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This project will examine the effect of academic interventions delivered to students with intellectual and developmental disabilities by general and special education teachers. Moderator analyses will be conducted related to complexity of the targeted skill, presence and intensity of challenging or interfering behavior, and amount of training or coaching received by the teacher.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: Environmental phenols have been suggested as diabetogens but evidence from prospective cohort studies is limited. We examined associations between urinary concentrations of phenols and parabens, assessed at two time-points, and incident diabetes in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Methods: We examined 1,299 women, aged 45–56 years, who were diabetes-free at baseline of the SWAN Multi-Pollutant Study (MPS) (1999–2000) and were followed through January 2017. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol-A, bisphenol-F, triclosan, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, benzophenone-3, methyl-paraben, ethyl-paraben, propyl-paraben, and butyl-paraben were measured twice at MPS baseline and 3 years later (2002–2003), and the two average concentrations were used as exposure variables. Associations of incident diabetes with individual phenols and parabens were examined using Cox regression. We evaluated the overall joint effects using quantile-based g-computation. Results: Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes of the third tertile compared with the first tertile of urinary concentrations were 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29, 0.56) for methyl-paraben; 0.42 (0.30, 0.58) for propyl-paraben; 0.53 (0.38, 0.75) for 2,5-diclrorophenol; and 0.55 (0.39, 0.80) for benzophenone-3. Nonlinear associations were found for bisphenol-A and 2,4-dichlorophenol (significant positive associations in the second tertile but no associations in the third tertile compared with the first tertile). No significant associations were observed for the other individual chemicals or the joint effect of mixtures. Conclusions: Our findings do not support diabetogenic effects of urinary parabens which were inversely associated with incident diabetes among mid-life women. Epidemiologic findings for biomarkers with short half-lives and high within-person variability need to be interpreted with caution.

There is no known study regarding the usefulness of each blood pressure (BP) component based on stratification by age and sex for predicting cardiovascular (CV) events among hypertensive populations without chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetes mellitus (DM). This study was performed to investigate the association of BP components and CV events in a Korean hypertensive population according to age and sex. A total of 22,853 Korean hypertensive participants without CKD and DM were stratified into six groups according to age [40–49, 50–59, and 60 years or older] and sex. In each group, multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis was performed to reveal the associations of BP components [systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP)] with CV events. The increase in PP and decrease in DBP were significantly associated with increase of CV events in males, but neither BP component was significantly associated with risk of CV events in females. When subjects were stratified by age and sex, an increase of SBP or PP was significantly related to the increased risk of CV events in 40's male group, and only the elevation of PP was significantly associated with increase in incidence of CV events in 50's male group, while a decrease in DBP was significantly associated with increased risk of CV events in older male group. In addition, there were no the significant associations with the incidence of CV events in MAP, after stratification according to age and sex. In conclusion, this study suggests that, in hypertensive populations, BP management may need to be performed after full consideration of age and sex.