from Japan, China, Taiwan and Vietnam. However, it differs in the shape of the lobe on the dorso-posterior margin of the pygofer which is smaller (shorter and simply angular) than in the rest of O. lunulifer males studied. The phallobase of this specimen could not be sufficiently compared as its membranous lobes failed to inflate during the preparation. More specimens and data are needed to confirm the identification (SඈඇǤ et al. 2018b)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Jiang, Gong-Cheng & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2020, Dictyopharidae of Nepal (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), with description of a new genus, pp. 545-552 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 60 (2) on page 551, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.037, http://zenodo.org/record/5177655

Liang, Ai-Ping (2020): A new structure on the frons of male adults of the Asian rice spittlebug Callitettix versicolor (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae). Zootaxa 4801 (3): 591-599, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4801.3.12

Genus Zanna Kirkaldy, 1902 Pyrops Amyot et Audinet-Serville, 1843: 491; Atkinson, 1885: 139; Distant, 1906: 179; Li, 1987: 330. Zanna Kirkaldy, 1902: 47; Melichar, 1903: 13; Metcalf, 1947: 246; Lallemand, 1963: 90; Chou et al., 1985: 113; Nagai & Porion, 1996: 27; Hua, 2000: 96. Type species: Fulgora tenebrosa Fabricius, 1775. Replacement name for Pyrops Amyot et Audinet- Serville, 1843 nec Pyrops Spinola, 1839. Revised generic diagnosis. Members of Zanna can be distinguished from other Fulgoridae genera by the combination of the following characters: body distinctly narrow, slender and elongate, usually pale brownish ochraceous, without colorful markings, usually thickly and prominently spotted in black (Figs 1, 2, 3A���D); head distinctly produced into a very long cephalic process, which is longer than abdomen and more than twice as long as pronotum and mesonotum combined; cephalic process relatively robust, hexagonal, gently narrowing from base to apex, somewhat upturned at apex in lateral view (Figs 1, 2A���D, 3A���D); vertex very elongate, lateral margins weakly ridged with carinae being slightly zigzagged, with faint median carina (Figs 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B); frons distinctly elongate, with lateral margins weakly ridged with carinae being slightly zigzagged, with slightly zigzagged submedian carinae, without median carina (Figs 2C, 3C); antennae with pedicle relatively short, subbulbose, fully covered with sensory plaque organs over entire surface (Figs 4, 5A���D); forewings narrow and elongate, almost entirely reticulate, inner marginal areas overlapping at tips; hind tibiae with 5���7 lateral spurs; metatarsomes I and II covered with a pad of dense setae ventrally (Figs 6E, 6F); gonoplac in female adults with basal inner area strongly and densely pilose (Figs 7, 8A, 8B); anal tube in female adults expanded, nearly cardiform in ventral aspect (Figs 8B, 8C), densely covered with long, whitish wax threads ventrally (Fig. 8A), its ventral surface covered with numerous fine hexagonal wax gland units (Fig. 8D), each hexagonal unit bearing a long seta coming from center (Fig. 8B���D) and numerous very tiny wax gland pores on surface (Fig. 8E���H). Monophyly of Zanna. Currently there are about 143 described genera of Fulgoridae (Bourgoin 2017), however, the monophyly of most genera has not been examined cladistically. The wax-secreting plates in the adults of most fulgorid species are located on the abdominal tergites VI���VIII (O���Brien & Wilson 1985). However, the anal tube in the female adults of the Zanna species is expanded and nearly cardiform in ventral aspect and the wax gland pores are located on the ventral surface of the modified anal tube (see description under Z. robusticephalica sp. nov. below). The very similar wax gland plates are also found in some species of the other fulgoroid families, namely Flatidae, Lophopidae, Ricaniidae and Nogodinidae (Lucchi & Mazzoni 2004; Liang, unpublished data), however, these similarities seem to be the results of parallel developments. In addition, the prolongation of the head into elongate and hexagonal cephalic process (Figs 1, 2A���D, 3A���D), forewings with inner marginal areas overlapping at tips (Figs 1, 2F, 3A); gonoplac in female adults with basal inner area being strongly and densely pilose (Figs 7, 8A, 8B) and the metatarsomeres I and II being covered with a pad of dense setae ventrally (Figs 6E, 6F) are found only in Zanna species. These distinct characters appear to be good autapomorphies of Zanna that support the monophyly of the genus. Biology. In common with most planthopper groups, few biological data are available for species of Zanna. Gade (1985) reported that Z. madagascariensis in Madagascar feeds Lima bean and related plants and that the adults of Z. madagascariensis are known as sakandry, and are consumed by the rural people of Madagascar (van der Heyden 2014). Chou et al. (1985) and Hua (2000) reported that Z. chinensis can infest Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. (soybean) and Cocos nucifera L. (coconut palm) in China. Li (1987) recorded the occurrence of Z. chinensis as Pyrops chinensis in Guizhou of southwest China and reported that in Guizhou the adults of this species can be attracted under light in early May and the nymphs can be found in late October infesting soybeans. Distribution. Oriental region (India (northern part), Sri Lanka, Sikkim, Bengal, Nepal, China (southern and southwestern parts), Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia (Malay Peninsula, Borneo), Singapore, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Afrotropical region., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping, 2017, Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species, pp. 361-373 in Zootaxa 4338 (2) on pages 363-364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/1036061, {"references":["Kirkaldy, G. W. (1902) Memoirs on Oriental Rhynchota. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 14, 46 - 58, pl. A.","Amyot, C. J. B. & Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1843) Homopteres, Homoptera Latr. In: Histoire naturelle des Insects. Hemipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Imprimerie de Fain et Thunot, Imprimeurs de l'Universite de France, Paris, pp. 1 - 676.","Atkinson, E. T. (1885) Notes on Indian Rhynchota, No. 4. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 54, 127 - 158.","Distant, W. L. (1906) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota 3 (Heteroptera-Homoptera). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 175 - 491.","Li, Z. (1987) Fulgoridae. In: Guo, Z. (Ed.), The Agricultural and Forestry Insect Fauna of Guizhou. Vol. 1. Guizhou People's Publishing House, Guiyang, pp. 329 - 330. [in Chinese]","Melichar, L. (1903) Homopteren-Fauna von Ceylon. Verlag von Felix L. Dames, Berlin, 248 pp.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1947) Fulgoroidea, Fulgoridae. General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fasc. 4. Part 9. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 276 pp.","Lallemand, V. (1963) Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxicme Partie. Faunes Asiatique et Australienne. Memoires d'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Series 2, 75, 1 - 99, pls. 1 - 11.","Chou, I., Lu, J. S., Huang, J. & Wang, S. Z. (1985) Economic Insect Fauna of China. Fasc. 36. Homoptera: Fulgoroidea. Science Press, Beijing, 152 pp., pls. 1 - 3. [in Chinese, English abstract pp. 137.]","Nagai, S. & Porion, T. (1996) Fulgoridae 2. Illustrated Catalogue of the Asiatic and Australian Fauna. Sciences Nat., Compiegne, 80 pp.","Hua, L. - Z. (2000) List of Chinese Insects. Vol. I. Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University Press, Guangzhou, 448 pp.","Bourgoin, T. (2017) FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. Version 8. updated 26 July 2017. Available from: http: // hemiptera-databases. org / flow / (accessed 10 August 2017)","O'Brien, L. B. & Wilson, S. W. (1985) Planthopper systematics and external morphology. In: Nault, L. R. & Rodrigues, J. G. (Eds.), The Leafhoppers and Planthoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 61 - 102.","Lucchi, A. & Mazzoni, E. (2004) Wax production in adults of planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) with particular reference to Metcalfa pruinosa (Flatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97 (6), 1294 - 1298. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2004) 097 [1294: WPIAOP] 2.0. CO; 2","Gade, D. W. (1985) Savanna woodland, fire, protein and silk in Highland Madagascar. Journal of Ethnobiology, 5 (2), 109 - 122.","Van der Heyden, T. (2014) Flatida rosea (Melichar, 1901) and Zanna madagascariensis Signoret, 1860, two bizarre and fascinating species of planthoppers from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Flatidae, Fulgoridae). Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 10, 221 - 223."]}

Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Figures 2���8) Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from both Z. chinensis and Z. affinis by the following characters: body slightly paler, shorter and broader; cephalic process relatively shorter, broader and more robust; vertex with black spots constricted to basal area, without black spots medially and apically; frons without or with only very few black spots on basal area; and the pronotum, mesonotum and forewings with relatively fewer and smaller black spots (Figs 1, 2, 3A���D). Description. Male: BL: 36.0��� 40.5 mm; HL: 10.0��� 12.3 mm; HW: 4.0��� 4.1 mm; FWL: 23.0��� 25.6 mm. General color pale brownish ochraceous; with numerous small black spots on: cephalic process with dorsal basal area and lateral areas (mainly on basal two thirds) of vertex, basal part of frons, postclypeus (mainly on lateral areas), pronotum, mesonotum, pleurae of thorax, tegulae, legs and forewings; each black spot with one short, brown seta in center, sometimes small black spots merging together and forming bigger spots (Figs 2, 3A���D); cephalic process sparsely covered with short, pale pubescence laterally and ventrally. Antennae ochraceous, with scape (excluding apex) and flagellum brown. Rostrum ochraceous, with apical segment and apex of penultimate segment fuscous. Forewings densely covered with numerous, very small, protuberant, black spots which are mainly located on veins, spots on anterior and apical areas slightly larger and more prominent; hind wings milky white, veins pale brownish ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, strongly pilose, femora and tibiae covered with small black spots; fore and middle legs with distal part of femora, tibiae and claws fuscous; hind legs with 3rd tarsomeres (excluding proximal and distal areas) and claws fuscous. Abdomen ventrally ochraceous, with sterna medially largely marked with black in an irregularly inverted trapezoid shape, sometimes the black marking obliterated subapically; sublateral areas with 2���5 irregular black spots or small markings resulting from merging of spots; abdomen above black, with posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Pygofer and anal tube blackish; parameres in basal two fifths ochraceous and apical three fifths fuscous; hook-shaped process on basal outer edge blackish with basal area ochraceous. Head (Figs 2A���D, 3A���D) with cephalic process relatively broad and robust, hexagonal, gently narrowing from base to apex, slightly upturned at apex in lateral view, apex obliquely truncate, about 2.1���2.2 times longer than length of pronotum and mesonotum combined; vertex slightly transversely convex with faint median carina, lateral margins weakly ridged with distal half of carinae being slightly zigzagged. Frons distinctly elongate, with lateral margins weakly ridged, with lateral and submedian carinae, distal half of both carinae being slightly zigzagged, median carina absent (Figs 2C, 3C). Postclypeus short and small (Figs 2C, 3C). Eyes and ocelli relatively small. Antennae with scape relatively short; pedicel short, thick and subbulbose with top broadly depressed, densely covered with sensory plaque organs over entire surface (Figs 4, 5A���D). Rostrum moderately long, reaching between coxae of middle legs, apical segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment; rostral apex consisting of two lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe bearing several bristle-like sensilla and numerous peg sensilla and protuberances on disc (Fig. 5E���H). Pronotum and mesonotum with disc slightly transversely convex, without median carina, lateral areas strongly sloping downwards; pronotum with posterior margin very slightly and broadly arched anteriorly; mesonotum distinctly longer than pronotum. Forewings relatively narrow, elongate and slender, almost entirely reticulate; stigma absent; inner marginal areas overlapping at tips (Figs 2A, 2E, 2F, 3A). Hindwings semihyaline. Legs relatively robust and short; hind tibiae with 5���7 lateral, tip-blacked spurs (proximal one smallest, gradually largened distally) and 8 (6+2) apical, tip-blacked spurs; 1 st and 2nd metatarsomeres covered with a pad of silver, dense setae ventrally, 1 st metatarsomere more than 2 times larger than 2nd metatarsomere in ventral aspect (Figs 6E, 6F); pretarsus of hind legs with two long, dorsal setae on proximal, dorsal area medially (Figs 6A, 6B); claws of hind legs with 4���5 long setae on subbasal lower margin (Figs 6A, 6D). Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 3F) symmetrical, distinctly shorter than parameres, with ventral posterior margin broadly excavated caudad, in ventral view and posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly above middle, in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 3E) relatively short and broad, nearly rectangular in dorsal view, with apical part expanded outwards; anal style short and broad, greater than half length of anal tube, arched in dorsal view (Fig. 3E). Parameres (Figs 3F, 3G) in lateral view elongate, with basal part relatively narrow and apical part somewhat blunt, upper margin expanded upwards submedially; outer edge near upper margin at basal two fifths strongly expanded and armed with a black, robust, hook-shaped process directing outwards and anteroventrally, in lateral view. Aedeagus (Fig. 3H) relatively short, membranous, compact, with apical three fourths directing posterodorsally, in lateral view; bi-lobated, with each lobe being wrapped by 10 membranous laminates, which are apically slightly curving dorsally and bearing many tiny marginal spines. Female. Similar to males in general appearance and coloration, but cephalic process and other body parts with a few more black spots. BL: 39.0��� 44.5 mm; HL: 12.3���13.5 mm; HW: 4.2���4.3 mm; FWL: 25.5���28.0 mm. . Genitalia not examined. Gonoplac with posterior margin being strongly and densely pilose, with hairs tapering apicad with raised, scale-like tegmental base (Figs 7, 8A, 8B). These hairs may play a role of mechanic or chemical sensilla for oviposition. Wax glands. Anal tube in female adults expanded, nearly cardiform in ventral aspect (Figs 8B, 8C), with ventral surface densely covered with long, whitish wax threads (Fig. 8A). When the wax threads are removed, numerous fine wax gland units are visible on the ventral surface of the anal tube (Fig. 8B���D). The wax gland unit is regularly hexagonal with a side length of 20.0��� 24.7 mm. All hexagonal units possess a single, centrally positioned, long, tapering seta up to 105.5���109.5 mm in length (Fig. 8B���D). Numerous very tiny wax gland pores are present on the surface of each hexagonal unit and they are 0.31���0.38 mm in diameter with a density of 3.8���5.0 pores per mm2 (Fig. 8E���H). Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin words ��� robust ��� and ��� cephallica ���, referring to its relatively broad and stout cephalic process. Distribution. Southwest China (Yunnan Province). Type material examined. Holotype ♂, China, Yunnan Province: Jinping, Changpotou, 1200 m, 23 May 1956 (K. R. Huang et al.) (IZCAS). Paratypes. China, Yunnan Province: 1♂, definite locality absent, 1956, collector name absent; 1♂, 3♀♀, same data as holotype; 1♀, same data as holotype, but 25 May 1956, collector name absent; 1♂, same locality, but 2200 m, 26 Sept 1957 (L. C. Zang); 1♀, near Jindong, 1450 m, 23 Mar 1957, collector name absent; 1♂, Longling, Sanqu, 1600 m, 12 May 1955 (B. R. Eo); 1♀, near Puwen, 1000 m, 27 Mar 1957, collector name absent; 1♂, Xishuangbanna, Mt. Kongmingshan, 16 Aug 1957 (S. Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping, 2017, Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species, pp. 361-373 in Zootaxa 4338 (2) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/1036061

The dictyopharid planthopper genus Miasa Distant, 1906 (Orthopagini) is revised to include three known species, M. producta (Lethierry, 1888), M. smaragdilinea (Walker, 1857), and M. wallacei Muir, 1923, and two new species M. borneensis sp.n. and M. nigromaculata sp.n., all distributed in Southeast Asia. The confusion regarding the taxonomy of Miasa species is clarified on the basis of a critical review and examination of historical material. Male genitalia of all species and fifth-instar nymph of M. smaragdilinea are described and illustrated for the first time. A new genus Indomiasa gen.n. which is closely related to Miasa, is also established for a single new species, I. distanti sp.n., from southern India. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters of adults was conducted to reconstruct the species-level phylogenetic relationships of Miasa and Indomiasa. The results show that the monophyly of Miasa and Miasa + Indomiasa is well supported. Keys to the genera of Orthopagini in the Oriental region and to the species of Miasa are provided.

