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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Associations between L-carnitine and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Chinese women.

Additional file 1: Additional Fig. 1. Study flow chart. Additional Fig. 2. Correlation between BMI gain and baseline BMI in the GDM group and the non-GDM group. Additional Table 1. Compare the prevalence of GDM in different weight gain categories. Additional Table 2. Compare baseline BMI in the GDM and the non-GDM groups. Additional Table 3. Compare weight gain in the GDM and the non-GDM groups. Additional Table 4. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of GDM by the effect of weight gain during pregnancy.

Objective: To evaluate the independent or combined effects of gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-pregnancy and postpartum BMI on the odds of postpartum diabetes and hyperglycemia. Methods: The study samples included 1263 women with prior GDM and 705 women without GDM. Postpartum 1-7 years diabetes was diagnosed by the standard oral glucose tolerance test. Results: The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios among women with prior GDM, compared with those without it, were 7.52 for diabetes and 2.27 for hyperglycemia. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios at different postpartum BMI levels (= 28 kg/m(2)) were 1.00, 2.80, and 8.08 for diabetes (P-trend = 31.9%) or abdominal obesity (>= 85 cm) had a 2.7-6.9-fold higher odds ratio for diabetes or hyperglycemia. Women with both obesity and prior GDM had the highest risk of diabetes or hyperglycemia compared with non-obese women without GDM. Non-obese women with prior GDM had the same risk of diabetes and hyperglycemia as non-GDM women with obesity. When using Cox regression models, the results were very close to those using logistic regression models. Conclusions: Maternal prior GDM and pre-pregnancy or postpartum obesity contribute equally to postpartum diabetes and hyperglycemia risk. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with infant birth weight and childhood obesity; however, the patterns of GWG on infant birth weight are poorly understood.This analysis in 16,218 mother-child dyads from Tianjin, China, determined the risk of infant size at birth according to GWG occurring throughout the first and second trimester (early GWG) or during the third trimester (late GWG), according to maternal prepregnancy BMI and the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations.Excessive GWG in early and late pregnancy had an increased risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-4.0, P 0.001). Regardless of prepregnancy BMI, excessive GWG early in pregnancy ( 24 weeks) was associated with an increased risk of LGA infants (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.1-3.1, P 0.001), and inadequate early GWG was associated with a higher risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.7, P 0.001).The pattern of GWG early in pregnancy, regardless of GWG later in pregnancy, had the greatest impact on infant size at birth. Interventions initiated early in pregnancy may facilitate better adherence to the GWG guidelines and minimize the risk of LGA and SGA infants, a potential precursor for childhood obesity.