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In response to the need for an up-to-date emissions inventory and the recent achievement of geostationary observations afforded by the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) and its sister instruments, this study aims to establish a top-down approach for adjusting aerosol precursor emissions over East Asia. This study involves a series of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) NO2 product, the GEMS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data fusion product and its proxy product, and chemical transport model (CTM)-based inverse modeling techniques. We begin by sequentially adjusting bottom-up estimates of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and primary particulate matter (PM) emissions, both of which significantly contribute to aerosol loadings over East Asia to reduce model biases in AOD simulations during the year 2019. While the model initially underestimates AOD by 50.73 % on average, the sequential emissions adjustments that led to overall increases in the amounts of NOx emissions by 122.79 % and of primary PM emissions by 76.68 % and 114.63 % (single- and multiple-instrument-derived emissions adjustments, respectively) reduce the extents of AOD underestimation to 33.84 % and 19.60 %, respectively. We consider the outperformance of the model using the emissions constrained by the data fusion product to be the result of the improvement in the quantity of available data. Taking advantage of the data fusion product, we perform sequential emissions adjustments during the spring of 2022, the period during which the substantial reductions in anthropogenic emissions took place accompanied by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns over highly industrialized and urbanized regions in China. While the model initially overestimates surface PM2.5 concentrations by 47.58 % and 20.60 % in the North China Plain (NCP) region and South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea), the sequential emissions adjustments that led to overall decreases in NOx and primary PM emissions by 7.84 % and 9.03 %, respectively, substantially reduce the extents of PM2.5 underestimation to 19.58 % and 6.81 %, respectively. These findings indicate that the series of emissions adjustments, supported by the TROPOMI and GEMS-involved data fusion products, performed in this study are generally effective at reducing model biases in simulations of aerosol loading over East Asia; in particular, the model performance tends to improve to a greater extent on the condition that spatiotemporally more continuous and frequent observational references are used to capture variations in bottom-up estimates of emissions. In addition to reconfirming the close association between aerosol precursor emissions and AOD as well as surface PM2.5 concentrations, the findings of this study could provide a useful basis for how to most effectively exploit multisource top-down information for capturing highly varying anthropogenic emissions.

For the purpose of improving PM prediction skills in East Asia, we estimated a new background error covariance matrix (BEC) for aerosol data assimilation using surface PM2.5 observations that accounts for the uncertainties in anthropogenic emissions. In contrast to the conventional method to estimate the BEC that uses perturbations in meteorological data, this method additionally considered the perturbations using two different emission inventories. The impacts of the new BEC were then tested for the prediction of surface PM2.5 over East Asia using Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) initialized by three-dimensional variational method (3D-VAR). The surface PM2.5 data measured at 154 sites in South Korea and 1,535 sites in China were assimilated every six hours during the Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) campaign period (1 May–14 June 2016). Data assimilation with our new BEC showed better agreement with the surface PM2.5 observations than that with the conventional method. Our method also showed closer agreement with the observations in 24-hour PM2.5 predictions with ~ 44 % fewer negative biases than the conventional method. We conclude that increased standard deviations, together with horizontal and vertical length scales in the new BEC, tend to improve the data assimilation and short-term predictions for the surface PM2.5. This paper also suggests further research efforts devoted to estimating the BEC to improve PM2.5 predictions.