Centromeriana rhinoceros sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 304EABAF-397A-401C-931F-A8F2D782B702 Figs 2A, D, 3C, 7 A–C Diagnosis The species is formally described here in the absence of males but it can be distinguished from all other Centromeriana species by asexual characters, particularly the backward inclination of the cephalic process which also has a relatively smaller size. From C. jocosa and C. lindbergae sp. nov. it also differs in the clear forewing apex and from C. simplex in the body coloration, having a dark pattern, particularly on the abdomen. Etymology The specific epithet is a noun in apposition derived through Latin from the Ancient Greek word ρίνóκερως (= rhinoceros), which is composed of ρίνο- (= nose) and κέρας (= horn). The new species is named for its horn-shaped cephalic process. Type material examined Holotype TOGO: ♀, “Toǵo, Bismarckburǵ, L. Conradt [dark blue printed label]; HOLOTYPE [newly added red printed label]; ♀, Centromeriana rhinoceros sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovský & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]” (MFNB, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum). Paratype TOGO: 1 ♀, “Toǵo, Bismarckburǵ, L. Conradt [dark blue printed label]; PARATYPE [newly added yellow printed label]; ♀, Centromeriana rhinoceros sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovský & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]” (MFNB, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum). Description LENGTH. Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): ♀ 14.4 mm; head length (including two portions: the former is from apex of cephalic process to constricted and curved part, and the latter is from curved part to base of eyes): ♀ 0.7+1.0; head width (including eyes): ♀ 1.4 mm; forewing length: ♀ 11.9 mm. COLORATION (Figs 2A, D, 7 A–C) AND STRUCTURE. Largely identical to C. jocosa except for the forewing membrane which has clear apex (Fig. 3C). Cephalic process in lateral view relatively short, strongly upturned and curved upward and slightly backward in more than 90° (Fig. 7B). Male unknown. Distribution Togo.

Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B6EE7817-C8D3-413F-9301-251C6389C5DB Figs 1B, 3B, 6 A���J Centromeriana jocosa auct., nec Gerstaecker, 1895 (in part): 13. Centromeriana jocosa ��� Melichar 1912: 45 (record from Sierra Leone). Diagnosis Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. is very similar to C. jocosa in size, coloration and body structure but can be differentiated from the latter by the structure of the male genitalia: the segment X (anal tube) which is broad in dorsal view and with broad and blunt apical lobes, weakly projecting ventrad in lateral view (in C. jocosa, the segment X is much narrower and elongate in dorsal view and with narrow, sharp, hook-like apical lobes strongly projecting ventrad in lateral view); and the aedeagus which has relatively short and only slightly curved endosomal processes, the apices of which are directed dorso-posteriad (in C. jocosa, the endosomal processes are longer and more strongly curved, with apices directed dorso-anteriad), and the ventral lobes of the phallobase are more slender, convergent and tapering apically, but divergent medially (in C. jocosa, they are robust and thumb-like, broad apically and confluent medially). Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. differs from C. rhinoceros sp. nov. in the presence of a brownish macula on the forewing apex and a less inclined cephalic process. Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. differs from C. simplex in a darker body coloration pattern, the presence of a brownish macula on the forewing apex, and the structure of the male genitalia, particularly a broader segment X (narrower in C. simplex), obtusely angled dorsoposterior margin of pygofer (right-angled in C. simplex), a more slender and sicle-shaped gonostyle (robust and triangular in C. simplex), and the aedeagus with long endosomal processes (absent in C. simplex) and differently shaped and sized lobes of the phallobase (C. simplex has large and broad triangular dorsal lobes, expanded laterally). Etymology The new species is named after Ms. Gunvi Lindberg, manager of the Hemiptera collection and the microscopic slide collection at the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden, in recognition of her kindest help and support to the first author when he visited NHRS in 2014. Type material examined Holotype SIERRA LEONE: ♂, ���Sierra Leone, no date and collector [white printed label]; NHRS-GULI 000009124 [white printed label]; HOLOTYPE [newly added red printed label]; ♂, Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]��� (NHRS, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum, right wing apex missing, abdomen detached and stored in glycerine in a glass microvial). Paratype SIERRA LEONE: 1 ♂, ���Sierra Leone [white printed label]; jocosa Gerst, det. Melichar [white handwritten and printed label]; Hung. Nat. Hist. Mus., Budapest, coll. Hemiptera [yellow printed label]; PARATYPUS ♂, Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]��� (HNHM, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum, abdomen detached and stored in glycerine in a plastic microvial). Description LENGTH. Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): ♂ 14.3 mm; head length (including two portions: the former is from apex of cephalic process to constricted and curved part, and the latter is from curved part to base of eyes): ♂ (0.7���0.8)+(1.1���1.2); head width (including eyes): ♂ 1.6 mm; forewing length: ♂ 11.4���11.9 mm. COLORATION AND EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY (Figs 1B, 3B, 6 A���C). Largely identical to C. jocosa. MALE GENITALIA. Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 6E) similar to C. jocosa, ventral margin much longer than dorsal one with ratio of ventral to dorsal length about 4.2:1; dorso-posterior margin obtusely angular. Gonostyles (Fig. 6 E���G) identical to C. jocosa, sicle-shaped, narrow basally, slightly expanding towards apex, broadest subapically; dorsal claw-like process large, elongate, and acute apically. Aedeagus with endosomal processes (Fig. 6 H���J) relatively short, membranous, slightly inflated, acute apically, slightly curved with apices directed obliquely dorso-posteriad, apex with minute spines; phallobase sclerotized and pigmented at base, membranous and inflated apically, with one pair of thumb-like dorsolateral lobes, directed anteriad, apex with numerous minute spines (Fig. 6H), a pair of long and relatively slender, curved ventral lobes, divergent medially, convergent and tapering apically with some minute superficial spines (Fig. 6 I���J). Segment X large and broad in dorsal view, ratio of length to width near middle about 1.3:1 (Fig. 6D); in lateral view, with broad and blunt apical lobes, weakly projecting ventrad (Fig. 6E). Female unknown. Distribution Sierra Leone. Remark The paratype specimen from HNHM was misidentified and erroneously reported under C. jocosa by Melichar (1912)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2017, Revision of the Afrotropical planthopper genus Centromeriana Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera, Dictyopharidae), pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 278 on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.278, http://zenodo.org/record/3824601, {"references":["Gerstaecker C. E. A. 1895. Ueber einige bemerkenswerthe Fulgorinen der Greifswalder zoologischen Sammlung. Mittheilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines fur Neu-Vorpommern und Rugen 27: 1 - 50.","Melichar L. 1912. Monographie der Dictyophorinen (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der Koniglich- Kaiserlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 7 (1): 1 - 221."]}

Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B6EE7817-C8D3-413F-9301-251C6389C5DB Figs 1B, 3B, 6 A–J Centromeriana jocosa auct., nec Gerstaecker, 1895 (in part): 13. Centromeriana jocosa – Melichar 1912: 45 (record from Sierra Leone). Diagnosis Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. is very similar to C. jocosa in size, coloration and body structure but can be differentiated from the latter by the structure of the male genitalia: the segment X (anal tube) which is broad in dorsal view and with broad and blunt apical lobes, weakly projecting ventrad in lateral view (in C. jocosa, the segment X is much narrower and elongate in dorsal view and with narrow, sharp, hook-like apical lobes strongly projecting ventrad in lateral view); and the aedeagus which has relatively short and only slightly curved endosomal processes, the apices of which are directed dorso-posteriad (in C. jocosa, the endosomal processes are longer and more strongly curved, with apices directed dorso-anteriad), and the ventral lobes of the phallobase are more slender, convergent and tapering apically, but divergent medially (in C. jocosa, they are robust and thumb-like, broad apically and confluent medially). Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. differs from C. rhinoceros sp. nov. in the presence of a brownish macula on the forewing apex and a less inclined cephalic process. Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov. differs from C. simplex in a darker body coloration pattern, the presence of a brownish macula on the forewing apex, and the structure of the male genitalia, particularly a broader segment X (narrower in C. simplex), obtusely angled dorsoposterior margin of pygofer (right-angled in C. simplex), a more slender and sicle-shaped gonostyle (robust and triangular in C. simplex), and the aedeagus with long endosomal processes (absent in C. simplex) and differently shaped and sized lobes of the phallobase (C. simplex has large and broad triangular dorsal lobes, expanded laterally). Etymology The new species is named after Ms. Gunvi Lindberg, manager of the Hemiptera collection and the microscopic slide collection at the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden, in recognition of her kindest help and support to the first author when he visited NHRS in 2014. Type material examined Holotype SIERRA LEONE: ♂, “Sierra Leone, no date and collector [white printed label]; NHRS-GULI 000009124 [white printed label]; HOLOTYPE [newly added red printed label]; ♂, Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovský & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]” (NHRS, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum, right wing apex missing, abdomen detached and stored in glycerine in a glass microvial). Paratype SIERRA LEONE: 1 ♂, “Sierra Leone [white printed label]; jocosa Gerst, det. Melichar [white handwritten and printed label]; Hung. Nat. Hist. Mus., Budapest, coll. Hemiptera [yellow printed label]; PARATYPUS ♂, Centromeriana lindbergae sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovský & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]” (HNHM, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum, abdomen detached and stored in glycerine in a plastic microvial). Description LENGTH. Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): ♂ 14.3 mm; head length (including two portions: the former is from apex of cephalic process to constricted and curved part, and the latter is from curved part to base of eyes): ♂ (0.7–0.8)+(1.1–1.2); head width (including eyes): ♂ 1.6 mm; forewing length: ♂ 11.4–11.9 mm. COLORATION AND EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY (Figs 1B, 3B, 6 A–C). Largely identical to C. jocosa. MALE GENITALIA. Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 6E) similar to C. jocosa, ventral margin much longer than dorsal one with ratio of ventral to dorsal length about 4.2:1; dorso-posterior margin obtusely angular. Gonostyles (Fig. 6 E–G) identical to C. jocosa, sicle-shaped, narrow basally, slightly expanding towards apex, broadest subapically; dorsal claw-like process large, elongate, and acute apically. Aedeagus with endosomal processes (Fig. 6 H–J) relatively short, membranous, slightly inflated, acute apically, slightly curved with apices directed obliquely dorso-posteriad, apex with minute spines; phallobase sclerotized and pigmented at base, membranous and inflated apically, with one pair of thumb-like dorsolateral lobes, directed anteriad, apex with numerous minute spines (Fig. 6H), a pair of long and relatively slender, curved ventral lobes, divergent medially, convergent and tapering apically with some minute superficial spines (Fig. 6 I–J). Segment X large and broad in dorsal view, ratio of length to width near middle about 1.3:1 (Fig. 6D); in lateral view, with broad and blunt apical lobes, weakly projecting ventrad (Fig. 6E). Female unknown. Distribution Sierra Leone. Remark The paratype specimen from HNHM was misidentified and erroneously reported under C. jocosa by Melichar (1912).

Centromeriana rhinoceros sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 304EABAF-397A-401C-931F-A8F2D782B702 Figs 2A, D, 3C, 7 A���C Diagnosis The species is formally described here in the absence of males but it can be distinguished from all other Centromeriana species by asexual characters, particularly the backward inclination of the cephalic process which also has a relatively smaller size. From C. jocosa and C. lindbergae sp. nov. it also differs in the clear forewing apex and from C. simplex in the body coloration, having a dark pattern, particularly on the abdomen. Etymology The specific epithet is a noun in apposition derived through Latin from the Ancient Greek word ����������ε����ς (= rhinoceros), which is composed of ��������- (= nose) and ��������ς (= horn). The new species is named for its horn-shaped cephalic process. Type material examined Holotype TOGO: ♀, ���Toǵo, Bismarckburǵ, L. Conradt [dark blue printed label]; HOLOTYPE [newly added red printed label]; ♀, Centromeriana rhinoceros sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]��� (MFNB, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum). Paratype TOGO: 1 ♀, ���Toǵo, Bismarckburǵ, L. Conradt [dark blue printed label]; PARATYPE [newly added yellow printed label]; ♀, Centromeriana rhinoceros sp. nov., det. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red printed label]��� (MFNB, dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum). Description LENGTH. Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): ♀ 14.4 mm; head length (including two portions: the former is from apex of cephalic process to constricted and curved part, and the latter is from curved part to base of eyes): ♀ 0.7+1.0; head width (including eyes): ♀ 1.4 mm; forewing length: ♀ 11.9 mm. COLORATION (Figs 2A, D, 7 A���C) AND STRUCTURE. Largely identical to C. jocosa except for the forewing membrane which has clear apex (Fig. 3C). Cephalic process in lateral view relatively short, strongly upturned and curved upward and slightly backward in more than 90�� (Fig. 7B). Male unknown. Distribution Togo., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2017, Revision of the Afrotropical planthopper genus Centromeriana Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera, Dictyopharidae), pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 278 on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.278, http://zenodo.org/record/3824601

