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The construction industry is still one of the biggest contributors to the number of accidents in Indonesia, this explains the low safety performance in construction projects. The low safety performance is proof that safety has not become a priority and has not become a culture. The maturity level of safety culture in the construction industry is at a reactive level, which means it is still very low and efforts need to be made to continuously improve it. The results of the literature study state that there are several efforts that can be made to improve safety culture, namely in terms of leadership, safety behavior, safety planning, individual capabilities, and reporting and evaluation. Safety leadership has the greatest role in enhancing safety culture. Safety leadership is part of a leadership system which is defined as the process of interaction of leaders with followers to achieve safety. Improved safety culture can improve safety performance on construction projects. The purpose of this study was to determine the variables and indicators of safety leadership that can be a part of improving safety culture and the variables and indicators that are used to measure safety performance. The results of these indicators are expected to be a concern for improvement and references to improve safety culture and affect the safety performance of construction projects, so as to reduce the number of accidents in construction projects.

The maintenance of the building should have clear and planned standards. In compiling standard operating procedures for maintenance and care, people can use the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to make it easier to understand by grouping each component of the building and being oriented towards overall activities. The purpose of this study is to find out the variables in developing SOPs for maintenance and care of architectural components in office buildings. The method used is literature study and expert validation. The research strategy was archival analysis in the form of previous project documents and government regulations related to maintenance and care as well as surveys to experts to validate variables. The research instrument used is a Questionnaire. Furthermore, the questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive statistics which then produced SOP development variables. The results of the study are expected to be a reference SOP for building managers in carrying out building maintenance and care.

Onshore Gas pipeline project is one of infrastructure modes aiming to deliver natural gas resulting from its source to fulfilling purpose supply to industries, households as well as transportations. Some gas pipeline infrastructures in Indonesia experience delays due to ineffective procurement strategy during the projects. In most Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) projects, the procurement process lies on the projects critical path and therefore it is essential to set up the process using the approach of strategic procurement. Setting the right strategy shall affect the efficiency of procurement process hence will bring positive influence to project schedule performance. Company A is one of Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Pipeline contractor in Indonesia that experience deteriorated schedule performance in the last five years according to the company secondary data. It also shows that procurement schedule performance index has been affecting the whole project schedule performance and hence this study has been initiated to solve this problem. This study proposes a conceptual integrated research model to identify how procurement activities can be managed effectively to reduce delays by setting the right procurement strategy by examining the correlation between procurement process and schedule performance with moderation of strategic procurement in the gas pipeline project in Indonesia.

Prior to the decision of the Government to opt for PPP (Public Private Partnership) for the procurement scheme of a public infrastructure project, it is necessary to conduct the Value for Money (VfM) analysis. VfM is defined by Moralos and Amekudzi (2008) as the optimum combination of all costs during the life cycle and the quality with the objective to meet the demand of users. According to Pangeran (2010), VfM has only been used in a few cases where the conventional methods, which does not take into account the risks of the project and only focus on the financial side, is more prevalent. Such test using conventional methods may risk on the non-optimal impact on the benefits of public procurement projects. In the context of procurement schemes for infrastructure projects in Indonesia, the Government has decided to use the BUMN (State-Owned Enterprise) assignment scheme to undertake the Trans Sumatera toll road project as mandated in the Perpres (Presidential Decree) no.100/2014. This paper will review the VfM test for Palembang Indralaya Toll Road (which is a section of the grand Trans Sumatra toll road) where the optimal VfM at 46% is generated at the BUMN assignment scheme higher than the PPP or APBN (State Budget) option.

Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Kementerian PUPR) has a vision which is the realization of reliable public works and housing infrastructures. Infrastructure development has contributed to improving the public welfare and economy in Indonesia, which is marked by numerous constructions of roads and bridges. In 2018, Indonesia already has 537,991.2 km of bridges. Therefore, the Kementerian PUPR developed a bridge management system through a mobile application called INVI-J that facilitates the bridge inspectors in conducting a bridge inspection in the field. Existing bridge inspections in Indonesia require an improvement in the planning and maintenance procedure. Improved bridge inspection procedures are being developed for the INVI-J to provide an annual basis condition data suitable for analysis of network need, assessment of routine maintenance, assessment of periodic maintenance, rehabilitation, or major replacement. INVI-J will analyze the data of the bridge condition, determine the ranking and priority of bridge activities and evaluate the alternatives of preservation or replacement. It will provide data for the production of the annual work programs and multi-year work programs to maintain and ensure the sustainability of the bridge stock. This paper describes the progress of the current INVI-J and discusses the issues involved in establishing a functional and sustainable system suitable to meet the needs of both long term network planning and short-term maintenance, under the conditions that happened in Indonesia.

Stadium is a complex structure, needing sturdy structure components while also maintaining its function as a stadium. Stadium construction requires meticulous planning and calculation, as it will be used by many people simultaneously. Therefore, a certain tool is needed to assist the construction planning and control the structural work, so that every work detail can be defined in a detailed manner. The breakdown of each work into smaller work elements is important to minimalize the chance of error, by using Work Breakdown Structure or WBS. This research focuses on the development of the WBS into a WBS dictionary and checklist. The research methodology applied are experts’ validiation, survey and interview of respondents, as well as descriptive statistical analysis. Therefore, this research’s findings are expected to minimize errors from happening during the construction phase of a stadium structure.

The existence of a professional construction management agency has already accepted in the construction business in Indonesia. The outcome of the services has expected to improve overall project success. In the aim to obtain a more comprehensive figure of performances both from a financial and non-financial point of view, the PMBOK knowledge area is proposed to be tailored into a balanced scorecard based performance measurement. The foundation of the strategic map is ‘learning or growth’ perspective, where improvement is necessary to increase the organization's internal ‘business process’ perspective. Review of existing literature shows that construction project team's achievement generally measured by scope, cost, schedule, and quality performance, initially contributed by human resource management and advances. As the result of the study, human resource management shall comprise of competence, the role of project manager, recognition and reward, facility, and lesson learned. Advances shall include technology, building information modeling, modern method of construction, and emerging management technique. Furthermore, analysis of the relations between those elements is important for the agency's scoreboard model development.

This chapter elaborates on a review of BCM. As the background, it describes the historical development of BCM and its relationships with other concepts. It will be followed by reviews on BCM as a management system, BCM’s main principles, and Business Continuity Planning overview. The next section will describe the implementation of BCM, related with regulations or standards that support the concept and the development of BCM level of preparedness. Several reviews on BC plans from various sectors are elaborated in the final part of the chapter, followed by reviewing the need for BCM in organizations based on its benefits and challenges.

This chapter describes an overview of the Indonesian construction industry. It starts with introducing a general profile of the country, its location, demography, form of state and legal system, and its economic performance. This section is then followed by an overview of the Indonesian construction industry. It describes the industry’s activities, contribution to the national’s economic growth, its stakeholders and support infrastructure, regulations and management systems, latest developments and lessons learned. The third section is a description about Indonesian construction firms, which focuses on the contractors and their business activities. The last section of this chapter links the Indonesian contractors with the background of this study, which is a review of the crises faced by the Indonesian contractors.

4D BIM can be utilized as a visual communication media that simulates construction process, including infrastructure projects, to all stakeholders. One of its benefits is to enhance communication quality that can positively affect infrastructure construction time planning phase, which was one of the most important aspect in contractor’s business process. This research used qualitative method through interviews and expert validation to identify main activities in construction time planning phase, 4D BIM role in those activities, and involved stakeholders. As a result, 4D BIM based construction time planning strategy in the form of standard operating procedure and communication flow was developed to be used as guideline references for BIM implementation in Indonesia.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of the technologies that can help the building design process with green building concept and BIM can evaluate energy performance and ongoing assessments that are interpreted by Green BIM. This research aims to determine the activities, stakeholders and the role of Green BIM to improve duration performance on schematic design phase of building projects, which was developed with a Green BIM based Standard Operating Procedure. The methodology is based on secondary data and interview with the respondents who contribute in Architecture Consultant Office. The result is Standard Operating Procedure and illustrates the relationship between activities in each strategy on schematic design phase, the roles of stakeholders and the data exchange flow.