1609년 사은사로서 북경에 파견된 이광정은 이곳에서 초상화를 제작하였다. 원승광이라는 북경의 화가가 제작한 그의 초상화는 조선의 관복을 착용하였으나 두 손은 허리와 무릎에 얹은 채 정면을 응시하는 명청대의 초상화 형식을 따르고 있다. 조선에 돌아온 이광정은 1604년 호성공신에 녹훈되며 하사받은 공신화상과 중국본의 초상을 비교하였다. 그의 공신화상은 엄격한 제도적 규정을 따라 정형화된 도상과 형식으로 제작된 초상화였다. 두 그림을 비교한 이광정은 중국본의 초상이 자신의 모습을 더욱 근접하게 재현하였다고 결론 내렸다. 17세기 들어 북경을 방문하는 조선 사절들 사이에는 중국본 초상화를 제작해오는 풍조가 성행하였다. 사절에 의해 중국으로부터 유입된 초상화에 주목한 기존 연구자들은 이들 초상이 지닌 명말청초의 초상화 양식에 관심을 두었으며 이들이 조선의 초상화 제작에 미친 회화적 영향을 집중적으로 규명하였다. 이 시기에 중국에서 유입된 다수의 초상화는 중국 특유의 초상화 양식을 향한 문인들의 선호를 반영한다. 그러나 북경에서 초상을 제작하는 데에는 화가와의 만남 외에도 제작비, 사절의 체류 기간 등 현실적인 제약이 따랐다. 이와 같은 다양한 어려움에도 불구하고 초상을 제작하고자 하는 태도에서 단순한 선호를 넘어서는 의식적 차원의 강한 동기를 목격할 수 있다. 이 연구는 17-18세기 중국을 방문한 조선 사절들이 남긴 중국본 초상화가 지닌 문화적 함의를 논구하며 각국의 초상화 제작 방식, 형식적 특징을 비롯하여 초상 제작의 이면에 놓인 문사들의 인식에 주목하였다. 중국과 조선에서 모두 초상을 제작하고 양자를 비교 · 평가하였던 이광정을 중심으로 조선 사절이 남긴 중국본 초상화와 관련 기록을 섬세하게 살펴보며 이들이 지닌 초상화를 향한 의식적 측면에 접근하고자 시도하였다. 이광정 외에 또 다른 흥미로운 사례는 1735에 중국을 방문한 이덕수이다. 그는 남경출신의 직업화가인 시옥이 그린 중국본과 도화서 화원으로 추정되는 장학주가 그린 조선본의 초상화를 모두 소장하였다. 두 초상을 비교한 이덕수는 섬세하지만 규범적으로 그려진 조선의 초상화보다 닮음은 부족하지만 생동감 있는 시옥의 초상화를 높이 평가하였다. 중국의 화가들이 그린 초상화는 당시에 관찰한 바에 의거하여 그려졌으며 여기에는 주인공의 개성과 감정이 표현될 여지가 높았다. 이 때문에 초상화가 자신의 진면모를 보여주기를 기대한 문사들에게 중국본은 더 높은 만족감을 안겨주었던 것이다. 이광정이 남긴 자신의 초상에 관한 소회에서 그가 초상화를 후대와 관계 맺는 매체로서 여기고 있음이 간취된다. 후대와 보다 긴밀한 소통을 위하여 그에게는 자신이 핍진하게 재현된 초상화가 필요하였다. 공신화상은 주인공의 사회적 지위와 권위를 시각적으로 전달하는 데 최적화된 형식을 지니고 있다. 그러나 자신이 어떤 사람인지를 드러내고자 할 때 공신화상의 추상적이고 정형화된 회화 표현은 이 기대를 온전히 충족시키기 어려웠다. 이것은 이광정이 중국에서 초상을 제작한 이유일 것이며 다수의 문인들이 중국본 초상화를 높이 평가한 이유이기도 할 것이다. 17세기의 시작과 함께 제작된 이광정의 두 초상은 초상화가 자신의 존재를 후대에 전하는 시각적 매체로서 작용하기를 기대하였던 조선 문인의 초상화 인식의 일단을 확인해 준다.

A deep recurrent neural network system based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) model was developed for daily PM10 and PM2.5 predictions in South Korea. The structural and learnable parameters of the newly developed system were optimized from iterative model training. Independent variables were obtained from ground-based observations over 2.3 years. The performance of the particulate matter (PM) prediction LSTM was then evaluated by comparisons with ground PM observations and with the PM concentrations predicted from two sets of 3-D chemistry-transport model (CTM) simulations (with and without data assimilation for initial conditions). The comparisons showed, in general, better performance with the LSTM than with the 3-D CTM simulations. For example, in terms of IOAs (index of agreements), the PM prediction IOAs were enhanced from 0.36–0.78 with the 3-D CTM simulations to 0.62–0.79 with the LSTM-based model. The deep LSTM-based PM prediction system developed at observation sites is expected to be further integrated with 3-D CTM-based prediction systems in the future. In addition to this, further possible applications of the deep LSTM-based system are discussed, together with some limitations of the current system.