Centromeriana jocosa (Gerstaecker, 1895) Figs 1A, C, 2C, 3A, 4 A���I, 5A���G Dictyophara jocosa Gerstaecker, 1895: 13. Centromeriana jocosa ��� Melichar 1912: 45 (redescription, key, records from Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea). ��� Schmidt 1915: 349 (record from the Democratic Republic of Congo). ��� Metcalf 1946: 40 (catalogue). ��� Fennah 1958a: 56 (record from the Democratic Republic of Congo). ��� Lallemand 1958: 225 (record from Guinea). Type material examined Lectotype (here designated) CAMEROON: ♂, ��� jocosa Gerst. *, Centromeria, Victoria. Buchh. [handwritten dark blue label pinned in the collection next to the specimen]; Zool. Mus. Greifswald, II 27382; Victoria (Camerun), Buchholz leg. (labelled by I. Malenovsk��, 2016) [newly added white printed label pinned to the specimen]; LECTOTYPUS ♂, Dictyophara jocosa Gerstaecker, 1895, desig. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2016 [newly added red label pinned to the specimen]��� (ZIMG; dry-mounted: pinned through mesonotum, left foreleg and apical half of left forewing missing). Other material examined CAMEROON: 1 ♀, ���Kamerun, Conradt; Centromeriana jocosa Gerst. [Melichar���s handwriting], det. Melichar.��� (MMBC); 1 ♀, ���N. Kamerun, Joh. Albrechtsh��he, 14.VII���17.VIII.[18]96, L. Conradt; 14/7��� 17/8.[18]96; jocosa [Melichar���s handwriting], det. Melichar.��� (MMBC); 1 ♀, ���N. Kamerun, Johann Albrechtsh��he, L. Conradt; 21/10.[18]95; Centromeriana jocosa Gerst. [Melichar���s handwriting]��� (MFNB); 2 ♂♂, ���N. Kamerun, Joh. Albrechtsh��he, I.[18]96, L. Conradt��� (MFNB); 1 ♂, ���Kamerun, L. Conradt��� (MFNB). EQUATORIAL GUINEA: 1 ♂, ���Fernando P��o [= Bioko island], Isab. [= Santa Isabel = the city of Malabo]; Centromeriana jocosa Ger. [Melichar���s handwriting], det. Melichar��� (MMBC); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, ���Span. Guinea, Nkolentangan [near Al��n in mainland Equatorial Guinea], 7.XI���8.V [1907���1909], G. Tessmann; Centromeriana jocosa Gers. [Synave���s handwriting], H. Synave det., 1969��� (MFNB). GABON: 1 ♀ ���NHRS-GULI 000009123; Gabun.; Staudgr. [= O. Staudinger]��� (NHRS). Redescription LENGTH. Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): ♂ 14.1���16.9 mm, ♀ 16.5���17.7 mm; head length (including two portions: the former is from apex of cephalic process to constricted and curved part, and the latter is from curved part to base of eyes): ♂ (0.8���1.0)+(1.0���1.2) mm, ♀ (0.8���1.1)+(1.1���1.2) mm; head width (including eyes): ♂ 1.4���1.6 mm, ♀ 1.6���1.7 mm; forewing length: ♂ 11.7���12.6 mm, ♀ 12.3���13.0 mm. COLORATION. General color (Figs 1A, C, 2C) brownish ochraceous marked with pale green and purplish-red on head and thorax, and dark brown and black on abdomen in dorsal view. Head pale green or yellow, head apex (cephalic process) purplish-red to dark brown, frons between intermediate carinae including median carina purplish-red. Clypeus dark purplish red to dark brown. Pronotum and mesonotum greenish or yellowish ochraceous, median carina along with posterior margin, areas behind eyes including lateral carinae and apical margins of paranotal lobes on pronotum, and three broad stripes on mesonotum medially and laterally all purplish-red. Tegulae purplish red. Forewing and hindwing membrane hyaline, except an unsharply delimited brownish macula at apex of forewings; venation brown, stigmal area brown. Thorax greenish or yellowish ochraceous ventrolaterally with an orange or purplish red band adjacent to base of hind coxae. Legs yellowish green, basal sections of femora, apices of fore and middle tibiae and lateral and apical spines all fuscous, apices of all femora dark brown to black. Abdomen dorsally dark brown and black with a paler brownish midline and a longitudinal row of large round yellowish ochraceous spots on each side or abdomen dorsally more or less uniformly yellowish ochraceous and dark brown to black only laterally; ventrally mostly blackish brown, posterior margins of sternites yellowish ochraceous; male and female terminalia dark brown, segment X dorsally yellowish ochraceous. MALE GENITALIA. Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 4E) large and broad, dorso-posterior margin obtusely angular; in ventral view (Fig. 4F) much longer than in dorsal view (Fig. 4D) with ratio of ventral to dorsal length about 4.0:1. Gonostyles (Fig. 4 E���F) symmetrical, sicle-shaped, relatively narrow basally, slightly expanding towards apex, broadest subapically, apex straight; dorsal claw-like process large, elongate, and acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 4 G���I) with endosomal processes (Fig. 4 G���H) elongate, membranous and acute apically, extended posteriad and strongly curved dorso-anteriad, apex with some minute spines; phallobase sclerotized and pigmented at base, membranous and inflated apically, with one pair of short and thumb-like dorsolateral lobes directed laterad, their apex bearing minute spines (Fig. 4G), and one pair of robust, elongate, thumb-like (apically broad) ventral lobes, confluent, curved and directed dorso-posteriad, base with some minute spines (Fig. 4I). Segment X, in lateral view, with apical lobes hook-shaped: narrow, sharp and strongly projecting ventrad (Fig. 4E); in dorsal view, relatively narrow and elongate, ratio of length to width near middle about 2.2:1 (Fig. 4D). FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 5 A���G) as in generic description. Distribution Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon; also reported Democratic Republic of the Congo (Schmidt 1915; Fennah 1958a) and Guinea (Lallemand 1958) but these require verification. The record from Sierra Leone (Melichar 1912) is here referred to as C. lindbergae sp. nov. Remarks Gerstaecker (1895) described C. jocosa based on material from ���Victoria��� (= Limbe, 4��01���N, 9��13���E), Cameroon but did not provide any further details on the type series; he particularly did not state the number and sex of the specimens he used for the description nor did he designate a holotype. In the Gerstaecker collection in ZIMG, there is a single male of C. jocosa. It fully conforms the original description including the associated locality data. Following the Recommendation 73F and Article 74 of ICZN (1999), we designate this specimen as the lectotype to stabilize the nomenclature in the genus., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2017, Revision of the Afrotropical planthopper genus Centromeriana Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera, Dictyopharidae), pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 278 on pages 7-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.278, http://zenodo.org/record/3824601, {"references":["Gerstaecker C. E. A. 1895. Ueber einige bemerkenswerthe Fulgorinen der Greifswalder zoologischen Sammlung. Mittheilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines fur Neu-Vorpommern und Rugen 27: 1 - 50.","Melichar L. 1912. Monographie der Dictyophorinen (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der Koniglich- Kaiserlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 7 (1): 1 - 221.","Schmidt E. 1915. Die Dictyopharinen des Stettiner Museums (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 76: 345 - 358.","Metcalf Z. P. 1946. General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fasci. IV. Fulgoroidea, Part 8 Dictyopharidae. Smith College, Northampton. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 40.3.544","Fennah R. G. 1958 a. Fulgoroidea from the Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Annales du Musee du Congo belge (Sciences zoologique), Ser. 8 59 (1957): 1 - 206.","Lallemand V. 1958. Homopteres. La Reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba, IV. Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire 53: 219 - 228.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature c / o the Natural History Museum, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50608"]}

Genus Centromeriana Melichar, 1912 Figs 1���8 Centromeriana Melichar, 1912: 45. Centromeriana ��� Schmidt 1915: 349 (in list of material). ��� Metcalf 1946: 39 (in catalogue). ��� Fennah 1958a: 52 (in key). Type species Dictyophara jocosa Gerstaecker, 1895 (original designation). Emended diagnosis The genus can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: cephalic process moderately long and slender, conical and strongly curved upward; vertex with lateral carinae abruptly constricted and strongly upturned in front of eyes, then gradually convergent anteriad and acuminate at apex; frons with median carina robust and strongly convex, intermediate carinae distinctly expanded outward in apical third, their apical portion being distinctly visible in posterodorsal view; genae with a longitudinal carina above eyes; pronotum with median carina sharp and high, intermediate carinae absent; forewings with sparse transverse veins, stigmal area small and quadrangular, with two or three cells; legs elongate and slender, fore femur not flattened and dilated, without spine; hind tibia with eight apical teeth; apical spines of tarsomeres with long setae; female abdominal sternite VII with a pair of large horn-shaped spines strongly produced ventrad near anterior margin and a pair of blunt triangular lobes on posterior margin; gonocoxae VIII with a pair of small triangular sclerotized plates on posterolateral margin of endogonocoxal lobes. Redescription HEAD (Figs 4 A���C, 6A���C, 7A���C, 8A���C). Produced into a moderately long and slender cephalic process. Cephalic process (Figs 4B, 6B, 7B, 8B) conical, strongly curved upward, and gradually narrowed toward apex. Vertex (Figs 4A, 6A, 7A, 8A) broadest at base, basal width narrower than transverse diameter of eyes, posterior plane elevated above pronotum; lateral carinae strongly ridged, foliaceous, and sub-parallel in basal third, abruptly constricted and strongly upturned in front of eyes, then gradually convergent anteriad, and acuminate at apex; posterior margin of vertex ridged and angularly concave at about 90���100��; median carina distinct on a bulge between eyes. Frons (Figs 4C, 6C, 7C, 8C) with lateral carinae ridged, nearly parallel, slightly expanded outward below antennae; intermediate carinae slightly converging posteriorly and nearly approaching to frontoclypeal suture, but only sharp and distinct in apical third where they are distinctly expanded outward in ventral view and curved anterodorsad in lateral view, so their apical portion is distinctly visible in posterodorsal view; median carina robust and strongly convex in lateral view. Postclypeus and anteclypeus (Figs 4C, 6C, 7C, 8C) convex medially, with distinct median carina. Rostrum very long, surpassing middle of hind femora; basal segment distinctly longer than distal one. Genae (Figs 4B, 6B, 7B, 8B) with a longitudinal carina above eyes, appearing as bifurcated from lateral carinae of vertex in dorsal view (Figs 4A, 6A, 7A, 8A). Compound eyes (Figs 4 A���C, 6A���C, 7A���C, 8A���C) large and globose. Ocelli (Figs 4B, 6B, 7B, 8B) relatively large, reddish. Antenna (Figs 4B, 6B, 7B, 8B) with very small scape; pedicel large and subglobose, with more than 50 distinct sensory plaque organs distributed over entire surface; flagellum long, setuliform. THOARAX. Pronotum (Figs 4A, 6A, 7A, 8A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum medially, narrow anteriorly, broad posteriorly; anterior margin pointed medially, forming a sharp angle, lateral marginal areas straight and sloping with two long longitudinal carinae on each side between eyes and tegulae, lower lateral carinae expanded and visible in dorsal view; posterior margin angularly concave at about 100���110��; median carina sharp and high, with a lateral pit on each side, intermediate carinae absent. Mesonotum (Figs 4A, 6A, 7A, 8A) tricarinate, lateral carinae incurved anteriorly toward median carina. Forewings (Fig. 3 A���D) hyaline, much longer than abdomen, with ratio of length to width about 3:1; veins with short setae on ventral side; venation with sparse transverse veins; MP bifurcating MP 1+2 and MP 3+4 near middle and beyond CuA; number of apical cells between R and CuA equal to 14; stigmal area small and quadrangular, with two or three cells. Legs elongate and slender, fore and middle femora distinctly elongate, fore femur not flattened and dilated, without spine near apex; hind tibia with 5���7 lateral spines and eight apical teeth; hind tarsomeres I and II each with 7���8 apical spines; apical spines of tarsomeres with long setae instead of platellae. ABDOMEN. With pregenital segments elongate and broad, without distinct median and intermediate carinae dorsally. Female abdominal sternite VII with a pair of large horn-shaped spines directed ventrad near anterior margin and a pair of blunt triangular lobes on posterior margin (Fig. 5A). MALE GENITALIA. Pygofer (Figs 4 D���F, 6D���F, 8D���F) in lateral view distinctly wider ventrally than dorsally, dorsal margin slightly excavated to accommodate segment X, dorsoposterior margins angular. Gonostyles (Figs 4E, 6G, 8G) symmetrical, base narrow, expanded toward apex, broadest subapically; dorsal margin with a claw-like, sclerotised process at apex directed dorsad, outer dorsal edge with a hook-like sclerotised process near middle directed ventrad. Aedeagus (Figs 4 G���I, 6H���J, 8H���J) with one pair of long endosomal processes extended from phallotheca or lacking such processes; phallobase sclerotised basally and membranous and inflated apically, with paired lobes covered with numerous minute superficial spines (Figs 4 G���I, 6H���J) or without spines (Fig. 8 H���J). Segment X (Figs 4D, 6D, 8D) large, in dorsal view with apex deeply excavated to accommodate anal style; anal style elongate and large. FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 5 A���G). Gonocoxae VIII (Fig. 5E) with two membranous and flattened endogonocoxal processes (Gxp) on endogonocoxal lobe: Gxp1 large and elongate, with a long sclerotized plate in it; Gxp2 smaller and shorter. A pair of small triangular sclerotized plates on posterolateral margin of endogonocoxal lobes (Fig. 5A). Gonapophyses VIII (Fig. 5E) with anterior connective lamina large and sclerotized, with seven teeth of varying sizes and shapes. Gonapophyses IX (Fig. 5F) with posterior connective lamina triangular, symmetrical, fused with the intergonocoxal plate at base; intergonocoxal plate extended cephalad into genital cavity, forming wall of gonospiculum. Gonoplacs (Fig. 5G) with two lobes homologous; lateral lobe large and moderately sclerotized, with long setae at apex; the posterior lobe membranous, containing long sclerotized plate. Segment X (Fig. 5D) large and broad in dorsal view, apex deeply excavated to accommodate anal style; anal style large and elongate. Female ectodermal genital ducts ditrysian. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 5B) superficially membranous, regularly gridded, without sclerotized ornamentations. A pair of large digitiform glands (Fig. 5B) branched at anterior extremity of the anterior vagina on each side of the spermatheca. Spermatheca (Fig. 5B) divided clearly into five parts: orificium receptaculi, ductus receptaculi, diverticulum ductus, pars intermedialis, and glandula apicalis. Diversity and distribution Centromeriana is comprised of four species being endemic to the Congolian region of the western tropical Africa as defined by Linder et al. (2012) and closely matching to the Guineo-Congolian region of White (1979, 1983) including the ��� Dahomey gap���. Ecology and economic importance Unknown. Heinrichs & Barrion (2004) listed Centromeriana sp. among insects occurring on rice in Gambia. However, based on morphological characters they specify in their identification key (p. 155) and a schematical drawing of the head and thorax (fig. 355: 157), this is a misidentification; the record probably refers to some other dictyopharid genus. Oke et al. (2015) reported adult Centromeriana spp. as minor pests of leaves of Amaranthus spp. in Nigeria but the identification is uncertain. Key to species of Centromeriana 1. Forewing membrane with a fuscous macula apically (Fig. 3 A���B).................................................. 2 ��� Forewing membrane with apex clear (Fig. 3 C���D)........................................................................... 3 2. Phallobase with ventral lobes robust and thumb-like, broad apically, confluent medially (Fig. 4 H���I). Male segment X, in dorsal view, narrow, ratio of length to width near middle about 2.2:1 (Fig. 4D); in lateral view, with narrow and sharp, hook-like apical lobes, strongly projecting ventrad (Fig. 4E)............................................................................................... C. jocosa (Gerstaecker, 1895) ��� Phallobase with ventral lobes more slender, convergent and tapering apically, but divergent medially (Fig. 6I, J). Male segment X, in dorsal view, broad, ratio of length to width near middle about 1.3:1 (Fig. 6D); in lateral view, with broad and blunt apical lobes, weakly projecting ventrad (Fig. 6E)........................................................................................................... C. lindbergae sp. nov. 3. Abdomen dorsally and ventrally dark brown and black, with a longitudinal row of yellowishochraceous spots on each side (Fig. 2A). Cephalic process relatively short, curved upward and slightly backward in more than 90�� (Fig. 7B)................................................. C. rhinoceros sp. nov. ��� Abdomen dorsally and ventrally greenish-ochraceous (Fig. 2B). Cephalic process relatively long, curved upward in nearly 90�� (Fig. 8B). Male genitalia as in Fig. 8 D���J... C. simplex Melichar, 1912, Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2017, Revision of the Afrotropical planthopper genus Centromeriana Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera, Dictyopharidae), pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 278 on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.278, http://zenodo.org/record/3824601, {"references":["Melichar L. 1912. Monographie der Dictyophorinen (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der Koniglich- Kaiserlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 7 (1): 1 - 221.","Schmidt E. 1915. Die Dictyopharinen des Stettiner Museums (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 76: 345 - 358.","Metcalf Z. P. 1946. General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fasci. IV. Fulgoroidea, Part 8 Dictyopharidae. Smith College, Northampton. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 40.3.544","Fennah R. G. 1958 a. Fulgoroidea from the Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Annales du Musee du Congo belge (Sciences zoologique), Ser. 8 59 (1957): 1 - 206.","Gerstaecker C. E. A. 1895. Ueber einige bemerkenswerthe Fulgorinen der Greifswalder zoologischen Sammlung. Mittheilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines fur Neu-Vorpommern und Rugen 27: 1 - 50.","Linder H. P., de Klerk H. M., Born J., Burgess N. D., Fjeldsa J. & Rahbek C. 2012. The partitioning of Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Biogeography 39: 1189 - 1205. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2012.02728. x","White F. 1979. The Guineo-Congolian Region and its relationship to other phytochoria. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique 49: 11 - 55.","White F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO / AETFAT / UNSO vegetation map of Africa. UNESCO, Paris.","Heinrichs E. A. & Barrion A. T. 2004. Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: biology, ecology, identification. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos (Philippines) and WARDA-The Africa Rice Center, Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire).","Oke O. A., Odiyi C. A. & Ofuya T. I. 2015. Insects associated with underutilized crop: grain, leafy and ornamental amaranth in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 2 (2): 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.9734 / JAERI / 2015 / 14227"]}