Maintain a sustainable heritage building is currently a crucial challenge.The heritage building is unique from its structure and values such as a historical, education, aesthetics, economy, architecture,community and it requires special handling. One of the problems of heritage buildings in the absence of operational standards (SOP) for maintenance in Indonesia. The purpose of this study to develop a standard operational model maintenance heritage building of risk-based.The research data compose literature review, questionnaires, and qualitative risk data analysis.The risk analysis identified 20 risks of 40 risks variables have the highest risk rank. The result of the study established a risk-based SOP heritage building maintenance.The conclusion it can help to build management in improving the quality of heritage building maintenance practise.

The involvement of the government in terms of occupational safety and health through the laws and regulations issued, it is a reference for the stakeholders in the construction industry in carrying out its role and expected performance of safety and health will be better with the existing laws and regulations. these laws and regulations. However, the reality is not in accordance with expectations. The level of work accidents occurring in the construction industry is still relatively high. This study aims to identify stakeholders in building a safety culture in the construction sector. The method used in this research is using survey questionnaire and interview to safety expert. The result of this research is to build safety culture in construction sector is divided into two external and internal stakeholders where the Minister of Manpower, Director General of Supervision of Labor and Occupational Safety and Health Supervisory Supervisory Director is a stakeholder who has the power and interest that most influence in establishing safety culture in the construction sector

To develop maintenance and repair procedures for mechanical and electrical components of government building to improve safety planning. Method of the research using content and construct validation, pilot survey and respondent survey which is then validated using Delphi Method by experts. Result of this research are In developing the maintenance and repair procedures for mechanical and electrical components of government buildings, stages are carried out in the form of identifying the organizational forms and job descriptions of the institution, identifying the components and activities of mechanical and electrical maintenance and maintenance of the building, identifying the person in charge and implementing work activities, establishing the flow of communication, identify risk events in the activity, analyse the highest risk, identify the highest risk response, and develop procedures with the addition of risk response activities. OHS planning developed in this study is risk based so that it can reduce the adverse impacts on occupational health and safety (OHS) by referring to Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 05 of 2014. This research is about how to develop standard operational procedures for mechanical and electrical components in government buildings. The current government building is a building that has a fairly old age, resulting the condition of the building has a lot of damage in various components, for instance mechanical and electrical components. If ignored, these conditions will lead to decrease the quality of the building and may eventually lead to the destruction of the building. Building maintenance and repair work is one of the solutions to maintain the reliability of the building remains functional. However, the absence of proper procedures on government buildings in one of the government agencies becomes obstacles to the implementation of the work. This causes maintenance and repair activities to be ineffective and inefficient, in addition to affecting the results obtained.

There are still many high-rise building managements that carried out in a conventional method and do not involve the latest ICT. So that the maintenance implementation is not running effective and efficient which causes the maintenance performance of the building is not optimal. Therefore, it is necessary to identify elements and indicators that can be used to evaluate the implementation of e-maintenance in high-rise buildings in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency. This study aims to identify the elements and indicators in the implementation of e- maintenance that affect the performance of maintaining high-rise buildings using the literature study and Delphi methods. First, the elements and indicators were obtained by the literature study and then were validated by the experts. As for the research produced five elements that affect the performance of high-rise building maintenance, those are maintenance policies (planning and development, implementation, systems, and improvement): 15 indicators; WBS (scope and value): 7 indicators; guidelines (procedures and methods, program, tools and equipment): 11 indicators; information systems (organization, management, information technology): 15 indicators, and BIM (utilities, information, functional, technical, and organizational/legal criteria): 9 indicators. The building maintenance performance obtained (failure rate, downtime, cost, and service quality) consists of 14 indicators.