Fully Depleted SOI (FD-SOI) is an excellent alternative of conventional Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology which is leading the semiconductor industry. FD-SOI offers low-power consumption and improved electrostatic control for MOS transistors even in very advanced nodes (14 nm and 28 nm). FD-SOI transistors feature nanometer thickness and length which bring rather particular operation mechanisms and characteristics. This work describes the state-of-the-art and the assets of FD-SOI components. The Hocus-Pocus (HP) diode is one example of the innovative devices made possible by the unrivalled flexibility of FD-SOI technology. By modifying the type of electrostatic doping, N or P, a single device can be reconfigured as a virtual P-N diode, a virtual Esaki diode, a semi-virtual diode, a P-I-N diode, a TFET or a band-modulation FET. Each configuration works as a physically doped device with peculiar behavior induced by the dynamic change of doping concentration. Original applications such as lifetime extraction and virtual Esaki diode are explored. The Z2-FET (Zero subthreshold slope and Zero impact ionization) is a striking application of HP diode thanks to attractive characteristics (sharp switch, low leakage current, adjustable triggering voltage and high current ratio ION/IOFF). In this work, we focus on a capacitorless Dynamic Random Access Memory (1T-DRAM) and a fast logic switch. The DC and transient operation mechanisms as well as the device performance are investigated in details with TCAD simulations and validated with systematic experimental results., La récente technologie Fully Depleted SOI (FD-SOI) est une excellente alternative à la technologie conventionnelle CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductorqui a mené le développement incessont des circuits intégrés. FD-SOI offre une faible consommation d'énergie et un contrôle électrostatique amélioré pour les transistors MOS, même dans les nœuds très avancés (14 et 28 nm). En raison de leurs dimensions nanométriques, aussi bien en épaisseur qu’en longueur, les transistors FD-SOI présentent des mécanismes de fonctionnement et des caractéristiques très spécifiques. L’état de l’art du FD-SOI est décrit en insistant sur les atouts des composants, les effets physiques particuliers et les techniques de caractérisations dédiées. La diode Hocus-Pocus (HP) est un exemple de dispositif innovant rendu possible par la flexibilité sans égal de la technologie FD-SOI. En modifiant le type de dopage électrostatique, N ou P, un dispositif peut être reconfiguré en diode P-N virtuelle, diode Esaki virtuelle, diode semi-virtuelle, diode P-I-N, TFET ou FET à modulation de bande. Chaque configuration fonctionne comme un dispositif physiquement dopé. Les aspects inédits découlent d'un changement dynamique de la concentration des porteurs. Des applications originales telles que l'extraction de la durée de vie des porteurs et la diode virtuelle Esaki sont explorées. Le Z2-FET (Zero subthreshold slope and Zero impact ionization) est un dispositif particulièrement prometteur en raison de ses caractéristiques attrayantes (commutation abrupte, faible courant de fuite, tension de déclenchement réglable et rapport de courant élevé ION/IOFF). Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur une mémoire dynamique sans capacité (1T-DRAM) et un interrupteur logique rapide. Les mécanismes de fonctionnement en courant continu et transitoire ainsi que les performances du dispositif sont étudiés en détail à l'aide de simulations TCAD et validés à l'aide de résultats expérimentaux systématiques.

Fully Depleted SOI (FD-SOI) is an excellent alternative of conventional Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology which is leading the semiconductor industry. FD-SOI offers low-power consumption and improved electrostatic control for MOS transistors even in very advanced nodes (14 nm and 28 nm). FD-SOI transistors feature nanometer thickness and length which bring rather particular operation mechanisms and characteristics. This work describes the state-of-the-art and the assets of FD-SOI components. The Hocus-Pocus (HP) diode is one example of the innovative devices made possible by the unrivalled flexibility of FD-SOI technology. By modifying the type of electrostatic doping, N or P, a single device can be reconfigured as a virtual P-N diode, a virtual Esaki diode, a semi-virtual diode, a P-I-N diode, a TFET or a band-modulation FET. Each configuration works as a physically doped device with peculiar behavior induced by the dynamic change of doping concentration. Original applications such as lifetime extraction and virtual Esaki diode are explored. The Z2-FET (Zero subthreshold slope and Zero impact ionization) is a striking application of HP diode thanks to attractive characteristics (sharp switch, low leakage current, adjustable triggering voltage and high current ratio ION/IOFF). In this work, we focus on a capacitorless Dynamic Random Access Memory (1T-DRAM) and a fast logic switch. The DC and transient operation mechanisms as well as the device performance are investigated in details with TCAD simulations and validated with systematic experimental results.; La récente technologie Fully Depleted SOI (FD-SOI) est une excellente alternative à la technologie conventionnelle CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductorqui a mené le développement incessont des circuits intégrés. FD-SOI offre une faible consommation d'énergie et un contrôle électrostatique amélioré pour les transistors MOS, même dans les nœuds très avancés (14 et 28 nm). En raison de leurs dimensions nanométriques, aussi bien en épaisseur qu’en longueur, les transistors FD-SOI présentent des mécanismes de fonctionnement et des caractéristiques très spécifiques. L’état de l’art du FD-SOI est décrit en insistant sur les atouts des composants, les effets physiques particuliers et les techniques de caractérisations dédiées. La diode Hocus-Pocus (HP) est un exemple de dispositif innovant rendu possible par la flexibilité sans égal de la technologie FD-SOI. En modifiant le type de dopage électrostatique, N ou P, un dispositif peut être reconfiguré en diode P-N virtuelle, diode Esaki virtuelle, diode semi-virtuelle, diode P-I-N, TFET ou FET à modulation de bande. Chaque configuration fonctionne comme un dispositif physiquement dopé. Les aspects inédits découlent d'un changement dynamique de la concentration des porteurs. Des applications originales telles que l'extraction de la durée de vie des porteurs et la diode virtuelle Esaki sont explorées. Le Z2-FET (Zero subthreshold slope and Zero impact ionization) est un dispositif particulièrement prometteur en raison de ses caractéristiques attrayantes (commutation abrupte, faible courant de fuite, tension de déclenchement réglable et rapport de courant élevé ION/IOFF). Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur une mémoire dynamique sans capacité (1T-DRAM) et un interrupteur logique rapide. Les mécanismes de fonctionnement en courant continu et transitoire ainsi que les performances du dispositif sont étudiés en détail à l'aide de simulations TCAD et validés à l'aide de résultats expérimentaux systématiques.