Fernandea latifemorata sp. nov. (Figs 1 C, 2B, 5) Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from F. conradti by the broader fore femora and the aedeagus with shorter and smaller dorsolateral lobes of the phallobase. Description (♂ only). Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): 7.1 mm; head length (from apex to base of eyes): 0.9 mm; head width (including eyes): 1.3 mm; vertex width: 0.4 mm; forewing length: 5.5 mm. Coloration largely identical to F. conradti, but pronotum and mesonotum much paler, less reddish ochraceous, with a pair of longitudinal dark brown streaks along median carina, respectively (Fig. 1 C, 5A). Male terminalia with pygofer narrow and elongate, ventrally slightly wider than dorsally (about 1.5:1); posterior margin distinctly convex subapically in lateral view (Fig. 5 E). Aedeagus (Fig. 5 H���I) large and robust, with a pair of long endosomal processes curved in middle and directed dorsad, apex acute and pigmented; phallobase with membranous and inflated lobes: one pair of dorsolateral lobes short and broad, directed posteriad, apex without spines; the other pair of ventral lobes tapering and directed posteriad, apex with numerous small and short spines. Segment X large and relatively elongate in dorsal view (Fig. 5 D), ratio of length to width near middle about 1.7:1. Material examined. Holotype: ��, [EQUATORIAL GUINEA]: Span. Guinea, Nkolentangan, 7.XI���8.V, G. Te��mann (MFNB). Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin words latus (= wide, broad) and femur (= thigh). The new species is named for its greatly flattened, dilated, and foliaceous fore femora. Distribution. Equatorial Guinea. Remarks. The holotype was evidently collected during the expedition by German ethnologist, explorer and collector G��nter Tessmann (1884���1969) to the Fang people which took place in 1907���1909. According to Tessmann (1913), the base camp of Nkolentangan was located near ���Al��n���, lying probably inside or close to what is today the Monte Al��n National Park in mainland Equatorial Guinea (central coordinates 1��31���48���N, 10��6���36���E), an area covered with primary rainforest over an altitudinal range of 300���1250 m., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Revision of the Afrotropical genus Fernandea Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae), with description of a new species from Equatorial Guinea, pp. 106-116 in Zootaxa 4139 (1) on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/263889, {"references":["Tessmann, G. (1913) Die Pangwe; volkerkundliche Monographie eines westafrikanischen Negerstammes; Ergebnisse der Lubecker Pangwe-expedition 1907 - 1909 und fruherer Forschungen 1904 - 1907. Erster Band. Ernst Wasmuth A. - G., Berlin, 354 pp."]}

Fernandea conradti Melichar, 1912 (Figs 1 A, B, 2A, C, 3, 4) Fernandea conradti Melichar, 1912: 53, Pl. 2, Figs 18, 19; Schmidt 1915: 349; Metcalf 1946: 48; Fennah 1958: 55; Lallemand 1958: 224. Redescription. Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): ♂ 7.5 mm, ♀ 7.7���7.9 mm; head length (from apex to base of eyes): ♂ 0.9 mm, ♀ 0.9���1.0 mm; head width (including eyes): ♂ 1.3 mm, ♀ 1.3���1.4 mm; vertex width: ♂ 0.4 mm, ♀ 0.4 mm; forewing length: ♂ 5.6 mm, ♀ 6.0��� 6.4 mm. General color brownish ochraceous marked with pale green, reddish ochraceous, and black in dorsal habitus. Head pale green to brownish ochraceous, a pair of small spots on vertex between eyes, vertex midline, head apex, preocular field and a small spot between antenna and eye all blackish brown. Frons with lateral and median carinae pale green, broad area between carinae reddish ochraceous. Clypeus dark brown, narrow transverse fascia at base greenish yellow. Pronotum redish ochraceous, median and intermediate carinae, lateral marginal areas, and paranotal lobes widely yellowish green, areas behind eyes narrowly and lateral margins of paranotal lobes more widely blackish brown. Mesonotum redish ochraceous, broad median and lateral carinae, and lateral marginal areas yellowish green, a pair of small spots near lateral marginal areas blackish brown. Forewings with membrane coriaceous but translucent, mostly brown, a small oval patch subapically and a small streak at costal margin medially hyaline, venation pale green; hind wings hyaline, venation dull ochraceous. Thorax beneath fuscous. Legs pale to dark brown; fore femora fuscous, apex and a pair of triangular spots on lateral margins in distal third bright white to pale green, subapical depression on the inner ventral surface and corresponding bulge on dorsal surface blackish brown; hind tibiae yellowish green, with base and apex including lateral and apical spines fuscous. Abdomen dorsally testaceous mixed with fuscous, a broad central stripe and a lateral stripe on each side dark brown; ventrally piceous, with numerous yellowish spots around sensory pits. Male terminalia with pygofer narrow and elongate, slightly wider ventrally than dorsally (about 1.5:1); posterior margin distinctly convex subapically in lateral view (Fig. 3 E). Aedeagus (Fig. 3 G���I) large and robust, with a pair of long endosomal processes curved in middle and directed dorsad, apex acute and pigmented; phallobase sclerotized and pigmented at base and laterally, the remainder membranous, with large and inflated lobes: one pair of dorsolateral lobes cylindrical, incurved dorsad, apex with numerous small and short spines; the other pair of ventral lobes tapering and directed dorsad. Segment X large and broad in dorsal view (Fig. 3 D), ratio of length to width near middle about 1.3:1. Female terminalia (Fig. 4 A���F) as in generic description. Type material examined. Lectotype ♀, here designated, [EQUATORIAL GUINEA]: Fernando Po [= Bioko], Sa. Isabel [= Malabo] V.; F conradti [Melichar���s handwriting], det. Melichar.; Typus [dark red label]; Fernandea ♀ conradti sp. n., L. Melichar, 1912, Syntypus, P. Lauterer det. 1991 [Lauterer���s handwriting]; Syn- typus [bright red label]; Collectio Dr. L. Melichar, Moravsk�� museum Brno; Invent. č. 4944/Ent., Mor. muzeum, Brno; Lectotype ♀, Fernandea conradti Melichar, 1912, desig. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2015 [newly added yellow label] (MMBC). Paralectotype, here designated, [EQUATORIAL GUINEA]: 1♀, Fernando Po [Bioko], Conradt; Fernandea conradti M. [Melichar���s handwriting]; type [red label]; Paralectotype ♀, Fernandea conradti Melichar, 1912, desig. Z.S. Song, I. Malenovsk�� & A.P. Liang, 2015 [newly added yellow label] (MZPW). Other material examined. [CAMEROON]: 1♂, Kamerun, Conradt; Coll. Kraatz; Transcriptio, Fernandea �� conradti Melichar, L. Melichar det. 1912 [Lauterer���s handwriting]; Collectio Dr. L. Melichar, Moravsk�� museum Brno; Nen�� členem typo- v�� s��rie [= the specimen is not part of the type series; Lauterer���s handwriting], P. Lauterer 1991 (MMBC); 1♀, Kamerun, Conradt; Typus [dark red label]; F. conradti [Melichar���s handwriting] det. Melichar.; Transcriptio Fernandea ♀ conradti Melichar, L. Melichar det. 1912 [Lauterer���s handwriting]; Collectio Dr. L. Melichar, Moravsk�� museum Brno; Nen�� členem typov�� s��rie [= the specimen is not part of the type series; Lauterer���s handwriting], P. Lauterer 1991 (MMBC); 1♀, Kamerun, Jaun de-Stat., 800 m, Zenker (MFNB); 1♀, Kamerun, Victoria, Preuss (MFNB). [TOGO]: 1♀, Togo, Bismarckburg, L. Conradt (MFNB); 1♀, Togo, Misahdhe, 1894, E. Baumann; Fernandea conradti Melichar, H. Synave det. [Synave���s handwriting] (MFNB). Distribution. Material has been revised from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Togo. The species was also recorded for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Fennah 1958) and Guinea (Lallemand 1958). Remarks. In the original description, Melichar (1912) mentions two specimens from Fernando Po (= Bioko island), collected by H. Conradt and deposited in his personal collection as the type series. We found one female specimen with the corresponding label data in Melichar���s personal collection in MMBC and the other one female in MZPW which agrees with the note published by Schmidt (1915). According to Article 74 of ICZN (1999) we designate the specimen from MMBC as a lectotype for F. conradti to stabilize the nomenclature in the genus. Two additional specimens (one male and one female) collected by Conradt in Cameroon and deposited in Melichar personal collection in MMBC obviously belong to F. conradti; both bear Melichar original identification labels though they were not mentioned in his monograph and are not part of the type series (cf. Melichar 1912). We have described and illustrated the male terminalia based on the male specimen from Cameroon., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Revision of the Afrotropical genus Fernandea Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae), with description of a new species from Equatorial Guinea, pp. 106-116 in Zootaxa 4139 (1) on pages 110-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/263889, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1912) Monographie der Dictyophorinen (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 7 (1), 1 - 221.","Schmidt, E. (1915) Die Dictyopharinen des Stettiner Museums (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 76, 345 - 358.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1946) General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fasci. IV. Fulgoroidea, Part 8 Dictyopharidae. Smith College, Northampton, USA, 246 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 40.3.544","Fennah, R. G. (1958) Fulgoroidea from the Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Annales du Musee du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologique), Ser. 8, 59 (1957), 1 - 206.","Lallemand, V. (1958) Homopteres. La Reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba, IV. Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, 53, 219 - 228.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature c / o the Natural History Museum, London, 271 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50608"]}

Fernandea latifemorata sp. nov. (Figs 1 C, 2B, 5) Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from F. conradti by the broader fore femora and the aedeagus with shorter and smaller dorsolateral lobes of the phallobase. Description (♂ only). Body length (from apex of head to tip of forewings): 7.1 mm; head length (from apex to base of eyes): 0.9 mm; head width (including eyes): 1.3 mm; vertex width: 0.4 mm; forewing length: 5.5 mm. Coloration largely identical to F. conradti, but pronotum and mesonotum much paler, less reddish ochraceous, with a pair of longitudinal dark brown streaks along median carina, respectively (Fig. 1 C, 5A). Male terminalia with pygofer narrow and elongate, ventrally slightly wider than dorsally (about 1.5:1); posterior margin distinctly convex subapically in lateral view (Fig. 5 E). Aedeagus (Fig. 5 H–I) large and robust, with a pair of long endosomal processes curved in middle and directed dorsad, apex acute and pigmented; phallobase with membranous and inflated lobes: one pair of dorsolateral lobes short and broad, directed posteriad, apex without spines; the other pair of ventral lobes tapering and directed posteriad, apex with numerous small and short spines. Segment X large and relatively elongate in dorsal view (Fig. 5 D), ratio of length to width near middle about 1.7:1. Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ, [EQUATORIAL GUINEA]: Span. Guinea, Nkolentangan, 7.XI–8.V, G. Teßmann (MFNB). Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin words latus (= wide, broad) and femur (= thigh). The new species is named for its greatly flattened, dilated, and foliaceous fore femora. Distribution. Equatorial Guinea. Remarks. The holotype was evidently collected during the expedition by German ethnologist, explorer and collector Günter Tessmann (1884–1969) to the Fang people which took place in 1907–1909. According to Tessmann (1913), the base camp of Nkolentangan was located near “Alén”, lying probably inside or close to what is today the Monte Alén National Park in mainland Equatorial Guinea (central coordinates 1°31′48″N, 10°6′36″E), an area covered with primary rainforest over an altitudinal range of 300–1250 m.