As one of the essential infrastructures needed for water resources, dam construction project requires comprehensive planning and effective standardization to accommodate the needs during the construction process. Also, the construction plan should be developed to minimize failures that can cause work accidents or other safety issues. Therefore, the development of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) is a vital component in the planning process. In supporting these, a WBS dictionary and checklist are also needed to support the planning and control process of the project. Studies have found that these documents provide the details of deliverable, activity, and schedule information of each WBS components of the project. Also, these can be used for safety planning due to the hierarchy structure of each work package, hence making it easier for safety planning in each activities. This study was conducted by expert validation method through a semi-open questionnaire and analyzed using a descriptive statistical analysis method. The results of the study are the WBS dictionary and checklist for dam construction project, that can be the guideline for its safety planning. The study had also found the details of the construction method and resources for every work package in the dam construction project.

The infrastructure of the transportation system plays an important and strategic part in the development of a country and serves to support economic progress by enabling the mobility of citizens and the distribution of goods from one region to another. However, communities have unequal access to the system and there are gaps in the regional infrastructure in Indonesia, leading to the requirement for a mapping of all 33 provincial capitals. In this study, we reviewed provisions for road, sea, air, and rail travel. The mapping result is expected to determine the pattern and the prioritization needed for future infrastructure development. A literature review was performed to establish assessment indicators for the mapping. The weighting of each indicator was based on a survey of stakeholders in transportation sectors, which was then analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. After weighting was completed, the infrastructure of each provincial capital was assessed to determine ratings from the highest to the lowest rank. Jakarta, Medan, Bandung, Surabaya, and Semarang obtained the highest rankings, while Manokwari, Serang, Mamuju, Ternate, and Palangkaraya were at the bottom. This result shows that provincial capitals in western Indonesia had better assessment results than those in the east. Therefore, improvements to the transportation infrastructure of the latter cities should be prioritized.

OSH culture cannot be carried out if the existing institutional scheme is not strong enough or the institutional authority possessed is insufficient in making improvements in the construction sector, so it can be identified Institutions / institutions / organizations / stakeholders that must be involved in OSH institutions to build a Safety culture. The purpose of this research is to find out the main tasks and functions of each stakeholder to form a strong institution in the construction sector. Analysis methods used are using benchmarking, literature studies and validation of safety experts. The results of this study are that the stakeholders identified include the Occupational Safety and Health Services Company (PJK3), DK3N, the Committee for Occupational Safety and Health (P2K3), the Ministry of Manpower, the Director General of PPK and Safety, the Directorate of OHS Norms Supervision with Main Tasks and Functions that have been identified to enhance Safety Culture in the Construction sector.

The construction sector in Indonesia is faced with the fact that the high number of work accidents. The number of work accidents in Indonesia is among the highest in the ASEAN region. efforts that have been carried out so far in the form of making and updating legislation, technical standards, supervision, guidance, counseling and outreach to increase awareness of company leaders and workers in general about the benefits of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) implementation, are not complete if the coordination of each stakeholder institution (stakeholders) are not implemented properly so that everything runs individually according to their respective interests. The purpose of this study is to identify current OHS institutional conditions in the construction sector. The methodology used is content and construct validation, survey respondents were processed using the Relative Important Index Analysis. the results of this study explain that the realization of a culture of occupational safety and health in Indonesia (0,968) Understanding of occupational safety and health is embedded from an early age to higher education (0,914) Inadequate OHSE HR Competencies (0,856) and Ministry of labor (0,919) as the most dominant indicator in shaping the institutional system in the construction sector in Indonesia