A deep recurrent neural network system based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) model was developed for daily PM10 and PM2.5 predictions in South Korea. The structural and learnable parameters of the newly developed system were optimized from iterative model trainings. Independent variables were obtained from ground-based observations over 2.3 years. The performance of the particulate matter (PM) prediction LSTM was then evaluated by comparisons with ground PM observations and with the PM concentrations predicted from two sets of 3-D chemistry-transport model (CTM) simulations (with and without data assimilation for initial conditions). The comparisons showed, in general, better performance with the LSTM than with the 3-D CTM simulations. For example, in terms of IOAs (index of agreements), the PM prediction IOAs were enhanced from 0.36–0.78 with the 3-D CTM simulations to 0.62–0.79 with the LSTM-based model. The deep LSTM-based PM prediction system developed at observation sites is expected to be further integrated with 3-D CTM-based prediction systems in the future. In addition to this, further possible applications of the deep LSTM-based system are discussed, together with some limitations of the current system.

The purpose of this study was to understand cultural differences and similarities in children's creative characteristics in Korea and Australia. In this cross-cultural research, the Integrative Creativity Test (K-ICT, (13)) with identified validity and reliability for measuring elementary school students' creative ability and creative personality, was taken by 187 participants consisting of 96 students (4 th grade to 6 th grade elementary school students) from Korea and 91 students (4 th grade to 6 th grade elementary school students) from Australia. Through the results of the creativity test, it showed both similarity and diversity according to three school grades and gender in Korean and Australian students. In integrative creativity and creative thinking ability, a significant difference was showed (p .05). The results of gender comparison were very diverse. In the case of girls, sensitive thinking and elaboration in Korean students was better than that of Australia students. However, task commitment and problem solving leadership of Australian students was better than those of Korean students. No significant difference was observed between 6 th graders in creativity. Korean 5 th grader's creative thinking ability wa s better than that of Australian students. But the 4 th grader of Korea student's creativity was better than that of Australian students. Hopefully, this research will help us to contribute to an understanding of cultural differences and similarities of student's creative characteristics in Korea and Australia.

poster; International audience

oral; International audience

2-D numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the Z²-FET as a competitive embedded capacitor-less dynamic random access memory cell for low-power applications. Experimental results in 28-nm fully depleted-silicon on insulator technology are used to validate the simulations prior to downscaling tests. Default scaling, without any structure optimization, and enhanced scaling scenarios are considered before comparing the bit cell area consumption and integration density with other eDRAM cells in the literature.

International audience

International audience

本稿では，日本語の指示詞「コ・ソ・ア」が実際の会話でどのような効果 を生み出すかについて考察を行った。結論として，指示詞には社会的発話機 能もあり，その一つとして，ポライトネスを強化する機能があると考えられ る。これまでは，単に３つの指示詞がどのような原則で使われるかが主に研 究されてきており，実際の会話場面における指示詞の効果についてはさほど 分析されてこなかった。しかし，言語使用は特定の場面の中で行われるもの であり，同じ言葉を使っても話し手が伝達したいことはその発話状況によっ て異なってくる。したがって，指示詞の使い方において同じ「コ・ソ・ア」 でも伝えたい意味までは同じでないという観点から，本研究を分析を行った。 ポライトネスには，聞き手との共有を求める「ポジティブ・ポライトネス」 と聞き手から間接性を置く「ネガティブ・ポライトネス」がある。そして， 指示詞「コ・ソ・ア」も基本的に直接性や間接性などを表す機能を持ってい る。この二つを結びつけ実際の会話から考察したのが，本研究の内容である。