Genus Fernandea Melichar, 1912 Fernandea Melichar, 1912: 53; Schmidt 1915: 349; Metcalf 1946: 48. Type species. Fernandea conradti Melichar, 1912; by original designation. Diagnosis. Fernandea can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body ovoid, dorsally convex; head without distinct cephalic process; vertex narrow, with basal width much narrower than transverse diameter of eyes, lateral carinae strongly ridged and foliaceous, and median carina absent; frons with intermediate carinae gradually divergent ventrad and approaching beneath middle of eyes; frontoclypeal suture nearly straight; mesonotum with carinae very weak, lateral carinae nearly straight and abruptly incurved apically; forewings short, only slightly extending beyond abdomen apex, convex, coriaceous but translucent, veins with short setae, venation strongly reticulate with dense dendroid secondary veinlets among longitudinal veins on the whole surface, pterostigmal area absent; hindwings with anal area reduced, without secondary fold; legs elongate; fore coxae and femora greatly flattened, dilated, and foliaceous laterally, hind tibiae with seven apical spines; gonostyles with upper process dorsoventrally compressed; and male and female segment X with apical dorsal margin deeply excavated, so anal style not reaching beyond apical ventral margin of segment X. Description. Body ovoid, dorsally convex (Fig. 1). Head short, not produced in a distinct cephalic process. Vertex (Figs 3 A, 5A) with basal width much narrower than transverse diameter of eyes; lateral carinae strongly ridged, foliaceous, and parallel between eyes, jointed with lateral carinae of frons in perfect arc in profile (Figs 3 B, 5B); anterior margin angularly convex but more or less grooved centrally, just beyond anterior margin of eyes (Figs 3 A, 5A); posterior margin ridged and broadly concave; disc of vertex swollen at half length, medially furrowed, and median carina absent. Frons (Figs 3 C, 5C) slightly inflated and bulbous at apex, distinctly beyond apex of vertex; frons narrowest at apex, broadest at frontoclypeal suture; intermediate carinae not sharp, gradually divergent ventrad and approaching beneath middle of eyes; median carina distinctly ridged and complete. Frontoclypeal suture nearly straight. Postclypeus and anteclypeus convex medially, with distinct median carina. Rostrum long, extending nearly to middle of hind femora. Eyes very large and semiglobose, postocular swelling developed transversely. Antennae with scape very small; pedicel large and subglobose, with more than 50 distinct sensory plaque organs distributed over entire surface; flagellum long, setuliform. Pronotum (Figs 3 A, 5A) relatively large and broad, anterior central margin angularly convex, lateral marginal areas straight and sloping with two longitudinal carinae on each side between eyes and tegulae, lower lateral carinae convex and visible in dorsal view (Figs 3 A, 5A); posterior margin nearly straight; disc flat, median carina weakly ridged, with a lateral pit on each side. Mesonotum (Figs 3 A, 5A) broad, short and flat, carinae very weak, lateral carinae nearly straight and abruptly incurved apically. Forewings (Fig. 2 C) ���brachypterous��� in size, which corresponds to ���koeliopterous��� by Metcalf (1950) or ���submacropterous��� by Emeljanov (e.g. 2011). They are relatively short, slightly extending beyond abdomen apex, convex, coriaceous but translucent; veins with short setae. Venation patters variable in left/right wing; ScP+R, MP, and CuA bifurcated near basal 1/3, and branching successively accessory veins for several times; MP distinctly bifurcated posterior to CuA; venation strongly reticulate, dense dendroid secondary veinlets among longitudinal veins on the whole wings, including clavus; number of apical cells between R and CuA more than 25; pterostigmal area absent. Hindwings (Fig. 2 C) well-developed, but anal area reduced, without secondary fold; venation pattern also variable in left/right wing; numerous veinlets among longitudinal veins. Legs elongate; fore coxae (Fig. 5 C) short, lateral carina strongly flattened and foliaceous; fore femora (Fig. 2 A, B) elongate, greatly flattened, dilated, and foliaceous laterally, subapical part with a large depression on the inner side ventrally, bulging dorsally; middle femora elongate, slightly flattened and dilated; hind tibiae with 5���6 lateral spines and seven apical spines; hind tarsomeres I with ten and tarsomeres II with eight apical spines, respectively; apical spines of tarsomeres with long setae instead of platellae. Abdomen with pregenital segments short and broad, without distinct median and intermediate carinae dorsally. Tergites III���VI with a large depression near lateral margin on each side. Sternites III���VI tuberculate (trace of sensory pits), with 6���10 tubercles on each side. Male terminalia. Pygofer with dorsal margin slightly excavated to accommodate segment X, dorso-lateral margins angularly produced posteriorly in dorsal view (Figs 3 D, 5D). Gonostyles (Figs 3 E, 5E) symmetrical, expanding towards apex, broadest apically, apex straight; upper process acute apically in profile (Figs 3 E, 5E), but actually compressed dorsoventrally in caudal view (Fig. 5 G). Aedeagus (Figs 3 G���I, 5H���J) with a pair of endosomal processes: membranous, distinctly inflated, apically acute, and directed dorsally (Figs 3 H, 5H); phallobase sclerotized and pigmented at base and laterally, with paired membranous and inflated lobes. Segment X (Figs 3 D, 5D) large and oval in dorsal view, apical dorsal margin deeply excavated to accommodate anal style; anal style large and elongate, but not extending beyond the apical ventral margin of segment X. Female terminalia (Fig. 4 A, B). Gonocoxae VIII with two membranous and flattened endogonocoxal processes (Gxp) on endogonocoxal lobe: Gxp1 large and elongate, with a long sclerotized plate in it; Gxp2 smaller and shorter. Gonapophyses VIII (first valvulae) with anterior connective lamina large and sclerotized, with seven teeth of varying sizes and shapes in lateral view (Fig. 4 C). Gonapophyses IX (second valvulae) with posterior connective lamina triangular, symmetrical in ventral view (Fig. 4 D), fused with the intergonocoxal plate (iGxp) at base; iGxp extended cephalad into genital cavity, forming wall of gonospiculum. Gonoplacs (third valvulae) with two lobes homologous; lateral lobe large and moderately sclerotized, with long setae at apex; the posterior lobe membranous, containing long sclerotized plate (Fig. 4 E). Segment X large and broad in dorsal view (Fig. 4 F), apical dorsal margin deeply excavated to accommodate anal style; anal style large and elongate, but not extending beyond the apical ventral margin of segment X. Female ectodermal genital ducts ditrysian: oviporus opening exteriorly from posterior vagina and surrounded by gonapophyses VIII and IX, and copulaporus opening anterior to gonapophyses VIII between abdominal sternites VII and VIII. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 4 A) superficially membranous, regularly gridded, without sclerotized ornamentations. A pair of large digitiform glands (Fig. 4 A) branched at anterior extremity of the anterior vagina on each side of the spermatheca. Spermatheca (Fig. 4 A) divided clearly into five parts: orificium receptaculi, ductus receptaculi, diverticulum ductus, pars intermedialis, and glandula apicalis. Diversity and distribution. Fernandea comprises two species which are endemic to the Guineo-Congolian region of western Africa. Remarks. Fernandea is similar to Macronaso Synave, 1960, but can be distinguished from the latter by the head without distinct cephalic process, and the fore coxae and femora greatly flattened, dilated, and foliaceous laterally. Fernandea and Macronaso are unique among African Orthopagini in sharing the following characters: body habitus ovoid, dorsally convex, forewings relatively short, only slightly extending beyond abdomen apex, convex and coriaceous, with dense dendroid secondary veins among longitudinal veins on the whole surface; hindwings with anal area reduced, without secondary fold. As modifications of the forewing size and venation are frequent among planthoppers and convergences have been documented in many unrelated groups (Gnezdilov 2013; Bourgoin et al. 2015), the taxonomic status and a possible sister-group relationship of the two genera needs to be further confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis for the World Orthopagini., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Malenovsk��, Igor & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Revision of the Afrotropical genus Fernandea Melichar, 1912 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae), with description of a new species from Equatorial Guinea, pp. 106-116 in Zootaxa 4139 (1) on pages 107-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/263889, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1912) Monographie der Dictyophorinen (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 7 (1), 1 - 221.","Schmidt, E. (1915) Die Dictyopharinen des Stettiner Museums (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 76, 345 - 358.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1946) General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fasci. IV. Fulgoroidea, Part 8 Dictyopharidae. Smith College, Northampton, USA, 246 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 40.3.544","Metcalf, Z. P. (1950) Phylogeny of the Homoptera Auchenorhyncha. In: 8 th international congress of entomology. 8 - 15 August 1948, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 561 - 565.","Emeljanov, A. F. (2011) Improved tribal delimitation of the subfamily Dictyopharinae and description of new genera and new species (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Dictyopharidae). Entomological Review, 91 (9), 1122 - 1145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / s 0013873811090053","Synave, H. (1960) LVI. Homoptera. Mission zoologique de l'I. R. S. A. C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). Annales Du Musee Royal du Congo Belge Tervuren. Sciences Zoologiques, 88, 377 - 394.","Gnezdilov, V. M. (2013) \" Issidisation \" of fulgoroid planthoppers (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea) as a case of parallel adaptive radiation. Entomological Review, 93, 825 - 830. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / s 001387381307004 x","Bourgoin, T., Wang, R. R., Asche, M., Hoch, H., Soulier-Perkins, A., Stroinski, A., Yap, S. & Szwedo, J. (2015) From micropterism to hyperpterism: recognition strategy and standardized homology-driven terminology of the forewing venation patterns in planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Zoomorphology, 134, 63 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 014 - 0243 - 6"]}

The dictyopharid planthopper genus Doryphorina Melichar, 1912 is revised on the base of examination of the type specimens deposited in Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The genus includes three known species D. stali Melichar, 1912, D. minor Fennah, 1978, and D. subdeflexa Fennah, 1978. The rank of the two latter is elevated to specific status from subspecies of D. stali. Male genitalia of all species are described and illustrated for the first time. A diagnostic key is provided for differentiation of the known species in the genus.

DICTYOMERIA GEN.NOV Type species. Centromeira simulata Distant, 1906, by present designation and monotypy. Etymology. The new generic name is a combination of ‘ Dictyo - plus the suffix ‘ meria ’. The gender is feminine. Diagnosis. This new genus can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: cephalic process in front of eyes strongly upturned, gradually convergent anteriorly, more or less truncate apically; vertex with median carina distinct at base, absent in middle, and high and sharp from anterior margin of eyes to apex, lateral carinae in front of eyes more or less parallel anteriorly, truncate apically; frons with median carina robust and strongly convex, intermediate carinae extending anterior margin of eyes; pronotum with median carina sharp and complete, intermediate carinae absent; tegmina with a large sublunate streak on apical region; legs moderately elongate, fore femora not flattened and dilated, with a small spine near apex; hind tibiae with seven apical teeth. Description. Head (Fig. 27A – C) produced in a moderate and slightly slender cephalic process. Cephalic process (Fig. 27A – C) in front of eyes strongly upturned, gradually convergent anteriorly, more or less truncate apically. Vertex (Fig. 27A) broadest at base, posterior plane elevated above pronotum; lateral carinae high and sharp, slightly convergent at base, abruptly constricted in front of eyes, strongly upturned and nearly parallel anteriorly; anterior margin broadly and angulately convex; posterior margin ridged and angularly concave at about 90°; median carina distinct at base, absent in middle, high and sharp towards apex. Frons (Fig. 27C) with lateral carinae ridged, gradually diverging posteriorly and slightly expanded outwards below antennae; posterior margin concave; median carina robust and strongly convex, intermediate carinae extending to anterior margin of eyes, not to frontoclypeal suture. Postclypeus and anteclypeus (Fig. 27C) strongly convex at middle, with distinct median carina. Rostrum short, extending base of hind femora; basal segment distinctly longer than distal segment. Compound eyes oval and large. Ocelli relatively large, reddish. Antennae with very small scape; pedicel large and subglobose, with more than 50 distinct sensory plaque organs distributed over entire surface; flagellum long, setuliform. Pronotum (Fig. 27A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum medially, narrow anteriorly, broad posteriorly; anterior margin centrally angularly convex, lateral marginal areas straight and sloping, with two long longitudinal carinae on each side between eyes and tegulae, posterior margin angularly concave at about 110°; median carina sharp and high, with a big lateral pit on each side, intermediate carinae absent. Mesonotum (Fig. 27A) tricarinate, lateral carinae incurved anteriorly towards median carina. Tegmina (Fig. 27D) hyaline, with a large sublunate streak on apical region; slender and elongate, more or less parallel anteroposteriorly, somewhat truncate apically, with ratio of length to width about 4: 1; veins without setae; MP bifurcating MP 1+2 and MP 3+4 near middle and posterior to CuA; transverse veins scarce, with 11 or 12 apical cells between RP and CuA; stigmal area elongate, with two cells. Legs relatively short, fore and middle femora moderately elongate, hind tibiae about 1.5 times as long as hind femora; fore femora not flattened and dilated, with a minute spine near apex; hind tibiae with seven lateral spines and seven apical spines; hind tarsomeres I and II both with between 16 and 20 apical teeth. Male unknown and female genitalia identical to other Orthopagini genera. Diversity and distribution. The new genus is monotypic and only found in north-eastern India. Remarks. The new genus can be easily distinguished from Centromeria by: vertex with median carina high and sharp from anterior margin of the eyes to the apex; lateral carinae in front of eyes more or less parallel anteriorly, truncate apically; tegmina with a large sublunate streak on apical region; legs distinctly short; and hind tibiae with seven apical teeth. Dictyomeria gen. nov. is more closely related to Orthopagus in our phylogenetic analysis, but can be separated from the latter by the cephalic process in front of eyes strongly upturned and the frons with median carina robust and strongly convex. It is also externally similar to Indomiasa, but may be distinguished from the latter by the pronotum with anterolateral angles angulated, and two lateral carinae between eyes and tegulae distinct and complete, and legs relatively short and stout., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Phylogenetic analysis of the Oriental genera of Orthopagini Emeljanov, 1983 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae), with a systematic revision of the genus Centromeria Stål, 1870, pp. 33-87 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (1) on pages 74-75, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12401, http://zenodo.org/record/5366240, {"references":["Distant WL. 1906. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota Vol. III (Heteroptera-Homoptera). London: Taylor & Francis."]}

Song, Zhi-Shun, Webb, Michael D., Liang, Ai-Ping (2016): Phylogenetic analysis of the Oriental genera of Orthopagini Emeljanov, 1983 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae), with a systematic revision of the genus Centromeria Stål, 1870. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (1): 33-87, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12401, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12401