The audit process of integrated management system is combining efforts to ensure or compare whether the work results is compatible with the criteria that have previously determined. Likewise, the benefit of audit process of integrated management system is means to achieve continuous improvement. Integrated management system itself is a combination of two or more management systems that make it easier for organizations to achieve their objectives. Specifically, in this research is talk about combine the quality management system, environmental management system and occupational health & safety management system. The purpose of this study is to identify the activities, objectives and risks in the audit process if the management system is integrated (quality, environment, and occupational health & safety). Also, to know whether that activities, objectives and risks affect the increased efficiency of the performance of construction services organizations in Indonesia. After identified all of them, the next step is to find out the dominant risks that may can happen in the audit process of integrated management system. And then, the final step is to find out how to manage those dominant risks. This study uses the respondent’s survey strategy to identify activities, objectives, and risks and uses a case study strategy to find out the dominant risk management strategies. The results of this study in the form of activities, objectives, and risks in the integrated management audit process and find out whether the activities, objectives and risks affect the increase in the efficiency of the performance of construction services organizations in Indonesia and how to manage these dominant risks.

State-Owned Construction Services Organization in Indonesia basically aims to improve the welfare and prosperity of the people. The background of the establishment of the State-Owned Company can be carried out with good performance from within the State-Owned Company body itself. So that State-Owned Company can realize their goals and become the driving force of the national economy in Indonesia to be able to improve the welfare and prosperity of the people. A State-Owned Companies is declared successful if it can increase people’s prosperity which begins by improving the performance of the company. From the explanation above, a state-owned company is able to increase people’s prosperity by increasing the performance of its company by identifying the goals and objectives of each success factor or the High Level Structure clauses in the Integration Process Management System, then evaluating the company’s performance through the outputs which are the objectives. This research method was carried out by means of interview surveys to experts, respondents and also literature study. The integration of management systems is ultimately seen as a very effective tool in optimizing the functions of the quality, safety, health, and environmental management system procedures in carrying out construction projects by a construction service organization. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the most influential objective for the efficiency of organizational performance came from the leadership clause

Empirical research on how organizations carry out audit processes in management systems is very little. Organizations have difficulties in implementing integration, such as lack resources, problems related to organizational culture, differences in general elements of specific standards and requirements. Implementation of audit integration can provide many benefits so that based on existing problems in the implementation of audits integration, the standard operating procedure is required as a consistency in the level of performance or certain conditions. The purpose of this study is to find out the form of organization, Job Description, activities, inputs, outputs, communication channels that will be used as stages to make the Standard Operating Procedure audit process in an integrated management system so that the SOP is expected to improve efficiency in organizational performance. The research method used in this study is Delphi’s method and questionnaire survey. The product that be produced in this study is the Standard Operating Procedures Audit Process in an Integrated Management System to Improve Organizational Performance Efficiency.

Construction project inevitably consumes resources and generates large amounts of waste, hence the efforts to achieve sustainable construction are required. The integration of multiple management systems, information flow analysis, and optimization of operational processes will reinforce sustainable knowledge (science of sustainability). The absence of the management of consumption of resources and construction waste can be a serious problem for the environment, on the contrary management can generate profits. One of the keys to success in realizing sustainable construction is through the integrated management systems. Integrated management system potentially reduces the construction waste due to construction failure. Previous studies have discussed the suitable management model for sustainable development. Most of these studies are interpreted in the form of regression equations and multivariate form. However, only few discuss about the implementation of integrated management system in achieving sustainable construction. Therefore, this research used structural equation method to reveal the most suitable integrated management system related to sustainable construction.

A construction project is inseparable from a series of tasks in the form of activities. Activities that take place on a project can be disrupted due to various reasons, one of the causes of the disruption of project activities are accidents on construction projects. The risk of workplace accidents can be prevented with early identification and analysis of the potential danger that exist in every activity contained in the project’s WBS. The need for a standardized WBS in preventing the risk of workplace accidents is very important because it would present a risk assessment, impact and frequency arising from workplace accidents. The aim of this study is to develop a risk-based WBS standard particularly for structural work, by using a qualitative approach. The results of this research are WBS standard for building, source of potentially dangerous risk at structural work, and the development of safety plan using a risk-based WBS that has been standardized, as a form of prevention, reduction or even nullify the risk of workplace accidents (to obtain zero accidents) during construction project implementation.

The development of green buildings has become a global issue as global climate change is gradually becoming a serious concern for the future. Government buildings can be categorized as buildings that must comply with green building requirements, because they consume energy, water and other resources with large quantities. The absence of guidelines in maintenance and repair of government buildings will have an impact on the security and comfort of building users. In addition, the absence of guidance regarding the material specifications used will also result in a material stock system for maintenance and repair being ineffective. This study discusses the development of implementation guidelines for maintenance, reparation and determine material specifications for mechanical components design in government own green buildings based on work breakdown structure. This research will detail starting from the sub work section, work package, alternative design, implementation requirements, activities, resources and material specifications. With the implementation guidelines for maintenance, reparation and determine material specifications for mechanical components design in government own green buildings based on work breakdown structure (WBS) expected maintenance and reparation of government buildings can be implemented maximally, according to specifications and functions.

This chapter reviews the Knowledge Based Decision Support System (KBDSS) as part of the decision making tools. Decision making process will be described in general, followed by reviews on various decision making tools. The second part will elaborate on an overview of DSS, including its development and implementation. KBDSS will be described afterwards with a discussion of its general concept and its implementation, particularly in the construction industry and for emergency management (aspects that are focused in this study). The final part will discuss the development of KBDSS, its formulation, system development, and validation process.

The final part of the study’s data analysis is presented in this chapter. The first section elaborates the development of the BCM-KBDSS, where each element of the system will be described. Following that, the validation process of the BCM-KBDSS will be discussed and the results will be shown.

This chapter elaborates the findings from the data analyses results that were described in Chaps. 10, 11 and 12. Firstly, findings from surveys and case studies are explained and this is followed by discussion on BCM implementation guidelines development. These aspects are grouped into the findings and discussion section for RQ1. Secondly, findings from the BCM-KBDSS development and validation are addressed, where these aspects are part of the findings and discussion section for RQ2. The summary section diagrammatically illustrates all the findings that relate to the research questions (RQ1 and RQ2). This diagrammatic illustration updates the study’s conceptual framework.

This chapter describes an overview of the Indonesian construction industry. It starts with introducing a general profile of the country, its location, demography, form of state and legal system, and its economic performance. This section is then followed by an overview of the Indonesian construction industry. It describes the industry’s activities, contribution to the national’s economic growth, its stakeholders and support infrastructure, regulations and management systems, latest developments and lessons learned. The third section is a description about Indonesian construction firms, which focuses on the contractors and their business activities. The last section of this chapter links the Indonesian contractors with the background of this study, which is a review of the crises faced by the Indonesian contractors.

This chapter reviews culture in organizations and the institutional theory. An overview and definitions on culture is described, followed by review on organizational culture dimensions. Managing organizational culture and its benefits are also discussed. The second section discusses the institutional theory, including its definitions and the three pillars or forces of institutions.

The results of the case studies, interviews and BCM implementation guidelines development are presented in this chapter. The case studies are presented using various sources of evidence in exploring BCM implementation in the selected construction firms. The findings from the case studies and interviews were analyzed qualitatively to develop the BCM implementation guidelines. Elements of the guidelines are presented in this chapter.

This chapter reviews the mainstream theories that have been described in the previous chapters (Chaps. 2, 3 and 4) for implementation by contractors. It starts from describing the implementation of organizational management and traditional organizational theory, including systems theory, contingency theory, complexity theory, and change management. Furthermore, the implementations of crisis management and BCM in construction are discussed. The final section elaborates culture in organization and institutional theory’s role in construction.