DICTYOMERIA GEN.NOV Type species. Centromeira simulata Distant, 1906, by present designation and monotypy. Etymology. The new generic name is a combination of ‘ Dictyo - plus the suffix ‘ meria ’. The gender is feminine. Diagnosis. This new genus can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: cephalic process in front of eyes strongly upturned, gradually convergent anteriorly, more or less truncate apically; vertex with median carina distinct at base, absent in middle, and high and sharp from anterior margin of eyes to apex, lateral carinae in front of eyes more or less parallel anteriorly, truncate apically; frons with median carina robust and strongly convex, intermediate carinae extending anterior margin of eyes; pronotum with median carina sharp and complete, intermediate carinae absent; tegmina with a large sublunate streak on apical region; legs moderately elongate, fore femora not flattened and dilated, with a small spine near apex; hind tibiae with seven apical teeth. Description. Head (Fig. 27A – C) produced in a moderate and slightly slender cephalic process. Cephalic process (Fig. 27A – C) in front of eyes strongly upturned, gradually convergent anteriorly, more or less truncate apically. Vertex (Fig. 27A) broadest at base, posterior plane elevated above pronotum; lateral carinae high and sharp, slightly convergent at base, abruptly constricted in front of eyes, strongly upturned and nearly parallel anteriorly; anterior margin broadly and angulately convex; posterior margin ridged and angularly concave at about 90°; median carina distinct at base, absent in middle, high and sharp towards apex. Frons (Fig. 27C) with lateral carinae ridged, gradually diverging posteriorly and slightly expanded outwards below antennae; posterior margin concave; median carina robust and strongly convex, intermediate carinae extending to anterior margin of eyes, not to frontoclypeal suture. Postclypeus and anteclypeus (Fig. 27C) strongly convex at middle, with distinct median carina. Rostrum short, extending base of hind femora; basal segment distinctly longer than distal segment. Compound eyes oval and large. Ocelli relatively large, reddish. Antennae with very small scape; pedicel large and subglobose, with more than 50 distinct sensory plaque organs distributed over entire surface; flagellum long, setuliform. Pronotum (Fig. 27A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum medially, narrow anteriorly, broad posteriorly; anterior margin centrally angularly convex, lateral marginal areas straight and sloping, with two long longitudinal carinae on each side between eyes and tegulae, posterior margin angularly concave at about 110°; median carina sharp and high, with a big lateral pit on each side, intermediate carinae absent. Mesonotum (Fig. 27A) tricarinate, lateral carinae incurved anteriorly towards median carina. Tegmina (Fig. 27D) hyaline, with a large sublunate streak on apical region; slender and elongate, more or less parallel anteroposteriorly, somewhat truncate apically, with ratio of length to width about 4: 1; veins without setae; MP bifurcating MP 1+2 and MP 3+4 near middle and posterior to CuA; transverse veins scarce, with 11 or 12 apical cells between RP and CuA; stigmal area elongate, with two cells. Legs relatively short, fore and middle femora moderately elongate, hind tibiae about 1.5 times as long as hind femora; fore femora not flattened and dilated, with a minute spine near apex; hind tibiae with seven lateral spines and seven apical spines; hind tarsomeres I and II both with between 16 and 20 apical teeth. Male unknown and female genitalia identical to other Orthopagini genera. Diversity and distribution. The new genus is monotypic and only found in north-eastern India. Remarks. The new genus can be easily distinguished from Centromeria by: vertex with median carina high and sharp from anterior margin of the eyes to the apex; lateral carinae in front of eyes more or less parallel anteriorly, truncate apically; tegmina with a large sublunate streak on apical region; legs distinctly short; and hind tibiae with seven apical teeth. Dictyomeria gen. nov. is more closely related to Orthopagus in our phylogenetic analysis, but can be separated from the latter by the cephalic process in front of eyes strongly upturned and the frons with median carina robust and strongly convex. It is also externally similar to Indomiasa, but may be distinguished from the latter by the pronotum with anterolateral angles angulated, and two lateral carinae between eyes and tegulae distinct and complete, and legs relatively short and stout.

INDODICTYOPHARA LIANG & SONG, 2012 Indodictyophara Liang & Song, 2012: 418. Type species Indodictyophara lobosa Liang & Song, 2012; by original designation. Diagnosis The genus can be separated from other Aluntiini genera by the following combination of characters: cephalic process nearly 1.3 times as long as pronotum and mesonotum combined; vertex with median carina only visible basally; frons with lateral and median carinae strongly ridged and blade-like; tegmina without dendroid secondary veins; ten suboblique veins on costal cell from basal one-third to apex; and aedeagus with a pair of spinous, sclerotized, black-tipped, and not inflated endosomal processes. Diversity and distribution Indodictyophara is a monotypic genus known only from southern India.

KEY TO SPECIES OF DENDROPHORA MELICHAR 1. Gonostyles with upper process acute (Fig. 7F); segment X narrow and elongate (Fig. 7G).............................................................................................................. Dendrophora borneensis (Schmidt, 1915) comb. nov. – Gonostyles with upper process large, broad, and blunt (Fig. 9F); segment X oval, large, and broad in dorsal view (Fig. 9G)........................................................................................... Dendrophora ramosa Melichar, 1903, Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Szwedo, Jacek, Wang, Rong-Rong & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Systematic revision of Aluntiini Emeljanov, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae): reclassification, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography, pp. 349-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 363, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12319, http://zenodo.org/record/5357644, {"references":["Schmidt E. 1915. Die Dictyopharinen des Stettiner Museums. (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. Stettin 76: 345 - 358.","Melichar L. 1903. Homopteren Fauna von Ceylon. Berlin: Verlag von Felix L. Dames."]}

KEY TO SPECIES OF ARJUNA MUIR, 1934 1. Apex of cephalic process black, but apical carina between anterior margins of frons and vertex pale green...................................................................................................................... Arjuna scriba Emeljanov, 2008 – Apex of cephalic process ochraceous or reddish ochraceous....................................................................... 2 2. Cephalic process relatively short, length from anterior margin of eyes to apex ∼1.5 times as long as longitudinal length of eyes................................................................................................ Arjuna dohertyi Muir, 1934 – Cephalic process distinctly long, length from anterior margin of eyes to apex more than 1.8 times as long as longitudinal length of eyes...................................................................................................................... 3 3. Aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes twisted two and a half times............... Arjuna maai Song & Wang sp. nov. – Aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes twisted twice.................................... Arjuna muiri Song & Wang sp. nov., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Szwedo, Jacek, Wang, Rong-Rong & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Systematic revision of Aluntiini Emeljanov, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae): reclassification, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography, pp. 349-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 373, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12319, http://zenodo.org/record/5357644, {"references":["Muir F. 1934. New and little-known Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). The Annals and Magazine of Nature History 84: 582 - 586.","Emeljanov AF. 2008. New genera and species of the family Dictyopharidae (Homoptera), with notes on the systematics of the subfamily Dictyopharinae. Entomological Review 88: 296 - 328."]}

INDODICTYOPHARA LIANG & SONG, 2012 Indodictyophara Liang & Song, 2012: 418. Type species Indodictyophara lobosa Liang & Song, 2012; by original designation. Diagnosis The genus can be separated from other Aluntiini genera by the following combination of characters: cephalic process nearly 1.3 times as long as pronotum and mesonotum combined; vertex with median carina only visible basally; frons with lateral and median carinae strongly ridged and blade-like; tegmina without dendroid secondary veins; ten suboblique veins on costal cell from basal one-third to apex; and aedeagus with a pair of spinous, sclerotized, black-tipped, and not inflated endosomal processes. Diversity and distribution Indodictyophara is a monotypic genus known only from southern India., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Szwedo, Jacek, Wang, Rong-Rong & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Systematic revision of Aluntiini Emeljanov, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae): reclassification, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography, pp. 349-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 368, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12319, http://zenodo.org/record/5357644, {"references":["Liang A-P, Song Z-S. 2012. Revision of the Austro-Oriental planthopper genus Dictyomorpha Melichar, with description of a new genus Indodictyophara gen. nov. from south India (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 105: 403 - 421."]}

Anasta vitiensis Emeljanov et Wilson, 2009 (Figs 1 D, 3 D, 13) Anasta vitiensis Emeljanov et Wilson, 2009: 36, Figs 1���12. Material examined. FIJI: 1 ♂, Viti Levu, Tavua, 7.III. 1963, C. M. Yoshimoto (BPBM); 1 ♂, Vanua Levu, Savusavu, 0���100 m, III. 1973, N.L.H. Krauss; 1 ♂, Viti Levu, Nandi, 0���50 m, III. 1981, N.L.H. Krauss (both in AMNH). Remarks. The specimens examined in the present study are distinctly smaller (10.4���10.6 mm in males) than those described by Emeljanov & Wilson (2009). In Emeljanov & Wilson���s material, the body length of A. vitiensis is 11.5���12.4 mm in males, and 13.7���13.8 mm in females. Distribution. Fiji. Discussion The genus Anasta, as reviewed here, comprises six species which are distributed from western Timor, northern Australia, and Papua New Guinea, extending eastward to Fiji in the Australasian region (Fig. 14). This region can be regarded as the Oceanian realm which was one of newly defined zoogeographic realms (Holt et al. 2013). It was separated from the Australian realm and included New Guinea together with the Pacific Islands (Holt et al. 2013). Generally, the dictyopharid species are not supposed to possess the ability of long-distance dispersal, and they are practically absent from most of Pacific islands far away from the continent (Emeljanov & Wilson 2009). So the discovery of A. vitiensis from Fiji is quite enigmatic although the Fiji biota has been considered more typically as a mature continental ecosystem than a collection of small remote islands (Lucky & Sarnat 2010). Three hypotheses have been commonly resorted to explain the origins of Fiji���s insular terrestrial assemblage (Lucky & Sarnat 2010). However, it is still difficult to guess how Anasta species colonized from Timor and New Guinea eastward to Fiji. Unlike other insect groups (Duffels & Turner 2002, Lucky & Sarnat 2010), we have been in the dark about the dictyopharid fauna in Bismark Archipelago, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, even New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands which are rather rich in Fulgoromorpha (Fennah 1969)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Song, Zhi-Shun, Liang, Ai-Ping (2013): Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region. Zootaxa 3741 (4): 551-568, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6

Key to the species of the genus Anasta Emeljanov 1. Forewings with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 veins distinctly beyond bifurcation of CuA, nearly abreast with Sc+R (Fig. 3 B)......................................................................... A. lobosa sp. nov. - Forewings with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 veins near bifurcation of CuA, distinctly ahead of Sc+R (Fig. 3 A, C, D)............................................................................................... 2 2. Cephalic process distinctly short, vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (1.65���1.72): 1 (Fig. 4 A)............................................................................ A. australiaca ( Lallemand ) comb. nov. - Cephalic process long, vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base more than 2: 1..................... 3 3. Vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (2.03���2.66): 1........................................ 4 - Vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base more than 3: 1....................................... 5 4. Cephalic process distinctly long, nearly equally wide before and after contraction of vertex; aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes large and long (Fig. 10 A).............................................................. A. prognatha (Distant) - Cephalic process relatively short, narrower after contraction of vertex; aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes distinctly short and small (Fig. 13 A)............................................................. A. vitiensis Emeljanov & Wilson 5. Cephalic process distinctly long; vertex with media carina long and prominent.......... A. minuta (Lallemand) comb. nov. - Cephalic process relatively short; vertex with media carina short and weak..................... A. timorina (Lallemand), Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 556, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta australiaca (Lallemand, 1935) comb. nov. (Figs 1 A, 3 A, 4���6) Fulgora australiaca Lallemand, 1935: 674, Figs 16, 17. Dictyophara australiaca (Lallemand): Metcalf, 1946: 149. Redescription. Body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings): ♂ 9.9���10.5 mm; length of head: 1.4���1.6 mm; width of head (including eyes): 1.1���1.2 mm; length of forewings: 7.8���8.1 mm. Cephalic process (Fig. 4 A ���C) in front of eyes distinctly short and upturned. Vertex (Fig. 4 A) with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (1.65���1.72): 1; median carina distinct and sharp between eyes. Frons (Fig. 4 B) elongate, lateral and intermediate carinae ridged, median carina distinct, more or less weak apically and or lacking apically. Forewings (Fig. 3 A) with stigmal area obscure viridescent, with 0���2 transverse veins. Male genitalia with gonostyles (Fig. 5 D) large and broad, apex with a small obtuse process; upper process elongate, slightly curved inwards, acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 6 A ���C) large and robust, dorsal part and bases of ventral and lateral parts on phallobase sclerotized and pigmented, the remainder membranous; dorsal part elongate, V-shaped apically, with a pair of small sclerotized apical processes, directed posteriorly in dorsal view, the base of processes membranous sac-like and inflated inwards; ventrolateral parts produced in a pair of large, sac-like and inflated lobes, transversely prolonged: rounded in middle and tapered at each end, dorsal end more or less sclerotized, directed posteriorly, ventral end elongated, incurved ventrally and crossed each other in ventral view; ventral part with a small lobe in middle under the ventrolateral lobes. Segment X (Fig. 5 A) relatively broad and large, lateral margin somewhat diverging towards apex, with the ratio of length to width in base about 1.3: 1 in dorsal view; ventral apical margin truncated and straight. Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 2 ♂, North Queensland, Lockirbie, 14���17.VII. 1948, L.J. Brass (Archbold Exped., AMNH). Remarks. This species is externally similar to A. vitiensis Emeljanov & Wilson, but can be distinguished from the latter by the shorter cephalic process and the bigger ventrolateral lobes in aedeagus. See also the key for identification. Distribution. Australia (North Queensland)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 556, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta prognatha (Distant, 1906) (Figs 1 C, 3 C, 10���12) Dictyophara prognatha Distant, 1906: 352; Melichar, 1912: 125; Metcalf, 1946: 174. Anasta prognatha (Distant): Emeljanov, 2008: 371. Redescription. Body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings): ♂ 10.8���11.9 mm; length of head: 2.0��� 2.1 mm; width of head (including eyes): 1.2���1.3 mm; length of forewings: 8.7���9.3 mm. Cephalic process (Fig. 10 A ���C) in front of eyes moderately elongate and upturned. Vertex (Fig. 10 A) with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (2.27���2.66): 1; median carina distinct and sharp between eyes. Frons (Fig. 10 B) elongate, lateral and intermediate carinae ridged, median carina distinct, more or less weak apically and maybe invisible at apex. Forewings (Fig. 3 C) with stigmal area obscure viridescent, with 1���2 transverse veins. Male genitalia with gonostyles (Fig. 11 D) large and broad, apex slightly convex; upper process elongate, slightly curved inwards, acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 12 A ���C) very similar to A. australiaca, but ventrolateral lobes larger and longer, dorsal end directed dorsally, ventral end elongated, incurved ventrally and crossed each other in ventral view; ventral part with a small lobe in middle under the ventrolateral lobes. Segment X (Fig. 11 A) relatively broad and large, lateral margin somewhat diverging towards apex, with the ratio of length to width in base about 1.4: 1 in dorsal view; ventral apical margin conspicuously concave. Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 2 ♂, North Queensland, Tozer Range, North Foot 400 ���, 1���5.VII. 1948, L.J. Brass (Archbold Exped., AMNH). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ♂, SE Weam, 9 m, light trap, 18.VI. 1964, H. Clissold; 2 ♂, SE Moorhead [Morehead], 18 m, light trap, 4.VII. 1965, H. Clissold (BPBM). Remarks. The specimens from Papua New Guinea are distinctly smaller than those from North Queensland, Australia. The length of head is also shorter than that of Australia. They are maybe representing a subspecies of A. prognatha, but more specimens from Papua New Guinea need to be examined for confirmation. Distribution. Australia (North Queensland), Papua New Guinea., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta timorina (Lallemand, 1935) Fulgora timorina Lallemand, 1935: 672, Figs 12, 13. Dictyophara timorina (Lallemand): Metcalf, 1946: 179. Anasta timorina (Lallemand): Emeljanov, 2008: 372. Remarks. The species was transferred in Anasta by Emeljanov (2008). It is likely to be conspecific with A. minuta comb. nov., but it is not confirmed till the types of both species will be examined. Distribution. Indonesia (Timor)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta lobosa sp. nov. (Figs 1 B, 3 B, 7���9) Diagnosis. The new species is similar to A. minuta (Lallemand), but can be separated from the latter by the relatively short cephalic process, and the forewings with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 nearly abreast with bifurcation of Sc+R, distinctly beyond CuA. Description. Body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings): ♂ 11.5 mm; length of head: 2.4 mm; width of head (including eyes): 1.1 mm; length of forewings: 8.4 mm. Cephalic process (Fig. 7 A ���C) in front of eyes distinctly elongate and slightly upturned. Vertex (Fig. 7 A) with the ratio of length in central line to width in base 3.02: 1; median carina only distinct between eyes. Frons (Fig. 7 B) elongate, intermediate carinae nearly parallel, median carina distinct and complete. Forewings (Fig. 3 B) with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 veins near middle, nearly abreast with bifurcation of Sc+R, distinctly beyond CuA; stigmal area with 1 transverse veins. Male genitalia with gonostyles (Fig. 8 D) large and broad, apex with a small obtuse process; upper process prolonged, not incurved, acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 9 A ���C) large and broad, compressed dorsoventrally, bases of phallobase sclerotized and pigmented, the remainder membranous sac-like; dorsal lobes large, broad and inflated, more or less sclerotized, with a pair of small apical processes on each side, directed posteriorly in dorsal view; ventrolateral lobes small, flat and rounded at each end, dorsal end small, directed posteriorly, ventral end large, incurved ventrally and crossed in ventral view; ventral part with a small lobe in middle under ventrolateral lobes. Segment X (Fig. 8 A) distinctly elongate, lateral margin nearly parallel, with the ratio of length to width in base about 2.1: 1 in dorsal view; ventral apical margin conspicuously concave. Material examined. Holotype ♂, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: SE Popondetta, 18 m, light trap, 30 ��� 15.VIII. 1963, J. Sedlacek (BPBM). Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the Greek ���lobos���, referring to its paired large, sac-like and inflated lobes in aedeagus. Distribution. Papua New Guinea. Anasta minuta (Lallemand, 1935) comb. nov. Fulgora minuta Lallemand, 1935: 673, Figs 14, 15. Dictyophara minuta (Lallemand): Metcalf, 1946: 167. Remarks. According to Lallemand���s description, A. minuta comb. nov. is very similar to A. timorina from Timor, Indonesia. A. minuta comb. nov. can be distinguished from the latter by the longer cephalic process and a longer prominent media carina on vertex (Lallemand 1935). We didn���t have chance to examine the both species Distribution. Indonesia (Timor)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on pages 556-559, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Song, Zhi-Shun, Liang, Ai-Ping (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Oriental genus Metaurus Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (41-42): 2563-2575, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.708456, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.708456

Machilontus (s. str.) medogensis Song & Huang, sp. nov. (Figs. 2 –16) Diagnosis. Lateral paired ocelli each with small dark pigmented patch on inner edge; frons with a pair of patches between lateral ocelli, a pair of V-shaped stripes above median ocellus and a large spot in the inner antennal base; clypeus with a rounded field of numerous spine-like setae below median ocellus; article II of maxillary palp in males with dorsal apophysis elongate, pointed and directed inward, not incurved; legs rarely pigmented. Description. Male length (tip of head to tip of abdomen) 8.1–9.0 mm; maximum antennae length 9.9 mm; cerci and caudal filament incomplete, not measured. General color yellowish brown in scaled areas, paler in areas where scales abraded. Head and appendages devoid of scales, with a few violet-brown hypodermal patches or stripes (Fig. 2). Compound eyes black, large, convex, with ratios of length to width 0.90–0.93, line contact to length 0.66–0.69. Lateral paired ocelli reddish, with small dark pigmented patch on inner edge; ocelli narrow ellipsoidal, the outer area slightly wider than the inner one, nearly three times as wide as long (Figs. 3–4). Frons with several setae between paired ocelli; with a pair of patches between paired ocelli, a large V-shaped stripe above median ocellus and a relatively large very dark spot in the inner antennal base (Fig. 3). A surrounding small area above median ocellus much darker (Fig. 3). Clypeus with oval field of numerous spine-like setae below median ocellus (Fig. 3). Antennae much longer than body; scapus about twice as long as wide (Fig.8), with light oblong spot on inner base and very small spot on inner apex; maximum number of flagellum divisions about 22, provided with cilia and short sensory setae. Article I of maxillary palps with outer apophysis well developed, much longer than inner coiled process, slightly shorter than maximum diameter of article (Fig. 7); article II with dorsal apophysis elongate, pointed and directed inward, not incurved (Figs. 6–7); articles III–VII much more slender than proximal articles; article V with 0–3 hyaline spines in the apical dorsal area; articles VI and VII with 10–15 and 20–25 hyaline spines in the dorsal margins, respectively. Ratio of length of articles VII: VI: V = 1: (1.07–1.11): (1.37–1.43). Distribution of pigmented patches on inner surface as in Fig. 6 and on outer surface as in Fig. 7. Labium and labial palps as in Fig. 5, without distinct patches. Mentum with some long setae on median ventral area. Apical article of labial palps clavate, expanded apically, with numerous sensorial cones longer than the neighbouring setae, longitudinally grooved and with 4–6 minute processes. Legs rarely pigmented; coxae, trochanters and tarsi of all legs without distinct patches, only femora with small transverse spot on apex and tibia with dorsal band on subbase. Distributions of pigmented patches and chaetotaxy of legs as in Figs. 14–16. Fore legs with coxae, femora and tibiae slightly thicker than middle and hind legs; hind legs slightly longer than the other legs. Fore tibia with field of numerous brownish setae on ventral border (Fig. 14). Abdominal coxosternites I–VII with 1+1 eversible vesicles, coxosternites II–IX with styli. Coxosternites I distinctly shorter than coxosternites II, without urosternite (Fig. 9). Coxosternites II (Fig. 10) rounded and expanded laterally, with large triangular urosternite; styli long and robust, with several long hyaline spine-like setae on inner subapex. Coxosternites III–VIII glabrous; styli with numerous short setae (Figs. 11–12). Ratios of styli (without terminal spine) to corresponding coxosternites as follows: 0.78–0.85 for coxosternite II, 0.45–0.51 for coxosternite V, 0.56–0.60 for coxosternite VIII, 0.68–0.73 for coxosternite IX. Ratios of terminal spines to corresponding styli as follows: 0.37–0.40 for coxosternite II, 0.97–1.00 for coxosternite V, 1.08–1.12 for coxosternite VIII, 0.48–0.53 for coxosternite IX. Penis small, length about one-third of coxosternite IX (Fig. 13). Parameres absent. Female unknown. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Southwestern China: Tibet, Medog, Beibeng, elev. 800 m, 20 August 1974 (F.S. Huang). Paratypes: 1 ♂, same data as holotype; 2 ♂, Tibet, Medog, 800 m, 3 September 1974 (F.S. Huang); 2♂, Tibet, Medog, Maniweng, elev. 800 m, 11 September 1974 (F.S. Huang) (all in IZCAS). Etymology. The species is named for its occurrence in Medog, Tibet, southwestern China. FIGTURES 3–10. Machilontus medogensis. 3. head, front view; 4. eyes and ocelli, right lateral view; 5. labium and labial palp; 6. maxillary palp, inner view; 7. maxillary palp, outer view; 8. base of antenna; 9. coxosternite I; 10. coxosternite II. FIGTURES 11–16. Machilontus medogensis. 11. coxosternite V; 12. coxosternite VIII; 13. coxosternite IX; 14. fore leg, outer view; 15. middle leg, outer view; 16. hind leg, outer view. Remarks. Sturm (1990) described M. (s. str.) martensi from Nepal, based on a single female specimen, and at that time was the northernmost record of Machilontus. The new species M. medogensis was collected from Medog, Tibet, southwestern China, at about 30°N, 95°E. The new species can be separated from M. (s. str.) martensi by its narrow and long lateral paired ocelli, the outer margin slightly wider than the inner margin, with a small dark pigmented patch on the inner edge (large and broad, shoe-shaped, without patch on inner edge in M. martensi); clypeus with a field of numerous brownish bristles below the median ocellus (setal field absent in M. martensi); and the coxal styli on hind legs slightly longer than the width of hind coxae, without long setae near the tip (relatively small, with prominent long dark setae near the apex in M. martensi). The new species is also similar to M. (s. str.) lawrencei Bach, but can be distinguished from the latter by its clypeus with numerous spine-like setae below median ocellus, forming a oval setal field; and article II of the maxillary palps nearly glabrous (with a series of small rigid setae, arranged in a group of 18–20 on the outer face and before the apophysis in M. lawrencei)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Huang, Fu-Sheng & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2011, Machilontus (s. str.) medogensis Song & Huang, sp. nov. from Tibet, the northernmost record of the genus Machilontus Silvestri, 1912 and the first record of the family Meinertellidae (Insecta: Microcoryphia: Machiloidea) in China, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2822 on pages 65-67, {"references":["Sturm, H. (1990) Felsenspringer aus Nepal und Afghanistan (Insecta: Archaeognatha: Machiloidea). Senckenbergiana biologica, 70, 139 - 149."]}

Leusaba philippina St��l (Figs. 1 A���B, 2 A���I, 3 A���F) Leusaba philippina St��l, 1870: 749; Melichar, 1914: 108. Description. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): 3 (N= 1), 15.0 mm; �� (N= 1), 15.5 mm. Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of anal tube): 3, 9.1 mm; ��, 9.4 mm. Colour. General color ochraceous; frons with anterior and lateral margins and medial line suffused with orange stripes, apex of rostrum, eyes and antennal pedicel, suffused with brown; vertex and pronotum dark green, vertex with posterior marginal carinae, pronotum with median disc and lateral portion, and mesonotum with median carina, all suffused with orange; fore wings hyaline, veins and stigma brown; fore tibia and mid tibia with apices and bases, hind tibia with bases, lateral spines with apices, long stripes on hind femora and tarsi with apical segments all suffused with black. Head and thorax. Head (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) projecting beyond eyes for 0.39 times longer than length of eye. Frons (Figs. 1 B, 2 C) without median carina, lateral carinae slightly carinate, disc smooth, median length 1.02 times longer than greatest width and 1.45 times longer than breadth at anterior margin of frons. Vertex (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) distinctly shorter than greatest width (0.37: 1), slightly longer than pronotum at midline (1.11: 1). Pronotum (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum in midline (0.18: 1). Mesonotum (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) with median carina uniting with lateral carinae; lateral carinae curvulate for their posterior half and converging sharply anteriorly in anterior half; pronotum and mesonotum together medially 5.9 times as long as median length of vertex. Fore wings (Figs. 1 A, 2 D) hyaline, surpassing extremity of abdomen about 0.65 times as long as length of body and 2.8 times as long as maximum breadth; with 18���20 apical cells. Hind tibiae usually with 4 distinct lateral spines, if with 5 spines then often on one leg only and with basal spine very fine. Male genitalia. Xth segment with lateroventral margin with two pair of distinctly long spines, one pair situating at apical 1 / 3 and other situated at level of extremity of apical dorsal margin (Figs. 2 F, 2 H); anal style short and small, only slightly surpassing extremity of apical dorsal margin of anal tube. Left gonostylus (Figs. 2 F, 2 G, 2 I) 3.18 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view (see Fig. 2 F), basal dorsal edge with a dorsoposteriorly directed prominence, followed by a finger-like, dorsoposteriorly directed process (see Fig. 2 F). Right gonostylus 3.23 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view, basal dorsal edge with a clublike, dorsolaterally directed process (see Fig. 2 G). Periandrium (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) with apical margin with a thin and sinuous branched process at ventral side, with apical part curved dorsally, process forked at middle part, protruding anteriorly, apex curved posterodorsally. Aedeagus (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) with a long, sinuous process at basal part, lateroventrally directed, with ventral margin with many denticles, apical part curved posterodorsally; basal 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 of aedeagus with three projections at left side: one lamelliform projection I small and short, directed dorsally at dorsal side, one lamelliform projection II relatively long, stout and twisted, directed ventrally at ventral side and one global projection III arising from middle part between two lamelliform projections; with a tooth-like dorsoposteriorly directed prominence arising from dorsal edge at right side; endosoma with three projections: right projection abruptly extended into a falciform plate, directed dorsally, ventral projection spine-like, directed anteroventrally, and apical projection reaching to level of dorsal margin of anal tube, stout and cylindrical, apical part twisted with apex oblique and lanceolate in form, with margin denticulated. Female genitalia. Gonopophyses VIII (Figs. 3 C, 3 F) asymmetrical at base in ventral view (Fig. 3 F), left produced into lobe with large globular apex, right produced into lobe with smaller globular apex. Gonopophyses IX (Fig. 3 E) with apical ends not confluent; gonospiculum (Fig. 3 E) slightly shorter than median length of triangular part (0.95: 1), indistinctly flattened laterally. Gonoplacs (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 3 F) with 4 teeth at dorsal margin, dentition complex, not forming one line, with 3 outer teeth at apical part, followed by 12���13 teeth from apical to ventral margin. Sternite VII with median part sinuous at ventral side (Fig. 3 F). Material examined. Philippines: 13, P. I. MISAMIS OR., Mt. Empagatao, 1050���1200 m, Rain forest, 19���30.IV. 1961, H. Torrevillas (BPBM); 1 ��, P. I., MINDANAO, Agusan, Esperanza, 4���11.XI. 1959, C. M. Yoshimoto (BPBM). Remarks. L. philippina was described from a single specimen (holotype). The above material has been identified based on a comparison of images sent of this specimen (NHRS)., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, First record of the male of Leusaba philippina St��l (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with a redescription of the genus and species, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2344 on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275553, {"references":["Stal, C. (1870) Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. Bidrag till Philippinska oarnes Hemiptera-fauna. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar, 27, 607 - 776.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145."]}

Leusaba indet. sp. 2 (Figs. 1 E–F) Material examined. W. Malaysia: 1 Ƥ, Pahang, Benon Mts, 15 km. E. Kampong Dong, 24.III– 15.IV. 1998, 300– 1000 m, Dembický and Pacolátko (MMBC). Remarks. This specimen is similar to L. marginalis with respect to the length of the anal tube and proportions of the external female genitalia. However, it does not match the original figure of L. marginalis with respect to the frons which is barely visible in dorsal view but is clearly visible in marginalis. Furthermore, the frons in facial view differs from the previous Leusaba species in that the lateral margins are more parallel adjacent to the eyes (compare Figs. 1 B and 1 F).