The sustainable concept of housing supports a house in reducing the dependence on fossil-based energy. The environmental impact of a housing building, particularly CO2 emissions, depends on the house overall design, including site planning, configuration, materials, construction, and operation where every aspect affected the house environmental performance. Nature has provide sufficient energy to tropical climate environment like Indonesia. Nevertheless, economically viable cluster housing is the other issue that encounter high costs housing from energy efficient building such as the Near Zero Energy House (nZEH) due to high price of materials and equipment used. The objective of the research is to understand how nZEH design parameter has been implemented and give impacts on architectural form of housing design. Methods used in this study is qualitative approach using research instruments among others: checklist, interview form and observation log book. From the case study conducted in this research, it was found that the object, the cluster design housing, are poorly incorporate the nZEH design parameter due to costly reasoning that impact to initial cost of the housing building. Among the design parameter which has been suggested are limited to passive design, fenestration, HVAC, lighting, and minor consideration to operation and maintenance.

The airport development project is included in the list of National Strategic Projects of Indonesia stipulated in Presidential Regulation no.58/2017. The Government is committed to realize the economic independence by increase infrastructure development and one of them by moving the economic sector that must be supported by one of which is the construction of the airport in areas that can spur economic impact. However in practice, there is often a delay in the process of implementing airport construction that negatively impacts stakeholders related to the project. So it takes good and correct airport project management to eliminate this phenomenon. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a project activities decomposition of which are broken down into several work elements based on the hierarchy. WBS makes project management better so that risks to time performance weakness can be anticipated and managed at the resources level. This study aims to develop risk-based WBS standards to improve airport project construction time performance. The results of this study are WBS standards, implementation methods, activities, potential hazard risks, scheduling planning using risk-based WBS standards, WBS dictionaries and WBS checklists on airport construction work, as an effort in preventing, reducing or eliminating the potential events resuting in delays.

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is commonly used in current project process management, particularly for infrastructure projects. This is because of the benefits that are obtained with the use of WBS. Infrastructure projects tend to experience constraints if their process planning management is not WBS-based and project outputs, especially irrigation projects that tend to produce higher defects. With the development of WBS standards, project process management could get double benefits in terms of time and cost. This paper aimed to develop the WBS Standard and tried to analyze possible risks to project implementation in terms of quality planning. Risks were calculated in view from the perspective of the contractor as the project implementer. The project in this study was limited to the work of irrigation projects. Data was gathered using questionnaire survey from contractors who have built irrigation project. As a result, this research proposed a risk-based WBS standard for irrigation projects that can improve the quality plan of the project.

Dam construction project especially earthfill dam can be successful if the scope of works is defined in accordance with the requirement. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) divides tasks into smaller items which makes them easier to be controlled. WBS standardization has critical impact on the cost of project. The purpose of this research is to develop WBS of dam construction project. The methodology used to develop the WBS of dam is based on the regulation and guidelines related to the implementation of dam construction such as The General Specification of Earthfill Dam, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Indonesia (2004) and bill of quantity from earthfill dam projects in Indonesia. The research is conducted by making a questionnaire survey for dam project contractors. The output of this study is WBS standard which comprises of 6 levels by analyzing dominant risk variables that may affect project cost control and WBS standard development with risk responses recommendation. As a result, this research will propose a risk-based WBS standard for earthfill dam projects that can improve the cost estimate of the project.

Housing development, as part of economic development, must be supported by energy availability in order to achieve sustainable growth. One of the approaches to supporting renewable energy promotion is to design and build energy efficient housing. However, the optimal design of such buildings faces two conflicting requirements, namely the consideration of cost effectiveness and minimum environmental impact. The high costs of energy efficient buildings, such as the near Zero Energy House (nZEH), are due to the high price of the materials and equipment used, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, insulation and other supporting materials. Indonesia is situated on the equator and benefits from sunlight throughout the year. Nonetheless, this potential has not been fully realized, as the solar-generated energy technology for housing comes at a high price. Therefore, the objective of this study is to find the cost optimum combination of validated design variables for an nZEH which suit the tropical climate conditions of Indonesia. Experiments and a case study are employed in the study to validate the design variables for an optimum nZEH design, which include building orientation, PV panels, fenestration, and passive design. The study finds that the cost optimum nZEH design achieved 72 percent site-energy savings and 21 percent savings in the total Net Present Value (NPV) of life cycle costs, with insignificant incremental initial construction costs in enhancing the design. &nbsp