Parapiromis guadalcanalensis sp. nov. (Figs. 16 –24, 43) Description. 3 (n= 2), BL: 8.5 mm, FWL: 8 mm; Ƥ (n= 1), BL: 9 mm, FWL: 8.5 mm General colour brown. Vertex and frons pale brown. Clypeus brown, with a narrow pale brown stripe at middle. Rostrum pallid. Pronotum and mesonotum brown. Thorax pale brown ventrally, marked with fuscous. Legs pale brown; tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous. Abdomen brown ventrally, with pale yellow transverse stripes; pygofer fuscous. Fore wing with brown precostal area and costal cell, hyaline, more or less fuliginous at anterior part of corium, many hyaline areoles near subapical line and apical angle, forming wide brown band near middle; apical margins with wider brown fascia; stigma greenish white, nearly opaque. Head (including compound eyes) (Figs. 16, 17) slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 16) wider at anterior margin than long in middle line (11.5: 1). Frons (Fig. 17) wider at widest part than long in middle line (1.3: 1); disc tricarinate, sublateral carinae longer than central carina. Clypeus (Fig. 17) triangular, without central carina. Pronotum (Fig. 16) wider at widest part than long in middle line (6.3: 1), punctuated beside central carina. Mesonotum (Fig. 16) large, longer than broad, with tricarinate on disc, lateral carinae weakly sinuately converging anteriorly and narrowly rounding to meet in middle line, anterolateral carinae almost straight, disuniting with lateral carinae at middle. Wing venation as in Figs 18–19. Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 21) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 20) moderately large, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.5: 1). Genital styles (Fig. 21) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with long apical process, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.7: 1). Aedeagus (Figs. 22–24) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, with 31 short spines and one membranous tubule ventrally in discal half: 20 short spines on lateral margins, and 11 short spines near middle, and two pairs of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, the inner pair spinose short, deeply crossed, the outer pair long, moderately sinuate, narrowly tubular and weakly sinuate in basal, membranous in the succeeding, and sclerotised and acuminate apically, nearly paralleled near base, crossed at end. Material examined. Holotype 3, Solomon Islands Guadalcanal: Honiara, 0–200 m, xii. 1972, N.L.H. Krauss (BPBM). Paratypes. Solomon Islands: 13, Malaita: Dala, 50 m, 15–19.vi. 1964, J. & M. Sedlacek, Malaise Trap (BPBM); 1 Ƥ, Guadalcanal: Honiara, 0–200m, xii. 1980. N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). Etymology. This species is named after its distribution in the Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal: Honiara). Distribution. Solomon Islands. Remarks. This species is similar to Parapiromis translucida (Montrouzier) in appearance but can be distinguished from the latter by its fore wing with a smaller fuscous spot near the apical angle and a wide brown interrupted band near the middle (Fig. 18), its aedeagus with 31 short spines and one membranous tubule ventrally in discal half and deeply crossed inner processes (Figs. 22–24).

Key to the species of genus Parapiromis (males only) 1. Aedeagus with inner pair of dorsal processes nearly parallel (Figs. 13, 31)............................................................... 2 - Aedeagus with inner pair of dorsal processes deeply crossed (Figs. 22, 40).............................................................. 3 2. Aedeagus with 12 short spines ventrally in discal half (Figs. 14, 15)............................ P. translucida (Montrouzier) - Aedeagus with 10 short spines on lateral margins in discal half (Figs. 32, 33)....................... P. kiungaensis sp. nov. 3. Aedeagus with 31 short spines and one membranous tubule ventrally in discal half: 20 short spines on lateral mar- gins, and 11 short spines near middle, (Figs. 23, 24) ........................................................ P. guadalcanalensis sp. nov. - Aedeagus with two rows of short spines ventrally in discal half: one row of 14 spines, and another row of 15 spines (Figs. 41, 42)......................................................................................................................... P. santacruzensis sp. nov., Published as part of Bu, Cui-Ping, Larivi��re, Marie-Claude & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, Parapiromis nom. nov., a new name for Piromis Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae), with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 2400 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275881

Leusaba indet. sp. 1 (Figs. 1 C–D, 4 A–I) Material examined. Malaysia (Sabah): 1 Ƥ, Tawau Residency, Kalabakan R., Tawau 48 km W, Primary Forest, 18.IX. 1958, T. C. Maa (BPBM). Remarks. This specimen is externally similar to L. philippina and L. marginalis, but can be distinguished from these species by its shorter anal tube and different proportions to the external female genitalia.

Genus Leusaba Walker Leusaba Walker, 1857: 144; Melichar 1914: 105. Type species: Leusaba marginalis Walker, 1857: 144, by original designation. Description. Relatively large and stout tropiduchids (Figs. 1���4), length (from apex of vertex to tip of anal tube) 8.0��� 10.6 mm (N= 7). Colour. General color green to ochraceous; frons with anterior and lateral margins and medial line suffused with orange to reddish stripes (black medial line may be present), apex of rostrum, eyes and antennae with pedicel suffused reddish to brownish; vertex with posterior marginal carinae, pronotum with median disc and lateral portion all suffused yellowish to reddish; fore wings hyaline, veins and stigma brown; fore tibia and mid tibia with apices, hind tibia with bases, lateral spines with apices, long stripes on hind femora all suffused with black. Head and thorax. Head (Figs. 1 A, 1 C, 1 E, 1 G) including eyes slightly narrower than pronotum, vertex approximately twice as broad as long, projecting before eyes for less than half length of eye; apex broadly convex in dorsal view, evenly and broadly rounded to base of frons; vertex and frons not separated, lateral carinae continuous. Eyes oval. Face with frons laterally carinate, carinae attaining frontoclypeal suture, with or without median ridge; slightly longer medially than greatest width and distinctly longer than width at anterior margin; ventrally depressed each side of midline (Figs. 1 B, 2 C) or depressed lateroventrally, forming a ���v���-shaped central elevated area (Figs. 1 D, 3 C); disc smooth or covered with microsetae; clypeus (Figs. 1 B, 1 D, 1 F, 1 H) with distinct median carina, without lateral carinae; rostrum short, attaining mesotrochanters, apical segment short, longer than broad; ocelli distinct; antennae (Figs. 2 B, 2 C, 4 B, 4 C) with scape short, ring-like; pedicel cylindrical, covered with many microsetae extending to base of pedicel. Vertex (Figs. 2 A, 4 A) subquadrate, distinctly shorter than greatest width, slightly longer than pronotum at midline; lateral margins ridged and subparallel; posterior margin carinate and arched anteriorly; anterior part of vertex smoothly swollen, uniting with base of frons to form evenly rounded surface; posterior part of vertex distinctly depressed, lateral margins of depression incurving anteriorly and meeting medially to form nearly semicircular arc; with a very faint median carina. Pronotum (Figs. 2 A, 4 A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum in midline; with two contiguous median carinae and oblique and separate lateral carinae; anterior margin slightly carinate, nearly straight; disc projected anteriorly, deeply depressed between median and lateral carinae, with impression on each side; posterior margin obtusely angled excavate. Mesonotum (Figs. 2 A, 4 A) tricarinate, median carina straight, reaching to transverse suture; pronotum and mesonotum together medially 4.8���5.9 times as long as median length of vertex. Fore wings (Figs. 1 A, 1 C, 1 E, 1 G) hyaline, surpassing extremity of abdomen by about 0.5��� 0.7 times length of body, widening towards tips, 2.7���2.8 times as long as maximum breadth; corium without granulation; veins prominent, thickly covered with short setae dorsally and ventrally (veins in basal area of corium not covered with setae dorsally); costal cell without cross veins; Sc+R and M forking at nodal line; Cu forking after level of junction of claval veins, the latter forked at basal 2 / 5 of clavus; nodal line forming a zigzag transverse line, subapical line slightly oblique, with 6 subapical and 17���20 apical cells, subapical cells a little longer than latter. Hind wings (Figs. 2 E, 4 E) hyaline, veins prominent and thickly covered with short setae dorsally and ventrally, posterior margin strongly sinuate, with three disconnected, oblique transverse veins before apical area, venation as in Figs. 2 E, 4 E. Legs elongate; hind tibiae each with 3���4 distinct lateral spines, abnormally with 5 (often on one leg only, basal one very fine); spinal formula of hind leg 6 ��� 6 ��� 2. Male genitalia. Pygofer (Figs. 2 F, 2 H, 2 I) symmetrical, short, in lateral view forming a perpendicular irregular rectangle, wider dorsally than ventrally, with dorsal posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly; dorsal margin deeply excavated to accommodate anal tube (Fig. 2 H); ventral margin strongly excavated anteriorly to accommodate gonostyli (Fig. 2 I). Xth segment (Figs. 2 F, 2 H) very long and slender, apical margin distinctly concave in dorsal view, lateroventral margin with two pairs of distinct long spines (Fig. 2 F); anal style short and small. Gonostyli (Figs. 2 F, 2 G, 2 I) bilaterally asymmetrical, membranously fused with pygofer at base, left gonostylus forming irregular ellipse, more than 3 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view, tapering to apex in distal 1 / 6, dorsal edge with two processes (see Fig. 2 F), right gonostylus forming irregular rectangle, relatively large and broad, more than 3 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view, apex relatively broad, basal dorsal edge with a process (see Fig. 2 G). Periandrium (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) dorsally connected with ventrobasal margin of anal-tube, membranously fused with pygofer at ventral side, irregularly ring-like, distinctly sclerotized, surrounding aedeagus at basal part and visible in lateral view, apical margin with a branched process at ventral side. Aedeagus (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) asymmetrical, elongate, robust and mostly sclerotized, with a long, sinuous process at basal part, basal 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 part of aedeagus expanded into ellipsoid, connected with membranous endosoma apically, with three projections at left side and a prominence at right side; shaft of aedeagus sclerotized, embraced by endosoma, apical part strongly curved and directed posteroventrally, phallotrema hole-like, exposed apically; endosoma with three projections. Female genitalia. Anal tube (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 4 F, 4 G) relatively short, apical margin convex in dorsal view, anal styles reaching beyond apical ventral margin of anal tube. Gonopophyses VIII (first valvulae) (Figs. 3 C, 3 F, 4 F, 4 H) strongly sclerotized with 5 blunt teeth on dorsal margin, 3 blunt apical teeth on ventral margin, and several minute teeth in two angle-like rows laterobasad of middle. Gonopophyses VIII nearly symmetrical or asymmetrical at base in ventral view (Figs. 3 F, 4 H). Gonopophyses IX (second valvulae) (Figs. 3 E, 4 I) triangular, fused together on inner-lateral margin and strongly reduced but well sclerotized, apical ends confluent or not; gonospiculum (Figs. 3 E, 4 I) shorter than median length of triangular part (0.75���0.95: 1). Gonoplacs (third valvulae) (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 3 F, 4 F, 4 G) with 3���4 teeth at dorsal margin, dentition simple, forming one line, continue without interruption along ventral margin and involving a further 13 teeth (see Figs. 4 F, 4 G); or dentition complex, not forming one line, with 3 outer teeth at apical part, then continue with 12���13 teeth from apical to ventral margin (see Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 3 F). Gonocoxae VIII (Figs. 3 C, 4 F) almost rectangular sclerotized plates with a distinct black spot on caudadorsal edge. Genital opening (gonoporus) singular (monotrysian) occurring between gonopophyses VIII and IX (Figs. 3 F, 4 H). Sternite VII with median part sinuous or broad concave at ventral side. Posterior vagina strikingly sclerotized in its ventral part (Figs. 3 F, 4 H). Dorsally, a large bursa copulatrix (Figs. 3 C, 4 F) opens directly into vagina and an enlarged common oviduct and spermatheca open apically into anterior vagina (Fig. 4 H). Distribution. Species of Leusaba are currently known from Malaysia (Borneo), Philippines and Sri Lanka. Discussion. Leusaba belongs in the tribe Paricanini Melichar, which was redefined by Fennah (1982). In addition to Leusaba, the tribe includes Paricana Walker, 1857, Paricanoides Liang, 2003, and Stacota St��l, 1859. Species of Leusaba are externally similar to those of Paricana but can be distinguished from the latter by the laterally carinate vertex with a median carina and fore wings with six subapical and 18���20 apical cells, with subapical cells a little longer than the latter. Leusaba can be distinguished from Paricanoides by the frons and postclypeus with a median carina and more numerous apical and subapical cells in the forewing and more numerous apical cells in the hindwing (see Liang, 2003). It can be separated from Stacota by the vertex being distinctly shorter than greatest width (slightly longer medially than greatest width in Stacota), and fore wings lacking transverse veinlets in the costal cell. In addition to L. philippina the following other species belong in Leusaba. Two undescribed females from Malaysia are considered to represent two additional species of Leusaba but are not formally named because of the lack of male specimens. They indicate that the Malaysian fauna is more widespread and diverse than currently known., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, First record of the male of Leusaba philippina St��l (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with a redescription of the genus and species, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2344 on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275553, {"references":["Walker, F. (1857) Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. London, 1, 141 - 175.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Fennah, R. G. (1982) A tribal classification of the Tropiduchidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea), with the description of a new species on tea in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 72, 631 - 643.","Liang, A. P. (2003) A new genus of Tropiduchidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) from China and Vietnam, with description of eggs. Florida Entomologist, 86 (3), 361 - 369.","Stal. C. (1859) Novae quaedem Fulgorinorum formae speciesque insigniores. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 313 - 327."]}

Parapiromis santacruzensis sp. nov. (Figs. 34 –42, 43) Description. 3 (n= 1), BL: 7.0 mm, FWL: 6.5 mm. General colour fuscous. Frons and clypeus brown. Rostrum pallid. Vertex and pronotum brown. Mesonotum fuscous. Thorax fuscous ventrally. Legs pale brown; tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous. Abdomen brown ventrally, and pale brown dorsally. Fore wing with brown precostal area, costal cell and basal cell, anterior part of corium brown with many hyaline areoles, forming a wide brown band near middle; apical margins with a wider brown fascia; stigma white, nearly opaque. Head (including compound eyes) (Figs. 34, 35) slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 34) wider at anterior margin than long in middle line (10.9: 1). Frons (Fig. 35) wider at widest part than long in middle line (1.3: 1); disc tricarinate, sublateral carinae slightly longer than central carina, a transverse carina present distally. Clypeus (Fig. 35) triangular, without central carina. Pronotum (Fig. 34) wider at widest part than long in middle line (6.2: 1), punctuated beside central carina. Mesonotum (Fig. 34) large, longer than broad, with tricarinate on disc, lateral carinae weakly sinuately converging anteriorly and narrowly rounding to meet in middle line, anterolateral carinae forward bending slightly, uniting with lateral carinae at middle. Wing venation as in Figs. 36–37. Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 39) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 38) moderately large, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.4: 1). Genital styles (Fig. 39) relatively small, broad in lateral aspect, with long apical process, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.5: 1). Aedeagus (Figs. 40–42) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, with two rows of short spines ventrally in discal half: one row of 14 spines, and another row of 15 spines, and two pairs of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, the inner pair spinose short, deeply crossed, the outer pair long, moderately sinuate, narrowly tubular and weakly sinuate in basal, membranous in the succeeding, and sclerotised and acuminate apically, nearly paralleled near base, crossed at end. Material examined. Holotype 3, Solomon Islands Santa Cruz: Graciosa Bay, 0–50 m, i. 1977. N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). Etymology. The name is derived from the type locality (Santa Cruz) of the only known specimen. Distribution. Solomon Islands. Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in Parapiromis by its aedeagus with two rows of short spines.